1、一 句子的種類和結(jié)構(gòu)種類1用途角度（1）.陳述句：陳述一件事情，分為肯定句和否定句（2）.疑問句：提出問題，分為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句（what where when why which who how）、選擇疑問句（or）、反義疑問句（3）、祈使句：提出命令要求請求Eg. Set down please.（4）、感嘆句：表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的感情1）、 由"what"引導(dǎo)的感嘆句："what"意為"多么"用作定語,修飾名詞（被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分）,單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前要加不定冠詞a/an,復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前不用冠詞.這類句子的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是： w

2、hat+(a/an)+adj.+n.+主語+謂語+(it is).  Eg.what a clever girl she is!  What an interesting story it is!  What good children they are!  What delicious food it is! 2)、由"how"引導(dǎo)的感嘆句："how"意為"多么",用作狀語,修飾形容詞或副詞（被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分）.如果修飾形容詞,則句中的謂語動詞用系動詞；如果how修飾副詞,則句中

3、的謂語動詞用行為動詞,這類句子的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是： How+adj.（adv.）+主語+謂語+(it is). How cold it is today! How nice the pictures are! How well she sings! 3)、在表示同一意義時,英語感嘆既可用"what"引導(dǎo),也可用"how"引導(dǎo).如：  What a hot day it is! How hot the day is !  What tall buildings they are!&#

4、160;How tall the buildings are! 4)、感嘆句在表示激動強(qiáng)烈的感情時,口語中常常采用省略句,其后面的主語和謂語往往略去不講. 2.結(jié)構(gòu)句子是按照一定的語法規(guī)律組成的，表達(dá)一個完整的意義。一個句子一般由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主語部分和謂語部分，這兩部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括賓語，定語，狀語，表語等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的組成部分。2.結(jié)構(gòu)角度簡單句a.主語+謂語 eg. He jumps.b.主語+謂語+賓語 eg. I love you.c.主語+系動詞+表語 eg. Im the student.d.主語+謂語+直賓+間賓（雙

5、賓語）eg. Mom bought me a pen.e.主語+謂語+賓語+賓補 eg. He makes his mother happy.f.There be句型 eg. There are many aapple tree in the garden.Pay attention:只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫做簡單句，主語可以是一個單獨的人和物，也可以是多個人和物的并列，謂語可以是單獨的一個動詞，也可以是多個動詞的并列，并列的主語或謂語在最后兩個詞之間用“and”并列，其余用“，”隔開。句子可以沒有主語，但一定要有謂語結(jié)構(gòu)（一）主語：主語是謂語講述的對象，或是動作的執(zhí)行者。表示所說的“是什么”

6、或“是誰”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語來充當(dāng)。動名詞、動詞不定式或從句作主語時通常用 it 作形式主語。它在句首。如：（1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （ 作主語）（2）He reads newspapers every day. （ 作主語）（3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （ 作主語）（4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.（ 作主語）（5）What we should do is not yet decided. （ 作主語） (6） Its no

7、use regretting it. 后悔是無用的。（ 形式主語，真正主語是 ）（7）It is very hard to get to sleep. 入睡很難。（ 形式主語，真正主語是 ） (8）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （ 形式主語，真正主語是 ）（二）謂語 說明主語“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么樣”。謂語（謂語部分里主要的詞）必須是動詞。謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)兩方面必須一致。它在主語后面。如：His parents are teachers. （ 和 一起作謂語） We study ha

8、rd. （ 作謂語） We dont finish reading the book. （ 和 一起作謂語） He can speak English. （ 和 一起作謂語）（三）賓語 賓語是動作、行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語來擔(dān)任，但人稱代詞要用賓格。它和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么。需要說明的是：只有及物動詞和介詞或相當(dāng)于及物動詞和介詞的短語才可帶賓語。一般放在謂語之后。 She is doing her homework now.（ 作賓語） She says（that）she is ill.（ 作動詞賓語） We often help him.（ 作賓語） He

9、 likes to play basketball.（ 作賓語） We enjoy listening to the music. 我們喜歡聽音樂。（ 作賓語） Are you afraid of the snake? （ 作 的賓語）note1：賓語是及物動詞vt.涉及到的人或物，賓語一般放在及物動詞之后。note2：及物動詞作謂語時，后面要跟賓語。賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象，直接賓語指物，間接賓語通常是及物動詞的動作所及的人，間接賓語指人。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語之前。 不是所有的及物動詞都可以用雙賓語。有的動詞可以跟。如：give, show（給看），brin

10、g, pass, buy等。如： （1）Our teacher tells us a story. (直接賓語是 間接賓語是 ) （2）The sun gives us light. (直接賓語是 間接賓語是 ) 間接賓語如果放在直接賓語之后，在表示“人”的間接賓語之前會出現(xiàn)介詞“to”或“for”。間接賓語前加“to”的有： give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答應(yīng)）, refuse（拒絕）等。間接賓語加“for”的有： make, buy, d

11、o, get, play, order（命令）, sing, pay等 （1）I give him a book. 改成： （2）He passes me the book. 改成： （3）He writes me a letter. 改成： （4）He will buy me some books. 改成： （5）She is making me a cake. 改成： （四）賓語補足語 在賓語后面補充說明賓語的動作、狀態(tài)、特征的成分，稱為賓語補足語;補充說明主語的叫主語補足語。名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語以及動詞不定式、分詞等可用作賓語補足語。賓語和賓語補足語稱為復(fù)合賓語。 如：They

12、make her happy.（ 作賓補） I see her dance. （ 作賓補） Well help you to make the Olympics a success. （ 作賓補） Please let him in. （ 作賓補） Please make yourself at home. （ 作賓補） We heard her singing a song. （ 作賓補） Ill have my bike repaired. （ 作賓補）主補：對主語的補充。 He was elected monitor. （ 作主補） She was found singing in th

13、e next room. （ 作主補） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （ 作主補）（五）表語 表語說明主語“是什么”或者“怎么樣”，由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、不定式及相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞或短語來擔(dān)任。它的位置在系動詞后面。 如：I am a teacher.（ 作表語） He is always happy. （ 作表語） They are on the playground now. （ 作表語） It gets cold. （ 作表語） His father is in. （ 作表語） The question is whet

14、her they will come. （ 作表語）系動詞 1.Be動詞am，is，are, was, were 2.表保持keep, stay, remain 3.表改變get， become， turn 4.感官動詞feel，sound（聽起來），seem/look（看起來），taste（嘗起來），smell（聞起來）如：It sounds interesting.（sound為系動詞，interesting為表語） We should all remain careful. （Remain為系動詞， careful為表語） （六）定語 定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的, 起修飾、限定作用的詞、

15、短語或句子，漢語中常用的表示。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語、不等式或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語等。 單個詞作定語時，通常放在它所修飾的名詞之前。 如：The black bike is mine.（形容詞） Whats your name?（代詞） They make paper flowers.（名詞） note1：當(dāng)定語修飾不定代詞：nothing, anything, everything, something等時，定語在不定代詞后面。 如：I tell him something interesting. （形容詞interesting作不定代詞something的后置定語） He

16、has something to do. （to do為不定式作后置定語） note2：短語或從句作定語時，也放在被修飾的名詞之后。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。 如：The boys in the room are in Class Four. （in the room是介詞短語作the boys的后置定語。）形容詞作定語： The little boy needs a blue pen。 Tom is a handsome boy. 數(shù)詞作定語相當(dāng)于形容詞： Two boys need two pens. The two boys are students. There are two b

17、oys in the room. 代詞或名詞所有格作定語：His boy needs Tom's pen. His name is Tom. There are two boys of Toms there.介詞短語作定語：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.The boy in blue is Tom.There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.名詞作定語：The boy needs a ball pen.It is a ball pen. There is only one ball pen

18、 in the pencil box.副詞作定語：The boy there needs a pen.The best boy here is Tom. 不定式作定語：The boy to write this letter needs a pen.The boy to write this letter is TomThere is nothing to do today.分詞（短語）作定語：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. The pen bought by her is made in China.There are fi

19、ve boys left.定語從句 The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterdayThe boy you will know is Tom.There are five boys who will play the game. （七）狀語狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，一般表示行為發(fā)生的時間、地點、目的、方式、程度等意義，一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式短語來表示。說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，狀語一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。有時狀語在句中的某個位置

20、會引起歧義，應(yīng)注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩（此時in the classroom為girl的定語），也可以理解為男孩在教室里喊女孩（此時in the classroom為地點狀語），最好寫作In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.如：He did it carefully.（副詞） We often help him.（副詞） Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.（介詞短語） When I grow u

21、p, I am going to be a teacher.（從句作時間狀語） He sits there.（副詞地點狀語）副詞（短語）作狀語The boy needs a pen very much.（程度狀語）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.（賓語較長則狀語前置）The boy really needs a pen.（程度狀語）The boy needs a pen now.=Now,the boy needs a pen.=The boy,now,needs a pen.（時間狀語） 介詞短語作狀語：In the

22、classroom,the boy needs a pen.（地點狀語）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.條件狀語)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom. (時間狀語) 分詞（短語）作狀語：He sits there,asking for a pen.（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.（原因狀語）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.（原因狀語） 不定式作狀語：The boy n

23、eeds a pen to do his homework.（目的狀語）To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.名詞作狀語：Come this way!（方向狀語） 狀語從句：時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句 八）同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批學(xué)生）We

24、all are students. / (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的我們） （九）獨立成分：有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨立成分(注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定詞yes 否定詞no稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。 插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story,I think,has never come to the end.情態(tài)詞,表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）:perhaps也許,maybe大概,acturely實際上,certainly當(dāng)然，等。并列句簡單句+并列連詞

25、+簡單句And but so or nor for while復(fù)合句名詞性從句：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句形容詞性從句：定語從句副詞性從句：狀語從句并列復(fù)合句用并列連詞連接一個簡單句和一個復(fù)合句的句子Eg. look for the expressions they use to keep the conversation going and underline them.句子成分練習(xí)題一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an o

26、ld man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.(二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞 I don't like the picture on the wall.A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.

27、get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didn't

28、 do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B.did

29、 C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother hasn't done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting a

30、t the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is. (四) 挑出下列句中的表語 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he

31、worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. (五) 挑出下列句中的定語 They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the f

32、loor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (六) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? (七) 挑出下列句中的狀語 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. Wit