1、定語從句在復合句中充當定語的從句叫定語從句 。定語從句的作用相當于形容詞，用來修飾主句中的某一名詞或代詞或整個主句，所以，也稱作形容詞性從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞 ，定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫關系詞 。關系詞有 關系代詞 和關 系副詞兩種 。提示：關系詞在定語從句中有三大作用1. 連接作用 連接先行詞和定語從句。I gave her all the money that I had.我把我所有的錢都給了她。 （ that連接先行詞money 和定語從句I had ）2. 替代作用 在定語從句中替代從句所修飾的先行詞。The man wh

2、o lives next door is a famous teacher.住在隔壁的那個人是個名師。（ who替代the man）3. 成分作用 在定語從句中作主語、賓語、定語或狀語。I likepictures whichare painted in the traditionalChinese style.我喜歡傳統的中國畫。（ which 在定語從句中作主語）一、關系代詞引導的定語從句引導定語從句的關系代詞主要有who, whom, whose, which, that行詞，并在定語從句中作主語、賓語或定語。等。它們分別代替前面的先A Who指人，在定語從句中作主語。What was

3、the name of the man who lent you the money?借錢給你的那人叫什么名字？（定語從句修飾先行詞the man）He who laughs last laughs best.誰笑到最后誰笑得最好。（定語從句修飾先行詞he）The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.會議主席坐在我右邊，他先發言。（定語從句修飾先行詞the chairman）B Whom指人，在定語從句中做賓語。在口語或非正式文體中，whom 可省略或可用在介詞后面以及在非限制性定語從句中只能用whom 。Ther

4、e are some people whom/who we like and others whom/who we dislike.who來代替， 但有些人我們是喜歡的，有些人則是我們討厭的。（定語從句分別修飾先行詞people, others）The people whom/who I work with are all friendly.和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定語從句修飾先行詞the people）Mr. Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.Mr. Carter

5、, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.昨晚我在電話里和卡特先生交談過，他對我們的計劃很感興趣。（非限制性定語從句中不能用 who 代替 whom ）Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.兩個人來到我的辦公室，我以前從未見過他們。（在介詞后面不用who）C Whose人、物皆可 ,做定語，后面要緊跟被修飾的名詞，先行詞和后面的名詞之間往往是從屬關系。There are some peopl

6、e whose faces you can never forget.有些人，他們的臉你永遠難以忘懷。（定語從句修飾先行詞people）I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air.我看見一些樹的樹葉由于空氣污染而發黑。（定語從句修飾行詞trees）D Which1 指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語。做賓語時?？墒÷?。English is a language which is easy to learn.英語是一門容易學的語言。（ which在定語從句中作主語，不能省略）The children lik

7、e cookies (which) my wife makes.孩子們喜歡我夫人做的餅干。(關系代詞which 作 makes 的賓語，可以省略)2 which 引導的非限制性定語從句可以修飾前面的整個主句，相當于and this。Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.吉姆通過了駕駛考試， 這使大家都感到驚訝。（定語從句修飾的是整個主句， 而不是 the driving test）Sheila couldnt come to the party, which was a pity.希拉不能來參加聚會，真遺憾。（定語從句修飾

8、的是整個主句，而不是the party ）3 which 在非限制性定語從句中有時也可以作定語。John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake together.約翰在這里呆了一星期，在此期間我們一起游了西湖。It might snow this weekend, in which case we wont go to Beijing.周末可能下雪，在這種情況下，我們就不去北京了。E That指人時，相當于 who 或 whom ；指物時，相當于 which 。在定語從句中作主語或賓語（做賓語時常可

9、省略） 。He is the man that lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那個人。（定語從句修飾先行詞the man，作主語）I dont like stories that have unhappy endings.我不喜歡結尾悲傷的故事。（定語從句修飾先行詞stories，作主語）The dress (that) Ann bought doesn t fit her very well.安買的衣服不太合身。 （定語從句修飾先行詞the dress，that 作賓語可省略）Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有我能為你效勞

10、的事嗎？（定語從句修飾先行詞F其他關系代詞as 關系代詞，引導定語從句。anything ， that 作賓語，可省略）Asas 可以在限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句中作主語或賓語。在限制性定語從句中，as可跟在由such, so, the same修飾的先行詞之后。Such men as heard him were deeply moved.聽過他說話的人，都會深受感動。（ as 在定語從句中作heard 的主語）Ive never heard such stories as he tells.我從未聽過像他講的這樣的故事。（ as 在定語從句中作tell 的賓語）He lifted s

11、o heavy a stone as no one else can lift.他搬起別人都搬不起的大石頭。（ as 在定語從句中lift 的賓語） 在非限制性定語從句中， as 可代表主句整個句子，引導的定語從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗號與主句分開。As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China.眾所周知，臺灣屬于中國的領土。He is from the outh, as we can know from his accent.他是南方人，這一點我們從他的口音可以知道。必背：一些由 as 引導的定語從句常位于句首，已形成了固定的說法。as i

12、s known to all這是眾所周知的as may be imaginedas has been said before如前所說as has been pointed out這可以想象得出正如已經指出的那樣as is often the case情況常常如此as often happens這種情況常常發生G介詞 +關系代詞引導的定語從句介詞 +關系代詞引導的定語從句是一種非常常見但也比較復雜的定語從句結構。1. 介詞 +關系代詞中介詞的位置關系代詞whom, which 在從句中作介詞賓語時，可以跟介詞一起放在從句與主句之間（that,who 不可以），也可以把介詞放在從句中有關動詞的后面

13、，使關系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞。He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned.= He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from.他是個經驗豐富的人，從他那兒可以學到很多。The school in which he once worked is a key school.=The school (which that) he once worked in is a key school.他曾經工作過的學校是一所重點學校。The manag

14、er in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. =The manager whose company Im working in pays much attention to improving ourworking conditions.我就職的那家公司經理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。2介詞 +關系代詞的常見結構 介詞 +which whomThis is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.這就是那位我們經常

15、談論的著名歌唱家。Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.很幸運，我們帶了一張地圖，如沒有的話，我們就會迷路了。 名詞 +of+ which /whomPlease pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 請把那本藍封面的書遞給我。 （也可用 whose cover） 數詞 +of+ which /whomShes got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.她有三只幸運筆，其中兩只從未用過。 代詞 +o

16、f+ which /whomIn the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad.我發現籃子里有好些蘋果，有些已經壞了。There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.我們班有50 個學生，其中大多數來自大城市。 最高級 +of+ which /whomChina has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中國有數千個島嶼，其中最大的是臺灣。 介詞 +whic

17、h+ 名詞He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors ad windows.他通常十點鐘回家，在這時候他爸爸鎖好所有的門窗。His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad.他的妻子病得很重，在這種情況下，他不得不放棄出國的機會。3關系代詞前介詞的選擇在介詞 +關系代詞引導的定語從句中，應注意介詞的正確選擇。根據后面動詞和介詞的搭配關系選擇。The two thi

18、ngs of which they felt proud were Jims watch and Dellas hair.他們引以為豪的兩樣東西是吉姆的手表和德拉的頭發。（ feel proud of 是固定搭配詞組）In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街道上沒有一個她可以求助的人。（ turn to sb. for help是固定搭配詞組） 根據與前面名詞的搭配關系選擇。Ill never forget the ay on which I first met

19、him.我永遠忘不了我第一次遇見他的那一天。(the day 前面一般用介詞on)Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used?你能設想一個使用這個詞語的場合嗎？(a situation 前面一般用in) 有時須同時考慮動詞和介詞的搭配關系及介詞和名詞的搭配關系。Is that the house in which you once lived那就是你曾經住過的房子嗎？(Live in the house) 根據所要表達的意思來確定。This is my pair of glasses, witho

20、ut which I cannot see clearly.這是我的眼鏡，離了它我什么也看不清。注意：當關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，謂語動詞應與先行詞的人稱和數保持一致。I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you.我是你的好朋友，我會盡我一切所能來幫你。The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a month.這家人很愛音樂，他們每月都去聽一次音樂會。He is one of the boys in our class who speak

21、 English well.他是班上英語說得很好的男生之一。（ one of + 復數名詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句謂語動詞用復數形式）He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well.他是班上唯一英語說得很好的男生。 （ the (only) one the very one the right one of + 復數名詞 + 關系代詞 引導的定語從句謂語動詞用單數形式）二、關系副詞引導的定語從句引導定語從句的關系副詞有 when, where 或 why 等。when, where, why 分別在定語從句

22、中作狀語，在意義上相當于介詞 +which 結構，分別代替表示時間、地點或原因的先行詞。A when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學校的那一天。(when= on which)He came at a time when we needed him most.他是在我們最需要他的時候來的。(when= at which)We will never forget the year 1949, when th Peoples Republic of Chi

23、na was founded.我們永遠忘不了1949 年，那是中華人民共和國成立的一年。(when= in which)B where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。I recently went back to the town where I was born.我最近曾回過一次我出生的城市。(where = in which)I would like to live in a country where there is plety of sunshine.我想住在一個陽光充足的國家。(where = in which)Whats the name of the place where y

24、ou spent your holiday你度假的那個地方叫什么名字？(where = at which)C why指原因，在限制性定語從句中作原因狀語。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 請告訴我你誤機的原因。 (why = for which) Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。注意 :無論是關系代詞，還是關系副詞，都在定語從句中取代了先行詞，因此，先行詞在定語從句中不復出現?！菊`】This is the book that I bo

25、rrowed it yesterday.【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday.這就是我昨天借的書。 （ that因此，要去掉it）在定語從句中取代了先行詞the book，作borowed的賓語，【誤】 The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken English.【正】 The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their sp

26、oken English.英語角是人們經常去練習英語口語的地方。（ where 在定語從句中取代了先行詞the pace，作 go 的狀語，因此，要去掉 there）三、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句根據定語從句在句中所起的作用，可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩大類。A 限制性定語從句限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。書寫時不用逗號與先行詞分開。This is the boy who broke the window.這就是打破窗子的孩子。 （ the boy 是先行詞， who broke the indow

27、 是限制性定語從句，明確指出 the boy 是打破窗子的那個孩子）I have a book which teaches English grammar.我有一本講解英語語法的書。 （ a book 是先行詞， which teaches English grammar 是限制性定語從句，修飾 the book）The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan.你在大廳見到的那些人來自日本。（定語從句whom you met in the hall 定先行詞the people）B 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句在意義上只是一個附加修飾語

28、，對先行詞或主句作些附加的說明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。書寫時往往用逗號與先行詞分開。I, who am your friend, will share the work with you.我是你的朋友，將與你分擔這項工作。（ I 是先行詞， who am your friend是非限制性定語從句，對先行詞I 起附加說明的作用）New Concept English is intended for foeign students, which is known to us all.新概念英語是專為外國學生編寫的，這是我們大家都知道的。（ which is known to us all是

29、非限制性定語從句，對主句作進一步的補充說明）C在下列情況下，通常使用非限制性定語從句。1當先行詞表示的是世界上獨一無二的人或物時。The sun, which gives us light and heat, is a fixed star.太陽是一顆恒星，它給我們光和熱。Last year I visted the Peoples Great Hall, where many important meetings are held every year.去年我參觀了人民大會堂，每年許多重要會議都要在那里舉行。2當定語從句修飾整個主句時。Taiwan belongs to China, as

30、everyone knows.眾所周知，臺灣屬于中國的領土。The weather was very terrible, which we hadnt expected.天氣非常糟糕，這點們沒有料到。3當先行詞是專有名詞，或先行詞本身指示意義十分明確時。Mr. Joe lives in Beijing now, which is quite a long way from here.喬先生現在住在北京，那里距離這兒很遠。I congratulate my neighbour, whose son has just won the election.我祝賀我的鄰居，他的兒子剛剛贏得選舉。非限制性

31、定語從句的五個“不能 ”(1) 關系詞不能用 that(2) 關系詞不能用 why ，只能用 for which(3) 有且只有 as 能放整個句首， which 不能(4)介“詞 +關系代詞 其中的關系代詞不能用as。 介詞 + which/ whom(5)指人的關系代詞作賓語時，只能用賓格whom; 不能用 who 替換，也不能省略。四、關系代詞和關系副詞的選用引導定語從句的關系代詞和關系副詞的選用，比較復雜除了牽涉到所指的先行詞是人還是物，所引導的定語從句是限制性的還是非限制性的，以及關系詞在從句中充當什么句子成份外，還要根據習慣用法而定。A 只用 who1在非限制定語從句中指人時：Hi

32、s mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他媽媽十分地愛他，對他要求很嚴格。2先行詞是one, anyone, those 等指人時：One who has nothing to fear for hiself dares to tell the truth.一個無所畏懼的人敢說真話。Anyone who breaks the law shall be published.任何犯法的人都將受到懲罰。Those who are against the plan put up your hands please. 凡是反對這項計劃的

33、人，請舉手。3在 there/here be 開頭的句子中。Here is a boy who wants to see you. 有個男孩想見你。B 只用 which whom在下列情況下，一般不能用1在非限制性定語從句中。that代替which whom。The weather was very terrible, which we hadnt expected.天氣非常糟糕，這我們沒有料到。2介詞后面。關系代詞緊跟在介詞或短語介詞后面，只能用which 或 whom ，不能用He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he g

34、ot a good view.that。他爬到一塊巨大的巖石頂上，從那里他看到很好的景色。（也可用from where ）Sound is a tool, by means of which people communicate with each other.聲音是工具，人們通過這個工具進行交流。C只用 that1當先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little等詞時，或當先行詞被every, any,all,some, no, little, few, much等詞修飾時。Everything that they said

35、 was true.他所說的一切都是真的。He is dead and theres nothing that can be done. 他死了，再也沒有什么辦法了。There was little that we could do to help her.我們沒有什么能幫助她的。These walls are all that remain of the ancint city.這些墻是這座古城所殘存下來的全部。2當先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。The first place (that) they visited in London was the Big Ben.在倫敦他們參觀的第

36、一個地方是大本鐘。She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have ever taught.她也許是我教學生中學習最勤奮的。3當先行詞被the very, the only 修飾時。This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy.Beauty is the only thing (that) Emily can be proud of.這正是我要買的語法書。美麗是埃米莉唯一能驕傲的東西。4當先行詞為 who 或前面有 who, which 等疑問代詞時。 Who that

37、has common sense will believe such nonsense?有常識的人誰會相信這種無聊的事情？Who is the man that is standing by the gate?站在門口的那個人是誰？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?哪件 T 恤衫最合我的身？5當先行詞為人與事物或動物時。The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered.掉入河里的司機與車都還沒有找到。The boy and his dog that

38、 were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning.被認為在森林里迷路的孩子與狗，今天早上已經獲救了。D關系副詞與關系代詞的選擇當先行詞是表示時間、地點或原因的名詞時，定語從句用關系副詞還是關系代詞來引導，要根據關系詞在定語從句中所擔當的句子成分來決定。I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.我永遠忘不了我們一起度假的日子。（ when作狀語）I will never forget the days which we spent

39、together.我永遠忘不了我們一起度過的日子。（ which作we spent賓語）I know a place where we can have a picnic.我知道一個我們可以野炊的地方。（ where 作狀語）I know a place which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.我知道一個以自然景色優美而聞名的地方。（ which 作主語）E 關系詞的省略在下列情況下，關系代詞或關系副詞在非正式文體中可以省略。1關系代詞that, which, who, whom在定語從句中做賓語時，常可省略。Are these ke

40、ys (that which) you were looking for?這是你正在尋找的鑰匙嗎？The man (who that) I was sitting net to on the plane talked all the time.飛機上坐在我旁邊的那個人一直在喋喋不休。2以 the way 為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由in which或 that 引導，而且通?？梢允÷?。I dont like the way (that in which) she walks.我不喜歡她走路的樣子。The way (that in which) he answered the question

41、s was surprising.他回答這些問題的方式令驚奇。歷年高考真題：1. -Mom, what did your doctor say?-He advised me to live _ the air is fresher.A. in whereB. in whichC. the place whereD. where2. I saw a woman running towards me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she hadrun back in the direction _ she had come.A. of whichB. by whichC. in whichD. from which3. Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, _this was a memory she especially treasured.A. asB. ifC. whenD. where4. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chan