1、computer and industrial robots there are a variety of definitions of the term robotdepending on the definition used，the number of robot installations worldwide varies widelynumerous single-purpose machines are used in manufacturing plants that might appear to be robotsthese machines are hardwired to

2、 perform a single function and cannot be repogrammed to perform a different function such single-purpose machines do not fit the definition for industrial robots that is becoming widely acceptedthis definition was developer) by the robot institute of america： a robot is a reprogrammable multifunctio

3、nal manipulator designed to move material, parts，tools，or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks note that this definition contains the words repmuammable is these two characteristics that separate the true industrial robot from the various

4、single-purpose machines used in modern manufacturing firmsthe term reprogrammable implies two things：the robot operates according to a written program，and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks the term“multifunctional” means that the robot can，through reprogra

5、mming and the use of different end-effectors，perform a number of different manufacturing tasks definitions written around these two critical characteristics.becoming the accepted definitions among manufacturing professionals the first articulated arm came about in 1951 and was used by the us. atomic

6、 energy commissionin 1954，the first programmable robot was designed by george devol .it was based on two important technologies: （1）numerical control（nc) technology （2) remote manipulator technology numerical control technology provided a form of machine control ideally suited to robots it allowed f

7、or the control of motion by stored programs.these programs contain data points to which the robot sequentially moves，timing signals to initiate action and to stop movement，and logic statements to allow for decision making remote manipulator technology allowed a machine to be more than just another n

8、c machineit allowed such machines to become robots that can perform a variety of manufacturing tasks in both inaccessible and unsafe environmentsby merging these two technologies，devol developed the first industrial robot，an unsophisticated programmable materials handling machine the first commercia

9、lly produced robot was developed in 1959.in 1962，the first industrial robot to be used on a production line was installed by geieral motors corporation，this robot was produced by unimation.a major step forward in robot control occurred in 1973 with the development of the t-3 industrial robot by cinc

10、innati milacronthe t-3 robot was the first commercially produced industrial robot controlled by a minicomputer. numerical control and remote manipulator technology prompted the wide-scale development and use of industrial robotsbut major technological developments do not take place simply because of

11、 such new capabilities.something must provide the impetus for taking advantage of these capabilitiesin the case of industrial robots，the impetus was economics.the rapid inflation of wages experienced in the 1970s tremendously increased the personnel costs of manufacturing firmsat the same time，forei

12、gn competition became a serious problem for u smanufacturersforeign manufacturer; who had undertaken automation on a wide-scale basis，such as those in japan，began to gain an increasingly large share of the usand world market for manufactured goods，particularly automobiles.zhruugh a variety of automa

13、tion techniques，including robots，japanese manufacturers, beginning in the 1970s，were able to produce better automobiles more cheaply than no natomated usmanufacturersconsequently，in order to survive，usmanufacturers were forced to consider any technological developments that could help improve produc

14、tivity it became imperative to produce better products at lower costs in order to be competitive with foreign manufacturersother factors such as the need to find better ways of performing dangerous manufacturing tasks contributed to the development of industrial robotshowever，the principal rationale

15、 has always been，and is still，improved productivity. one of the principal advantages of robots is that they can be used in settings that are dangerous to humans welding and parting are examples of applications where robots can be used more safely than humanseven though robots are closely associated

16、with safety in the workplace，they can，in themselves，be dangerous robots and robot cells must be carefully designed and configured so that they do not endanger human workers and other machinesrobot work envelopes should be accurately calculated and a danger zone surrounding the envelope clearly marke

17、d off. red flooring strips and barriers can be used to keep human workers out of a robots work envelopeeven with such precautions it is still a good idea to have an automatic shut down system in situations where robots are usedsuch a system should have the capacity to sense the need for an automatic

18、 shutdown of operationsfault-tolerant computers and redundant systems can be installed to ensure proper shutdown of robotics systems to ensure a safe environmentmanufacturing into the computer is the information age. the computer has long been in the business and management have to a wide range of a

19、pplications, it is as a new tool into the factories, but as the steam engine in it more than 200 years ago to make changes in the manufacturing sector, as are changes taking place in manufacturing. although the basic metal-cutting process is unlikely to change fundamentally, but their form of organi

20、zation and the control is bound to change.in one respect can be said that the manufacturing sector in the process of completing a cycle. first hand the manufacturing industry is the family industry: the designers are themselves producers, product ideas and the completion of processing by the same pe

21、rson. subsequently, the formation of the parts overview of the interchangeability of this blog, production has been divided in accordance with professional features and text can be produced in batches of thousands of the same parts. today, despite the designer and the manufacturer is no longer the s

22、ame person, but forward to the integrated manufacturing system way, these two functions have become increasingly closer. may have, ironically, a high degree of diversification in the market demand for the products, manufacturing must be increase productivity and reduce costs. demanded by consumers w

23、ith less money to buy high-quality and diversified products. computer is required to meet these key factors. it is able to provide rapid response capability, flexibility and to meet the only tool for the diversification of the market. moreover, it is the realization of integrated manufacturing syste

24、m need to carry out detailed analysis and the use of accurate data, the only tool. computer may be in the future is a basic condition for business survival, many of todays enterprises will be health higher production capacity to replace the corporate portfolio. higher production capacity of these en

25、terprises are of great combinations high quality, very high productivity of the plant. objective is to design and operation of a high productivity of the side100% of qualified production plant products. a use of advanced technology, competitive world is to promote the manufacturing sector began to d

26、o more to their use of advanced technology. in order to adapt to competition, a company will meet each other to some extent, spear shields request, such as product diversification, improved quality, increased productivity, lower prices. in their efforts to meet these the course requirements, the com

27、pany needed a tool for the use of advanced technology, a customer needs to make rapid response, and resources from the manufacturing of tools to maximize revenue. computer is the tool. become a very high quality, very high productivity, the factories, the need for a very complex miscellaneous integr

28、ated system. it is only through the use of the computer on all the components of the manufacturing industry - design, fabrication, assembly, quality assurance, management and material handling and transportation to complete integration. 計算機與工業機器人有許多關于機器人這個術語的定義。采用不同的定義，全世界各地機器人的數量就會發生很大的變化。在制造工廠中使用的

29、許多單用途機器可能會看起來像機器人。這些機器是硬連線的，用來完成單一的工作。這種單用途的機器不能滿足被人們日益廣泛接受的關于工業機器人的定義。這個定義是由美國機器人協會提出的：機器人是一個可以改編程序的多功能操作器，被設計用來按照預先編制的、能夠完成多種作業的運動程序運送材料、零件、工具或者專用設備。注意在這個定義中包含有“可以改編程序”和“多功能”這兩個詞。正是這兩個詞將真正的機器人與現代制造工廠中使用的單一用途的機器區分開來。“可以改編程序”這個術語意味著兩件事：機器人根據編寫的程序工作，以及可以通過重新編寫程序來適應不同種類的制造工作的需要。“多功能”這個詞愈味著機器人能通過編程和使用不

30、同的末端執行機構，來完成不同的制造工作。圍繞著這兩個關鍵特征所撰寫的定義正在變成為制造業的專業人員所接受的定義。第一個帶有活動關節的手臂于1951年被研制出來，由美國原子能委員會使用。在1954年，第一個可以編程的機器人由喬治狄弗設計出來。它基于下面兩項重要技術： （1）數字控制(nc)技術。 （2）遠程操作器技術。數字控制技術提供了一種非常適合于機器人的機器控制技術。它可以通過存儲的程序對運動進行控制。這些程序包含機器人進行順序運動的數據，開始運動和停止運動的時間控制信號，以及做出決定所需要的邏輯語句。遠程操作器技術使得一臺機器的性能超出一臺數控機器。它可以使這種機器能夠在不容易進人和不安全

31、的環境中完成各種制造任務。通過融合了上述兩項技術，狄弗研制出第一個機器人，它是一個不復雜的，可以編程的物料運送機器人。第一臺商業化生產的機器人在1959年研制成功。通用汽車公司在1962年安裝了第一臺用于生產線上的工業機器人，它是尤尼梅森公司生產的。在1973年，辛辛那提米蘭克朗公司研制出t3工業機器人，在機器人的控制方面取得了較大的進展。t3機器人是第一臺商業化生產的采用計算機控制的機器人。數字控制技術和遠程操作器技術推動了大范圍的機器人研制和應用。但是主要的技術進步并不僅僅是由于這些新的應用能力而產生的，而是必須由利用這些能力所得到的效益來提供動力。就工業機器人而言，這個動力是經濟性。在2

32、0世紀70年代中，工資的快速增長大大增加了制造業的企業中的人工費用。與此同時，來自國外的競爭成為美國制造業所面臨的一個嚴峻的考驗。諸如日本等外國的制造廠家在廣泛地應用了自動化技術之后，其工業產品，特別是汽車，在美國和世界市場中占據了日益增大的份頰。通過采用包括機器人在內的各種自動化技術，從70年代開始，日本的制造廠家能夠比沒有采用自動化技術的美國制造廠家生產更好的和更便宜的汽車。隨后，為了生存，美國制造廠家被迫考慮采用任何能夠提高生產率的技術。為了與國外制造廠家進行競爭，必須以比較低的成本，生產出更好的產品。其他的因素，諸如尋找能夠更好地完成帶有危險性的制造工作的方式也促進了工業機器人的發展。但是，主要的理由一直是，而且現在仍然是提高生產率。機器人的一個主要優點是它們可以在對于人類來說是危險的環境中工作。采用機器人進行焊接和切斷工作是比由人工來完成這些工作更安全的例子。盡管機器人與工作地點的安全密切相關，它們本身也可能是危險的。應該仔細地設計和配置機器人和機器人