考研英語真題86-01年刪節打印版

1986-2001年全國碩士研究生入學統一考試英語試題刪節版

1986年全國碩士研究生入學統一考試英語試

題

SectionII:CloseTest

OnWednesdayafternoonsAnnietookthebusintotowntoshopinthemarket.

Foranhouror_16_shewouldwalkupanddownbetweenthestallslookingat

everything,buyinghereandthere,and_17_asharplookoutforthebargains

thatweresometimestobehad.Andthen,withallthethingssheneeded_18—

shewouldleavethemarketforthestreetsofthetowntospendanotherhour

_19_shelikedbest:lookinginfurnitureshopwindows.

OneWednesdayshefoundanewshopful1ofthemostdelightfulthings,with

anoticeinvitinganyonetowalkinandlook_20_withoutfeelingtheyhad

tobuysomething.Anniehesitatedforamomentbeforesteppingthroughthe

doorwaywhere,almostatonce,shestopped_21_beforeagreenarmchair.

Therewasacardonthechairwhichsaid:"Thisfinechairisyours_22

lessthanapoundaweek,“andverysmallatthebottom,“Cashpriceeighty-

ninepoundsfifty."Aofhousekeepingmoneyandnevermissit!Aher_24—.

“CanIhelpyou,Madam?”Sheatassistantwhohadcomesoftlytoher_25—.

“Oh,well,no,“shesaid."Iwasjustlooking.”“We"vechairsofall

kindsintheshowroom.IfyoiTlljustcomeup,youwillfindsomethingtosuit

you.w

Annie,worriedatthethoughtofbeingpersuadedtobuysomethingshedidn't

need,lefttheshophurriedly.16.[A]so[B]more[C]else[D]another

17.[A]taking[B]making[C]fixing[D]keeping18.[A]buy[B]bought[C]

buying[D]tohavebought

19.[A]inaway[B]bytheway[C]intheway[D]ontheway

20.[A]behind[B]round[C]back[D]on21.[A]doubted[B]wondered[C]

puzzled[D]delighted22.[A]at[B]for[C]with[D]in23.[A]Why[B]When

[C]How[D]What24.[A]jump[B]leap[C]laugh[D]wonder

25.[A]place[B]back[C]side

[D]front

SectionIII:ReadingComprehension

Text1

Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisison

specialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,in

statisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandfor

peoplewhoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdo

notknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandfor

peoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmaking

generaljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople^generalists."Andthese

“generalists“areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,where

itistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetoplan

forotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople'swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.

Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hisconcerniswithtechniqueand

tools.Heisa“trained"man;andhiseducationalbackgroundisproperly

technicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist-andespeciallythe-deals

people;hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andthearehisfaalso

fneedsbothkindsofe,thoughdifferentorganiindifferentproportions.Itis

yourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwo

kindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareeraccordingly.

Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou-butthisispure

accident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewill

becomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumust

notlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,

anopportunitytounderstandyourselfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.

26.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor.[A]allroundpeoplein

theirownfields

[B]peoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople^swork

[C]generalistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalor

professional

[D]specialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidanceto

others

27.Thespecialistis.[A]amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeople

[B]amanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefields[C]amanwhocansee

theforestratherthanthetrees

[D]amanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmatters

28.Theadministratoris________.

[A]a"trained“manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralist[B]aman

whoseesthetreesaswellastheforest[C]amanwhoisverystronginthe

humanities[D]amanwhoisan“educated“specialist

29.Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant.[A]totrytobe

ageneralist[B]tochooseaprofitablejob

[C]tofindanorganizationwhichfitsyou

[D]todecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralist30.A

man'sfirstjob________.[A]isnevertherightjobforhim

[B]shouldnotberegardedashisfinaljob

[C]shouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisithimself

forhisfinaljob

Test2

theofliesamightycontinentstillwrappedintheIceAgeand,until

recenttimes,unknowntoman.Itisagreatlandmasswithmountainranges

whoseextentandelevationarestilluncertain.Muchofthecontinentisa

completeblankonourmaps.Manhasexplored,onfoot,lessthanonepercent

ofitsarea.AntarcticadiffersfundamentallyfromtheArcticregions.The

Arcticisanocean,coveredwithdriftingpackediceandhemmedinbytheland

massesofEurope,Asia,andNorthAmerica.TheAntarcticisacontinentalmost

aslargeasEuropeandAustraliacombined,centeredroughlyontheSouthPole

andsurroundedbythemostunobstructedwaterareasoftheworld-the

Atlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceans.Thecontinentalicesheetismorethan

twomileshighinitscentre,thus,theairovertheAntarcticisfarmore

refrigeratedthanitisovertheArcticregions.Thiscoldaircurrentfrom

thelandissoforcefulthatitmakesthenearbyseasthestormiestinthe

worldandrendersunlivablethoseregionswhosecounterpartsattheopposite

endoftheglobeareinhabited.Thus,morethanamillionpersonslivewithin

2,000milesoftheNorthPoleinanareathatincludesmostofAlaska,Siberia,

andScandinavia一一aregionrichinforestandmining

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industries.Apartfromahandfulofweatherstations,withinthesame

distanceoftheSouthPolethereisnotasingletree,industry,orsettlement.

31.Thebesttitleforthisselectionwouldbe.[A]Iceland

[B]LandofOpportunity[C]TheUnknownContinent[D]UtopiaatLast

32.Atthetimethisarticlewaswritten,ourknowledgeofAntarcticawas

.[A]verylimited[B]vast

[C]fairlyrich[D]nonexistent

33.Antarcticaisborderedbythe.[A]PacificOcean[B]Indian

Ocean[C]AtlanticOcean[D]Allthree

34.[A]coldair[B]calmseas[C]ice

[D]lackofknowledgeaboutthecontinent35.Accordingtothisarticle

[A]2,000peopleliveontheAntarcticContinent

[B]amillionpeoplelivewithin2,000milesoftheSouthPole

[C]weatherconditionswithina2,000mileradiusoftheSouthPolemake

settlementsimpractical

[D]onlyahandfulofnativesinhabitAntarcticaSectionVIII:English-

ChineseTranslation

Itwouldbeinterestingtodiscoverhowmanyyoungpeoplegotouniversity

withoutanyclearideaofwhattheyaregoingtodoafterwards,thecourse

mostsuitedtohisinterestsandabilities.(72)Ifastudent(73)Schools

oftenhavetoorestrictinganatmosphere,withitstime

believe,profitbyayearofsuchexplorationofdifferentacademicThey

shouldhavelongertimetodecideinwhatsubjecttheywanttotaketheir

degrees,sothatinlaterlife,theydonotlookbackandsay,“Ishouldlike

tohavebeenanarchaeologist.IfIhadn,ttakenadegreeinModernLanguages,

Ishouldn'thaveendedupasaninterpreter,butit"stoolatenow.Icouldn't

gobackandbeginalloveragain.”

(75)(76)studentwhoexcelsinaparticularbranchoflearning.(77)Heis

HonourDegreeandverylittleknowledgeofwhattherestofthe(78)willhave

tobemuchmoredetailedinformationaboutcoursesand

specialistsignorantofanythingoutsideoftheanfinf1987題

SectionII:ReadingComprehension

Text1

Forcenturiesmendreamedofachievingverticalflight.In400A.D.Chinese

childrenplayedwithafan-liketoythatspunupwardsandfellbacktoearth

asrotationceased.LeonardodaVinciconceivethefirstmechanicalapparatus,

calledauHelix,“whichcouldcarrymanstraightup,butwasonlyadesign

andwasnevertested.

Theancient-dreamwasfinallyrealizedin1940whenaRussianengineer

pilotedastrangelookingcraftofsteeltubingwitharotatingfanontop.It

roseawkwardlyandverticallyintotheairfromastandingstart,hovereda

fewfeetabovetheground,wentsidewaysandbackwards,andthensettledback

toearth.Thevehiclewascalledahelicopter.

Imaginationswerefired.Mendreamedofgoingtoworkintheirownpersonal

helicopters.Peopleanticipatethatverticalflighttransportswouldcarry

millionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.Such

fantasticexpectationswerenotfulfilled.

Thehelicopterhasnowbecomeanextremelyusefulmachine.Itexcelsin

militarymissions,carryingtroops,gunsandstrategicinstrumentswhereother

aircraftcannotgo.Corporationsusethemasairborneoffices,many

metropolitanareasusetheminpolicework,constructionandloggingcompanies

employtheminvariousadvantageousways,engineersusethemforsite

selectionandsurveying,andoilcompaniesusethemasthebestwaytomake

offshoreandremoteworkstationsaccessibletocrewsandsupplies.Anyurgent

missiontoahard-to-get-toplaceisalikelytaskforahelicopter.Among

theirothermultitudeofused:deliverpeopleacrosstown,flytoandfrom

airports,assistinrescuework,andaidinthesearchformissingorwanted

persons.11.Peopleexpectthat.

[A]theairlinersoftodaywouldeventuallybereplacedbyhelicopters[B]

helicopterswouldsomedaybeabletotransportlargenumberofpeoplefrom

placetoplaceasairlinersarenowdoing

[C]theimaginationsfiredbytheRussianengineer'sinventionwouldbecome

arealityinthefuture

fulfilledby.

[B]arotatingdevicetopside

[C]onerotatingfaninthecenteroftheaircraftandothersateachend[D]

arotatingfanunderneathforlifting

13.Whatissaidaboutthedevelopmentofthehelicopter?[A]Helicopters

haveonlybeenworkedonbymansince1940.[B]Chinesechildrenwerethe

firsttoachieveflightinhelicopters.[C]Helicopterswereconsideredmore

dangerousthantheearlyairplanes.

[D]Somepeoplethoughttheywouldbecomewidelyusedbyaverageindividuals.

14.Howhastheuseofhelicoptersdeveloped?[A]Theyhavebeenwidelyused

forvariouspurposes.[B]Theyaretakingtheplaceofhigh-flyingjets.[C]

Theyareusedforrescuework.

[D]Theyarenowusedexclusivelyforcommercialprojects.

15.Underwhatconditionsarehelicoptersfoundtobeabsolutelyessential?

[A]Foroverseaspassengertransportation.

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[B]Forextremelyhighaltitudeflights.[C]Forhigh-speedtransportation.

[D]Forurgentmissiontoplacesinaccessibletootherkindsofcraft.

Text2

InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrong

religiousassociations.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfouryears

inhonorofZeus,kingoftheOlympianGods,eventuallylostitslocal

character,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainst

foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,international.Nooneknowsexactly

howfarbacktheOlympicGamesgo,butsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776B.C.

ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMountOlympus.Manythousands

ofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreece,butnomarriedwomanwas

admittedevenasaspectator.Slaves,womenanddishonoredpersonswerenot

allowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsuncertain,butevents

includedboynsgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horseracingandfieldevents,

thoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympicGames.

OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonoredbyhavingaring

ofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirhonorthatthewinnerofthefvictory.

AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivedwere,infact,richlyrewardedbytheir

stateresultscomparedwithmodernstandards,weunfortunatelyhavenomeans

oftelling.

Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGameswere

suspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.Theycontinuedforsuchalongtime

becausepeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathata

healthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthatthespiritofcompetitionin

sportsandgameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwas

over1,500yearsbeforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtook

placeinAthensin1896.

Nowadays,theGamesareheldindifferentcountriesinturn.Thehost

countryprovidesvastfacilities,includingastadium,swimmingpoolsand

livingaccommodation,butcompetingcourtierspaytheirownathletes"expenses.

TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedon

MountOlympusbythesun'srays.Itiscarriedbyasuccessionofrunnersto

thestadium.ThetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationoftheancientGreek

athleticideals,anditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.

Thewell-knownOlympicflag,however,isamodernconception:thefive

interlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipating

intheGames.

16.InancientGreece,theOlympicGames_______.[A]weremerelynational

athleticfestivals

[B]wereinthenatureofanationaleventwithastrongreligiouscolour

[C]hadruleswhichputforeignparticipantsinadisadvantageousposition

[D]wereprimarilynationaleventswithfewforeignparticipants17.Inthe

earlydaysofancientOlympicGames.

[A]onlymaleGreekathleteswereallowedtoparticipateinthegames

[B]allGreeks,irrespectiveofsex,religionorsocialstatus,wereallowed

totakepart

[C]allGreeks,withtheexceptionofwomen,wereallowedtocompetein

Games

[D]allmaleGreekswerequalifiedtocompeteintheGames

18.orderofeventsattheancientOlympics_______.

[A]hasnotdef

f

19.Modernathletes"resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancient

runnersbecause.

[A]theGreekshadnomeansofrecordingtheresults[B]theyaremuch

better

[C]detailssuchasthetimewerenotrecordedinthepast[D]theyaremuch

worse

20.Nowadays,theathletes''expensesarepaidfor.[A]outofthe

prizemoneyofthewinners

[B]outofthefundsraisedbythecompetingnations[C]bytheathletes

themselves[D]bycontributions

Text3

Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain“sufferswithcivilization's

everystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,

magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,but

oftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswho

firstlookedintothenatureoftheelectrificationofamber,ahard

yellowish-browngum.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatman

caneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces“really"are.

“Electricity,“BertrandRussel1says,“isnotathing,likeSt.Paulas

Cathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthings

behavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyare

electrified,wehavetoldallthereistotell."Untilrecentlyscientists

wouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenatural

sciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatman

couldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evident

principles.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethat

everythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethat

objectsfalltothegroundbecausethat"swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesup

becausethatnswhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewasto

explainwhythingshappen.ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantrying

toexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolled

experimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.

icexperimentsis.[D]tosupportAristotelianscience

22.Whatprinciplesmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousand

years?

[A]thespeculationsofThales

[B]theforcesofelectricity,magnetism,andgravity[C]Aristotle's

naturalscience[D]Galileo'sdiscoveries

23.BertrandRussell'snotionaboutelectricityis.[A]disapproved

ofbymostmodernscientists

[B]inagreementwithAristotle'stheoryofself-evidentprinciples[C]in

agreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“how”thingshappen

[D]inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“why”

thingshappen

24.Thepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeidea

[A]thattherearemysteriousforcesintheuniverse[B]thatmancannot

discoverwhatforces“really”are

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[C]thatthereareself-evidentprinciples

[D]thatwecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo25.Modernscience

cameintobeing.

[A]whenthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwasfirstintroduced[B]when

Galileosucceededinexplaininghowthingshappen[C]whenAristotelian

scientisttriedtoexplainwhythingshappen[D]whenscientistswereableto

acquireanunderstandingofrealityofreasoning

SectionIV:CloseTest

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoices

labeled[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosethebestoneandputyourchoiceinthe

ANSWERSHEET.Readthewholepassagebeforemakingyourchoice.(10points)

Chequeshave_36—replacedmoneyasameansofexchangefortheyare

widelyacceptedeverywhere.Thoughthisisveryconvenientforbothbuyerand

seller,itshouldnotbeforgottenthatchequesarenotrealmoney:theyare

quitevaluelessinthemselves.Ashop-keeperalwaysrunsacertain_37_when

heacceptsachequesandheisquite_38—hisrightsifonoccasion,he

refusestodoso.

called_39—.Anoldandverywealthyfrihadanextremelyunpleasant

experience,jewelryshopwhichkeepsalarge_40—ofaskedtobeshownsome

pearlnecklaces.Afterexaminingseveraltrays,hedecidedtobuya

particularlyfinestringofpearlsandaskedifhecouldpaybyCheques.The

assistantsaidthatthiswasquite_41_butthemomentmyfriendsignedhis

name,hewasinvitedintothemanager'soffice.

Themanagerwasverypolite,butheexplainedthatsomeonewithexactlythe

samenamehadpresentedthemwithaworthlessChequenotlongago.Myfriend

gotveryangrywhenheheardthisandsaidhewouldbuyanecklacesomewhere

else.Whenhegotuptogo,themanagertoldhimthatthepolicewouldarrive

atanymomentandhehadbetterstay_42_thewantedtogetintoserious

trouble.43_,thepolicearrivedsoonafterwards.Theyapologizedtomy

friendforthe_44—,butexplainedthatapersonwhohadusedthesamename

ashiswasresponsibleforanumberofrecentrobberies.Thenthepoliceasked

myfriendtocopyoutanotewhichhadbeenusedbythethiefinanumberof

shops.Thenote_45—:“Ihaveaguninmypocket.Asknoquestionsandgive

meallthemoneyinthesafe."Fortunately,myfriend'shandwritingwasquite

unlikethethief's.Hewasnotonlyallowedtogowithoutfurtherdelay,but

totakethestringofpearlswithhim.36.[A]exactly[B]really[C]largely

[D]thoroughly37.[A]danger[B]chance[C]risk[D]opportunity38.[A]

within[B]beyond[C]without[D]outof

39.[A]indifficulty[B]indoubt[C]inearnest[D]inquestion40.[A]

amount[B]stock[C]number[D]store41.[A]inorder[B]inneed[C]inuse

[D]incommon42.[A]whether[B]if[C]otherwise[D]unless43.[A]Really

[B]Sureenough[C]Certainly[D]However44.[B]manner[C]inconvenience45.

wroteHavetherealwayscities?Groupswithprimitiveeconomicsstillmanage

withoutthem.Thetrend,however,isforsuchgroupstodisappear,while

citiesareincreasinglybecomingthedominantmodeofman"ssocialexistence,

elementswhichformacivilization.Anyhighdegreeofhumanendeavorand

achievementhasbeencloselylinkedtolifeinanurbanenvironment.(73)

universities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandTomostpeople,

citieshavetraditionallybeentheareaswheretherewasaconcentrationof

cultureaswellasofopportunity.(74)InWhathashappenedtothemodern

Americancity?Actually,theproblemisnotsuchanewone.Longbeforethis

centurystarted,therehadbegunatrendtowardtheconcentrationofthepoor

oftheAmericansociety

intothecities.Eachgreatwaveofimmigrationfromabroadandfromthe

ruralareasmadetheproblemworse.Duringthiscentury,therehasalsobeen

thedevelopmentoflargesuburbanareassurroundingthecities,fortherich

prefertoliveintheseareas.Withinthecities,sectionsmaybesharply

dividedintohighandlowrentdistricts,the“rightsideoftown“andthe

slums.

Ofcourse,everyonewantstodosomethingaboutthisunhappysituation.But

thereisnoagreementastogoals.Neitheristhereanysystematicapproachor

integratedprogram.Opinionsareasdiverseconcernsthequestionofwhether

ornotthecityassuchistobePerhapstransportationandthemeansof

communicationhavereallymadeitpossiblefortheretobeanendtothebig

cities.Ofcourse,thereistheproblemofpersuadingpeopletomoveoutof

themoftheirownfreewill.(76)hasradiated.Isthis,however,stillthe

casetodayinthepresenceofeasytransportationandcommunication?Does

cultureariseasaresultofpeoplelivingtogethercommunally,orisittoo

theresultofofgovernmentandthecommunicationsertopreservethecities,

iseasytosay;itwouldnotbesoeasytodo.Livingconditionscouldnot

helpbutimprove,atleastforawhile.Butwouldtheproblemsreturnafter

therebuildingwascompleted?

Nevertheless,withthemajorityofthepeoplelivinginurbanareas,the

problemofthecitiesmustbesolved.(78)FromagreementonthisAtthebasis

ofmuchofthisinactionisanold-fashionedconcept--theideahuman

conditionswillnaturallytendtoregulatethemselvesforthegeneralgoal.

1988年全國碩士研究生入學統一考試英語試

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SectionII:ReadingComprehension

Text1

Itdoesn'tcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesno

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differencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan'trememberit.Youjustwaste

yourvaluabletime.Maybeyouhavealreadydiscoveredsomecleverwaystokeep

yourselffromforgetting.

Onedependableaidthatdoeshelpyourememberwhatyoustudyistohavea

specificpurposeorreasonforreading.Yourememberbetterwhatyoureadwhen

youknowwhyyou"rereading.

Whydoesaclerkinastoregoawayandleaveyouwhenyourreplytoher

offertohelpis,“No,thankyou.l"mjustlooking,,?Bothyouandsheknow

thatifyouaren'tsurewhatyouwant,youarenotlikelytofindit.But

supposeyousayinstead,“Yes,thankyou.Iwantapairofsunglasses."She

says,“Rightthisway,please."Andyouandsheareoff--botheagerto

lookforexactlywhatyouwant.

It"squitethesamewithyourstudying.Ifyouchoseabookatrandom,“just

looking“fornothinginparticular,youarelikelytogetjustthat--

nothing.Butifyoudoknowwhatyouwant,andifyouhavetherightbook,you

arealmostsuretogetit.Yourreasonswillvary;theywillincludereading

orstudying“tofindoutmoreabout",“tounderstandthereasonsfor”,

“tofindouthowv.Agoodstudenthasaclearpurposeorreasonforwhathe

isdoing.

Thisisthewayitworks.Beforeyoustarttoyouyourselfsomethinglike

this,“IwanttoknowBenethappenedtowriteaboutAmerica.I"mfindout.”

Or,'TmgoingtoskimthisstorytoinmedievalEngland."Becauseyouknow

whyyouarereadingorstudying,yourelatetheinformationtoyourpurpose

andrememberitbetter.

Readingisnotonesingleactivity.Atleasttwoimportantprocessesgoon

atthesametime.Asyouread,youtakeinideasrapidlyandaccurately.But

atthesametimeyouexpressyourownideastoyourselfasyoureacttowhat

youread.Youhaveakindofmentalconversationwiththeauthor.Ifyou

expressedyourideasorally,theymightsoun