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1.SleepSleepispartofapersonsdailyactivitycycle.Thereare

severaldifferentstagesofsIeep,andtheytoooccurin

cycles.(46).Whenyoufirstdriftoffintoslumber,youreyes

wi11rolIaboutabit,yourtemperaturewi11dropsIightIy,yourmuscles

wiIIrelax,andyourbreathingwi11slowandbecomequiteregular.Your

brainwavesslowdownabittoo,withthealpharhythmofratherfast

wavespredominatingforfirstfewminutes.(47).Forthenext

halfhourorso,asyourelaxmoreandmore,youwi11driftdownthrough

stage2andstage3sIeep.(48).Then,about40to60minutes

afteryouloseconsciousness,youwi11havereachedthedeepestsleep

ofall.Yourbrainwaveswi11showthelargeslowwavesthatareknown

asthedeltarhythm.Thisisstage4sleep.Youdonotremainatthis

deepfourthstagealInightlong.(49).Thedeltarhythmwi11

disappear,toberepIacedbytheactivitypatternofbrainwaves.Your

eyeswi11begintodartaroundunderyourclosedeyeIidsasifyouwere

Iookingatsomethingoccurringinfrontofyou.Thisperiodofrapideye

movementlastsforsome8to15minutesandiscalledREM

sleep.(50).Providedthatyoudonotwakeupduringthefirst

REMsleepperiod,yourbodywiIIsoonrelaxagain,yourbreathingwiII

growslowandregularoncemore,andyouwiIIslipgentIybackfromstage

1tostage4sleep-onlytoriseonceagaintothesurfaceofnear

consciousnesssome80minutesIater.A.Butinsteadabout80minutesafter

youfaIIintoslumber,yourbrainactivityIeveIwiIIincreaseagain

sIightIy.B.Theloweryourstageofsleep,thesIoweryourbrainwaves

wiIIbe.C.Yourbrainisstillworkingwhenyouaresleeping.D.Ifyou

areanaveragesleeper,yoursleepcycleisasfoIIows.E.Itisduring

REMsleepthatmostdreamsseemtooccur.F.Thisisca11edstage1sleep.

2.CommunicationProblemsAfter20yearsofresearch,mycolleagues

andIhavediscoveredthataIIcommunicationinvolvesourbodies,

sometimesprofoundly.WhiIewespeakwithwords,wealsospeakwithevery

fiberofourbeing.This"Ianguageoftheheart"isintegraltothehealth

andemotionaIlifeofallofus.Wefoundthatevenapleasantchat

abouttheweathercanaffectthecardiovascular（心血管性的）system,

particularlybloodpressure.ThetraditionaIwayoftakingbloodpressure

-withastethoscope（聽診器）一meantthatthepatienthadtokeepsilent,

andthissilencepreventedcliniciansfromdiscoveringtheIinkbetween

communicationandbloodpressure.Thebreakthroughinourstudies

occurredin1977,whenwemetEd,atypicaIhypertensivepatientwhocame

totheUniversityofMaryland,'sPsychophysiologyCenterfortreatment.

WehookedupEdtoanewcomputerthatcouldcontinuouslymonitorblood

pressure.WefoundthathispressureimmediateIyincreasedeverytime

hespoke,evenifhewasdiscussingthemostneutraltopic.Whatwasmore

surprisingwasthatEdwasunawareofthesechanges.Thisfindingso

intrigueduswebegantestingothers.Theresultswerethesame.Blood

pressureandheartrateroserapidlywheneverpeopIetalked.Weasked

studentstoreadaloudfromabland（乏味的）text.Theirbloodpressure

andheartrateroserapidlyeverytime.Wetested38deaf-mutevoIunteers.

WhenthesepeopIesigned,theirbloodpressurealsoincreased.This

confirmedoursuspicionthatitwastheactofcommunication,notjust

talking,thatledtothesechanges.Mostnormaltalkisaseesaw（一

上一下的動作）.TherisingofbloodpressurewhenonetalksisbaIanced

byarapidloweringofpressurewhenoneIistens.Buttherhythmisout

ofsyncIinaIhypertensives.TheyfIuentIyfaiItoIisten;theyareon

guard,defensive.Sotheirpressurestaysup.ThebenefitsofIistening

areseeninthe"orientingreflex,"discoveredbyPavIov.Whenadoghears

asoundorseesmovement,itwi11stopalIactivityandcockitshead.

AnotherRussianscientist,E.N.SokIor,noticedthatthedog''sheart

ratesIows.Asimilarresponseoccursinpeopletoo——anditlowers

bloodactivities:readingoutloud,staringatablankwaIIandwatching

fishinatank.BloodpressurewashingtestwhenthepeopIespoke.But

itwasIowestwhentheywatchedthefish,ratherthanwhentheysimply

satandrelaxed.WhetherwatchingfishorIisteningtoanotherperson,

attendingcalmlytotheworldoutsideyourselfhelpslowerbloodpressure.

WhenIgothypertensivestoIistenundefensiveIy,theirbIoodpressure

oftenfe11dramatically.WhydosomepeopIefindtalkingsostressfuI,

andIisteningsodifficultItestedsomehealthynewborns.Whenthey

cried,theirbloodpressureoftendoubled.Webeganthinkingabout

pressuresurgesinhypertensivesassimilartothechangeswhenababy

cries.ThoughcalmonthesurfacewhiletaIking,theirbodiesare

screamingtobeheard.Forthesepeople,communicationbecomesa

desperatebuthiddenstruggle.Insidetheiradultbodiesisababycrying,

terrifiedbecausenoonecanhearit.Sohowcanweenjoyconversation

yetkeepbloodpressuredownByIisteningmore,bybreathingregularly

whiletalking,byalternatingbetweentalkingandpayingattentionto

whattheotherpersonissaying.Butwhatcanhypertensivesdo

in1842,Wagnerwasproclaimedtheequal,ifnotthesuperior,[60]

BelIini,DonizettiandMeyerbeer.Inthewritingofthisworkhehad

discoveredthedramaticabsurditiesoftheform,[61]inhisnextwork,

"TheFlyingDutchman,"heattemptedhisfirstimportantuseofthe"Ieit

motif,"orcharacteristic[62],forhisdifferentpersonages,and

alsousedthesethemes,inanticipationoftheadventofhischaracters,

inamannerhelaterdescribedas"makingtheaudienceapartofthebeing.

[63]hiswaytoDresdentoconduct'1Rienzi,'WagnervisitedtheWartburg

Castle,andtherehebecamefamiIiar[64]thelegendarystorieswhich

heusedinalIhislaterworks."Tannhauser"givesanactuaIdescription

oftheMinnesingerKnights,whoinspiredWagner[65]Teutonicversions

of"TheRingoftheNibelungs"."Lohengrin"「TristanandIsoIde"and

"Parsifal".

A.case

B.angle

C.occasion

D.sense

4.ArchitectureArchitectureistobuiIdingasIiteratureistothe

printedword.ThebestbuiIdingsateoftensowe11constructedthat

theyoutlasttheiroriginaluse.TheythensurvivenotonlyasbeautifuI

objects,butasdocumentsofthehistoryofcultures.Theseachievements

areneverwhoIlytheworkofindividuaIs.ArchitectureisasociaIart.

Therenaissancebroughtaboutanentirelynewage,notonlyinphiIosophy

andIiteraturebutinthevisualartsaswell.Inarchitecture,the

principlesandstylesofancientGreeceandRomewerebroughtbackto

Iifeandreinterpreted.TheyremaindominantuntiIthe20thcentury.

ManykindsofstoneareusedasbuiIdingmateriaIs.Stoneandmarblewere

chosenforimportantmonumentsbecausetheyarenotburnableandCanbe

expectedtoendure.Stonearchitecturewasoftenblendedwithstone

sculpture.Theuseofstonehasdeciinedthowever,becauseanumberof

othermaterialsatemoreadaptabletoindustrialuse.Thecomplexity

ofmodemIirecalIsforavarietyofbuiIdings.MorepeopIeIiveinmass

housingandgotoworkinlargeofficebuiIdings;theyspendtheirincome

inlargeshoppingcenters,sendtheirchiIdrentomanydifferentkinds

ofschools,andwhentheyatesicktheygotospecializedhospitalsand

clinics.AlIthesedifferenttypesofbuiIdingsaccumuIatedexperiences

neededbytheirdesigners.Bythemiddleofthe20thcentury,modem

architecture,whichwasinfIuencedbynewtechnoIogyandmassproduction,

wasdeaIingwithincreasinglycompIexsociaIneeds.Important

characteristicsofmodemarchitecturalworksareexpansesofglassand

theuseofreinforcedconcrete.AdvancesineIevatortechnology,air

conditioning,andelectricIightinghavealIhadimportanteffects.A.

BuiIdingMateriaIsB.NeedofGreaterBuiIdingVarietiesinModernLifeC.

RestorationofAncientCivilizationsD.EvoIutioninStyleE.Factors

AffectingModemArchitectur6F.ASociaIArt

SomebuiIdingsaresowe11constructedthattheyarenotonly

usefuI.

5.TheCentraIDogmaThoughitcomesasnosurprisethatthe

compositionofDNAbetweendifferentorganismsisdifferent,itisnot

immediatelyobviouswhythemuscleceIIs,bloodceIIs,andbraincells

ofanyoneparticularvertebrate（脊椎動物）aresodifferentintheir

structureandcompositionwhentheDNAofeveryoneoftheircellsis

identical.Thisisthekeytooneofthemostexcitingareasofmodern

celIbiology.IndifferentcelItypes,differentsetsofthetotalnumber

ofgenes（genome）（基因組）areexpressed.Inotherwords,different

regionsoftheDNAare"active"inthemusclecelIsrbloodcelIs,and

braincelIs.TounderstandhowthisdifferenceinDNAactivitycan

leadtodifferencesincelIstructureandcomposition,itisnecessary

toconsiderwhatisoftenknownasthecentraldogma（法貝lj）ofmolecular

bioIogy:"DNAmakesRNAmakeprotein."Inmolecularterms,ageneis

thatportionofDNAthatencodesforasingleprotein.Thedictumnone

genemakesoneprotein"hasrequiredsomemodification（改變）withthe

discoverythatsomeproteinsarecomposedofseveraldifferent

polypeptide（多肽）chains,butthe"onegenemakesonepolypeptide1'rule

doeshold.DNAContainstheBlueprintforAlICelIProteins.

MessengerRNAisaprecisecopy（transcript）ofthecodedsequenceof

nucleicacidbasesinDNA,andthismessageistransIatedintoaunique

proteinmoleculeonspecialistorganelles（ribo-somes）presentinthe

cytoplasm（細胞質）ofalIcells.Proteins（蛋白質）,whicharelargelymade

upofcarbon（C）,hydrogen（H）,oxygen（0）,andnitrogen（N）,are

constructedfrom20different,commonaminoacids.TheversatiIityof

proteins,theworkhorsemoIecuIesofthecell,stemsfromtheimmense

variotyofmoIecuIarshapesthatcanbecreated,byIinkingaminoacids

togetherindifferentsequences.ThesmalIerproteinsconsistofonly

afewdozenaminoacids,whereasthelargeronesmaycontaininexcess

of200aminoacids,alIIinkedtogetherinaIinear（線狀的）chainby

peptidebonds.Astheproteinsarereleasedfromtheribosome（核糖

體）,theyfoldintouniqueshapes,undertheinfIuenceofchemicaIforces

thatdependontheparticularsequenceofaminoacids.Sotheprotein

primarysequence,encodedinthegeneandfaithfullytranscribedand

translatedintoanaminoacidchain,determinesthethree-dimensional

structureoftheemergingmolecule.Thehumanbodypossessessome30000

differentkindsofproteinsandseveralmillioncopiesofmanyofthese.

Eachplaysaspecificrole----forexample,hemogIobincarriesoxygenin

theblood,actin（肌動蛋白）andmyosin（肌球蛋白）interacttogenerate

musclemovement,andacetylchoIine（乙酸膽堿）receptormoIecuIesmediate

chemicaItransmissionbetweennerveandmuseIecelIs.Enzymes一

ProteinBiocatalystsAnessentialgroupofproteins-theenzymes（酵

素）一actasbiologicalcatalysts（催化劑）andregulatealIaspectsof

celImetaboIism（新陳代謝）.Theyenablebreakdownofhigh-energyfood

molecules（carbohydrates）toprovideenergyforbiologicalreactions,

andtheycontrolthesyntheticpathwaysthatresultinthegeneration

ofIipids（e.g.,fats,cholesterol（膽固醇），andothervitalmembrane（膜）

components）,carbohydrates（碳水化合物）（sugars,starch（淀粉），and

cellulose（纖維素），thekeycomponentsofpIantcelIwaIIs）,andmany

vitalsmaIIbiomoIecuIesassentiaIforcelIfunction.

"Stem"（para.3,sent.3）means.

A.cane

B.jam

C.derive

D.stop

6.SuburbIf"suburb"ismeantanurbanmarginthatgrowsmorerapidly

thanitsaIreadydeveIopedinterior,theprocessofsuburbanizationbegan

duringtheemergenceoftheindustrialcity,inthesecondquarterof

thenineteenthcentury.Beforethatperiodthecitywasasma11yhighly

compactclusterinwhichpeopIemovedaboutonfoot,andgoodswere

conveyedbyhorseandcart.ButtheearIyfactories,builtinthe1830''

sand1840''s,wereIocatedalongwaterwaysandnearraiIheadsatthe

edgesofcities,andhousingwasneededforthethousandsofpeopIedrawn

bytheprospectofempIoyment.Intime,thefactoriesweresurrounded

byproIiferatingmi11townsofapartmentsandrowhousesaroundtheoIder,

maincities.Asadefenceagainstthisencroachment,andtoenlargetheir

taxbases,thecitiesappropriatedtheirindustrialneighbors.In1854

forexampIe,thecityofPhiIadeIphiaannexedmostofPhiIadeIphiaCounty.

SimilarmunicipaImaneuverstookplaceinChicagoandinNewYork.Indeed,

mostgreatcitiesoftheUnitedStatesachievedsuchstatusonlyby

incorporatingthecommunitiesalongtheirborders.Withthe

accelerationofindustrialgrowthcomeacute,urbancrowdingand

accompanyingsociaIstress-conditionsbegantoapproachdisastrous

proportionswhen,in1888,thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulelectric

tractionIinewasdeveloped.Withinafewyearsthehorse-drawntrolleys

wereretiredandelectricstreetcarnetworkscrisscrossedandconnected

everymajorurbanarea,fosteringawaveofsuburbanizationthat

transformedthecompactindustriaIcityintoadispersedmetropoIis.This

firstphaseofmass-scaIesuburbanizationwasreinforcedbythe

simultaneousemergenceoftheurbanmiddleclass,whosedesiresfor

homeownershipinneighborhoodsfarfromtheaginginnercitywere

satisfiedbythedevelopingofsingle-familyhousingtracts.

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatafter1890mostpeopIetraveled

aroundcitiesby.

A.automobile

B.cart

C.horse-drawntrolley

D.electricstreetcar

7.UnitedNationsAmajorsegmentoftheUntiedNationsistheGeneral

Assembly,whichconsistsofrepresentativesfromaIIgovernmentsthat

haveratifiedtheUNCharter.Asof1995,185stateshadmembershipin

thegeneralAssembIy.Additionally,theVatican,Switzerland,andthe

PaIestineLiberationOrganizationhavenonvotingobserverstatusinthe

GeneralAssembly.TheGeneraIAssembIyapprovestheUN''sbudget,acts

withtheSecurityCounciItoseIecttheSecretary-generaIandjudgesof

theInternationaICourtofJustice,andpassesresolutionsonissues

rangingfromself-determinationandcolonialismtowomen1'srightsand

theglobaldistributionofwealth.TheGeneralAssembIycanmeetand

voteonanysubject,unlesstheSecurityCounciIisdeaIingwithit(or

atleastpretendingto).However,itsdecisionsonlycarrymoralforce

—uniiketheCouncil''s.They''renotbindinginInternationaIlaws.

ButtheAssemblyvotesareanimportantopinionpolIonhowandwhatthe

majorityoftheworIdthinksaboutissues."Importantquestions**need

atwo-thirdsvoteoftheAssemblytopass.Thequestionofwhatis

animportantquestionisn''timportant.ItsdecidedbythedeIegates

themselves——byasimplemajority.AlthoughtheGeneraIAssembIyhas

notrecognizedauthoritytoenforceitsconclusionsonanythingother

thaninternalUNmatters,itmakesitsviewpointsonissuesthatare

broughtbeforeitisknowninoneofthethreeways.AGeneralAssembly

declarationisabroadstatementofgeneraIprinciplesuchasthe

UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,passedin1948.Declarationsare

oftenputforwardasanexpressionofanideaIfinpracticetheyare

regularlyignored.AGeneralAssembIyresolutionisessentiallya

documentthatrecommendsthatmemberstatestakeaparticularpolicy

action.Statesclaimsovereigntyandmaketheirowndecisionsasto

whethertheywi11followaGeneralAssemblyresolution.Insomecases,

however,ifmanystatesimpIementaparticularresolution,otherstates

thatmaynotwishtoactontheresolutionmayfeeIthemselvespressured

todosoanyway.Attheveryleast,aresolutionhastheeffectof

legitimizingthepoliciesofthosestatesthatwishtocompIywiththe

resolution.Finally,aGeneralAssemblyconvention,ortreaty,hastwo

meanings.Themorecomprehensiveconventionreferstomultilateral

treatiesvotedonbytheGeneralAssembIythat,uponpassagebythe

GeneralAssembly,arecarriedbacktothecapitalsofmemberstatesfor

ratificationbywhatevermeanseachstateusesdomestically.Inother

cases,aGeneraIAssembIyconventionrefersspecificallytoatreaty

signedbetweentheUnitedNationsandthegovernmentofanation-state,

aswhenin1956EgyptagreedtoaIIowUnitedNationspeacekeepingforces

toenterEgyptianterritory.

TheGeneralAssemblymakesitsviewpointsintheGeneralAssembly

ratification.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.NotMentioned

8.SleepSleepispartofapersonsdailyactivitycycle.Thereare

severaldifferentstagesofsIeep,andtheytoooccurin

cycles.(46).Whenyoufirstdriftoffintoslumber,youreyes

wi11rolIaboutabit,yourtemperaturewi11dropsIightly,yourmuscles

wiIIrelax,andyourbreathingwi11slowandbecomequiteregular.Your

brainwavessIowdownabittoo,withth?aIpharhythmofratherfast

wavespredominatingforfirstfewminutes.(47).Forthenext

halfhourorso,asyourelaxmoreandmore,youwi11driftdownthrough

stage2andstage3sleep.(48).Then,about40to60minutes

afteryouloseconsciousness,youwi11havereachedthedeepestsleep

ofall.Yourbrainwaveswi11showthelargeslowwavesthatareknown

asthedeItarhythm.Thisisstage4sleep.Youdonotremainatthis

deepfourthstagea11nightlong.(49).ThedeltarhythmwiII

disappear,tobereplacedbytheactivitypatternofbrainwaves.Your

eyeswi11begintodartaroundunderyourclosedeyeIidsasifyouwere

Iookingatsomethingoccurringinfrontofyou.Thisperiodofrapideye

movementlastsforsome8to15minutesandiscalledREM

sleep.（50）.Providedthatyoudonotwakeupduringthefirst

REMsleepperiod,yourbodywi11soonrelaxagain,yourbreathingwi11

growslowandregularoncemore,andyouwi11slipgentIybackfromstage

1tostage4sleep-onlytoriseonceagaintothesurfaceofnear

consciousnesssome80minutesIater.A.Butinsteadabout80minutesafter

youfaIIintoslumber,yourbrainactivityIeveIwiIIincreaseagain

sIightIy.B.Theloweryourstageofsleep,thesIoweryourbrainwaves

wiIIbe.C.Yourbrainisstillworkingwhenyouaresleeping.D.Ifyou

areanaveragesleeper,yoursleepcycleisasfollows.E.Itisduring

REMsleepthatmostdreamsseemtooccur.F.Thisisca11edstage1sleep.

9.TheCentralDogmaThoughitcomesasnosurprisethatthe

compositionofDNAbetweendifferentorganismsisdifferent,itisnot

immediatelyobviouswhythemusclecelIs,bloodcells,andbraincells

ofanyoneparticularvertebrate（脊椎動物）aresodifferentintheir

structureandcompositionwhentheDNAofeveryoneoftheircellsis

identicaI.Thisisthekeytooneofthemostexcitingareasofmodern

celIbioIogy.Indifferentce11types,differentsetsofthetotalnumber

ofgenes（genome）（基因組）areexpressed.Inotherwords,different

regionsoftheDNAare"active"inthemusclecelIsybloodcelIs,and

braincelIs.TounderstandhowthisdifferenceinDNAactivitycan

leadtodifferencesincelIstructureandcomposition,itisnecessary

toconsiderwhatisoftenknownasthecentraIdogma（法貝lj）ofmolecular

bioIogy:nDNAmakesRNAmakeprotein."Inmolecularterms,ageneis

thatportionofDNAthatencodesforasingleprotein.Thedictumnone

genemakesoneprotein"hasrequiredsomemodification（改變）withthe

discoverythatsomeproteinsarecomposedofseveraldifferent

polypeptide（多肽）chains,butthe"onegenemakesonepoIypeptideMrule

doeshold.DNAContainstheBlueprintforAlICelIProteins.

MessengerRNAisaprecisecopy（transcript）ofthecodedsequenceof

nucleicacidbasesinDNA,andthismessageistranslatedintoaunique

proteinmoleculeonspecialistorganelles（ribo-somes）presentinthe

cytopIasm（細胞質）ofaIIcelIs.Proteins（蛋白質），whicharelargelymade

upofcarbon（C）,hydrogen（H）,oxygen（0）tandnitrogen（N）tare

constructedfrom20different,commonaminoacids.TheversatiIityof

proteins,theworkhorsemoIecuIesofthecell,stemsfromtheimmense

varietyofmolecularshapesthatcanbecreated,byIinkingaminoacids

togetherindifferentsequences.ThesmalIerproteinsconsistofonly

afewdozenaminoacids,whereasthelargeronesmaycontaininexcess

of200aminoacids,aIIIinkedtogetherinaIinear（線狀的）chainby

peptidebonds.Astheproteinsarereleasedfromtheribosome（核糖

體）,theyfoldintouniqueshapes,undertheinfIuenceofchemicaIforces

thatdependontheparticularsequenceofaminoacids.Sotheprotein

primarysequence,encodedinthegeneandfaithfullytranscribedand

translatedintoanaminoacidchain,determinesthethree-dimensional

structureoftheemergingmoIecuIe.Thehumanbodypossessessome30000

differentkindsofproteinsandseversImillioncopiesofmanyofthese.

Eachplaysaspecificrole-----forexample,hemoglobincarriesoxygenin

theblood,actin（肌動蛋白）andmyosin（肌球蛋白）interacttogenerate

musclemovement,andacetylchoIine（乙酸膽堿）receptormoIecuIesmediate

chemicaItransmissionbetweennerveandmuseIecelIs.Enzymes一

ProteinBiocataIystsAnassentiaIgroupofproteins—theenzymes（酵

素）一actasbiologicalcatalysts（催化劑）andregulatealIaspectsof

celImetaboIism（新陳代謝）.Theyenablebreakdownofhigh-energyfood

moIecuIes（carbohydrates）toprovideenergyforbiologicalreactions,

andtheycontrolthesyntheticpathwaysthatresultinthegeneration

ofIipids（e.g.,fats,cholesterol（膽固醇），andothervitalmembrane（膜）

components）,carbohydrates（碳水化合物）（sugars,starch（淀粉），and

celIulose（纖維素）,thekeycomponentsofplantcelIwalls）,andmany

vitalsmalIbiomoleculesessentialforcelIfunction.

Wecaninferfrompara.4that.

A.theproteinsthatarereleasedfromtheribosomefoldintouniqueshapes

becauseoftheirparticularsequence

B.thestructureoftheemergingmoleculeisdeterminedbytheprotein

primarysequence

C.severalmillioncopiesofproteinscarryoutseveralmillionkindsof

functions

D.thesequenceofgeneistranslatedintoanaminoacidchain

10.CommunicationProblemsAfter20yearsofresearch,mycolleagues

andIhavediscoveredthatalIcommunicationinvolvesourbodies,

sometimesprofoundly.WhiIewespeakwithwords,wealsospeakwithevery

fiberofourbeing.This"Ianguageoftheheart"isintegraltothehealth

andemotionaIlifeofallofus.Wefoundthatevenapleasantchat

abouttheweathercanaffectthecardiovascular（心血管性的）system,

particularlybloodpressure.ThetraditionaIwayoftakingbloodpressure

—withastethoscope（聽診器）一meantthatthepatienthadtokeepsilent,

andthissilencepreventedcliniciansfromdiscoveringtheIinkbetween

communicationandbloodpressure.Thebreakthroughinourstudies

occurredin1977,whenwemetEd,atypicaIhypertensivepatientwhocame

totheUniversityofMaryland1'sPsychophysioIogyCenterfortreatment.

WehookedupEdtoanewcomputerthatcouldcontinuouslymonitorblood

pressure.Wefoundthathispressureimmedi