Unit2MoralsandVirtuesⅠ.閱讀理解BarbaraMcClintockwasoneofthemostimportscientistsofthetwentiethcentury.Shemadeimportantdiscoveriesaboutgenes(基因)andchromosomes(染色體)．BarbaraMcClintockwasbornin1902inHartford,Connecticut.HerfamilymovedtoBrooklynareaofShestudiedscienceatCornellUniversityinIthaca,BarbaraMcClintockdecidedtostudybotany,thescientificstudyofplants,atCornellMcClintockstayedatCornellaftershecompletedhereducation.Shetaughtstudentsbotany.The1930swerenotagoodtimetobeayoungscientistintheUnitedStates.ThecountrywasinthemiddleofthegreateconomicDepression.MillionsofAmericanswereunemployed.Malescientistswereofferedjobs.Butfemalegeneticistswerenotmuchindemand.AnoldfriendfromCornell,MarcusRhoades,invitedMcClintocktospendthesummerof1941workingattheColdSpringHarborLaboratory.ItisaresearchcenteronLongIsland,nearNewYorkCity.McClintockstartedinatemporary(臨時的)jobwiththegeneticsdepartment.Ashorttimelater,sheacceptedapermanent(永久的)positionwiththelaboratory.Thisgaveherthefreedomtocontinueherresearchwithouthavingtoteachorrepeatedlyaskforfinancialaid.Bythe1970s,herdiscoverieshadhadaneffectoneverythingfromgeneticengineeringtocancerresearch.McClintockwontheNobelPrizeforPhysiologyorMedicinein1983forherdiscoveryoftheabilityofgenestochangepositionsonchromosomes.ShewasthefirstAmericanwomantowinanunsharedNobelPrize.這是一篇人物傳記類閱讀。文章主要講解并描述了聞名女科學家BarbaraMcClintock的經驗以及她在基因和染色體探討方面取得的重大成就。1．WhendidMcClintockreceiveadoctoratedegree?A．In1921.B．In1923.C．In1925.D．In1927.答案：D解析：推理推斷題。答案定位在第四段Shecompletedamaster'sdegreein1925.Twoyearslater,shefinishedallherrequirementsforadoctoratedegree.可知BarbaraMcClintock在1925年獲得了碩士學位。兩年之后，她獲得了博士學位。故可推知BarbaraMcClintock在1927年取得了博士學位，故選D。2．DuringthegreateconomicDepressionintheUS,________.A．youngscientistshadtroublefindingajobB．femalegeneticistswerenotwantedatallC．malegeneticistswereingreatdemandD．malescientistswereoutofjob答案：A解析：推理推斷題。答案定位在第五段The1930swerenotagoodtimetobeayoungscientistintheUnitedStates.ThecountrywasinthemiddleofthegreateconomicDepression.MillionsofAmericanswereunemployed.Malescientistswereofferedjobs.Butfemalegeneticistswerenotmuchindemand.由此可知，在二十世紀三十年頭，經濟蕭條，許多美國人失業，年輕科學家很難找到工作，男科學家能找到工作，但是女性遺傳學家的需求量不大。由此可推知，年輕的科學家在經濟大蕭條時期找工作可能是困難的，故選A。3．McClintockwasawardedaNobelPrizebecauseof________.A．herresearchinbotanyB．hercontributiontogeneticengineeringC．herdiscoveriesaboutgenesandchromosomesD．herunsharedworkinthelaboratory答案：C解析：細微環節理解題。答案定位在最終一段McClintockwontheNobelPrizeforPhysiologyorMedicinein1983forherdiscoveryoftheabilityofgenestochangepositionsonchromosomes.可知McClintock因發覺基因在染色體上變更位置的實力，而于1983年獲得諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎，故選C。4．Thetextislikelytoappearin________.A．abiographyB．ahistorypaperC．anewspaperD．aphilosophytextbook答案：A解析：推理推斷題。本文主要講解并描述了聞名女科學家BarbaraMcClintock的經驗以及她在基因和染色體探討方面取得的重大成就。由此可知文章可能來自一本人物傳記，故選A。Ⅱ.七選五Whenthingsgowrong,manypeopleturntotheirfriendsforcomfortandsupport.Areyouthekindofpersonyourfriendstrusttobethereforthemwhenthey'refeelingdown?__1__.Youmightfeelawkwardornervousaboutcomfortingasadfriendatfirst,butwithalittlepractice,youwon'thavetoworryaboutsayingthewrongthingormakingthesituationworse.Whenoneofyourfriendsisupset,helphim/herbybeingthereforhim/her,findingtherightthingstosay,andavoidingcommonmistakes.1．__2__.Comfortyourfriendaccordingtohowupsethe/sheseemstobe.Ifhe/sheseemstobeverytroubled,itmaytakemoreeffortonyourparttohelphim/her.Ifsomethingisbotheringhim/her,buthe/sheisn'ttooupset,bethereforhim/herwithoutoverreacting.2．Findoutwhat'swrong.Beforeyousayanythingtrytofigureoutwhattheproblemis.__3__.Ifyoutrytotalktoyourfriendwithoutknowingthesituationfirst,youcouldendupwithputtingyourfootinyourmouth.3.Giveyourfriendahug.Akindtouchwilldowondersforyourfriend,evenifyoudon'tknowwhathe/sheisupsetabout.__4__.Youcanalsopathim/hergentlyontheshoulder.4．Letyourfriendvent(發泄).Ifyourfriendneedstogethis/hersadnessorangerout,lethim/herdo.Payattentionanddon'tinterrupt.Encouragehim/hertoexpresshimself/herselffully.5．Justlisten.Yourfriendneedssomeonetolistencompassionatelytohim/herrightnow,sofocusondoingthat.Bepatientandnon-judgmental.__5__.Don'tactboredortrytochangethesubject.A．YoumayfindyourselfwrongB．UnderstandhowupsetyourfriendisC．YoucanputyourarmaroundyourfriendD．Encouragehim/hertokeeptalkingaslongashe/sheneedstoE．ThiswillhelpyouknowwhattosayandwhatnottosayF．UseyourimaginationandgetclosetothetruthofwhathastakenplaceG．Ifyouaren'tsure,don'tworry—comfortingpeopleisaskillthatyoucanlearn這是一篇說明文。介紹了五點來勸慰尋求支持的摯友的方法。1．G解析：依據下文Youmightfeelawkwardornervousaboutcomfortingasadfriendatfirst,butwithalittlepractice,youwon'thavetoworryaboutsayingthewrongthingormakingthesituationworse.一起先，你可能會因為勸慰一個哀痛的摯友而感到尷尬或驚慌，但只要稍加練習，你就不用擔憂說錯話或讓狀況變得更糟。可知勸慰別人是一種你可以學習的技能。故選G。2．B解析：依據下文Comfortyourfriendaccordingtohowupsethe/sheseemstobe.可知你須要了解你的摯友有多難受，再依據你的摯友看起來有多難受來勸慰他/她。故選B。3．E解析：依據上文Beforeyousayanythingtrytofigureoutwhattheproblemis.可知在你說話之前，試著找出問題所在。后文再說明這一做法的緣由是：這將幫助你知道什么該說，什么不該說。故選E。4．C解析：依據下文Youcanalsopathim/hergentlyontheshoulder.你也可以輕輕地拍他/她的肩膀。可推想此處表示肢體接觸，如你可以摟著你的摯友。故選C。5．D解析：依據下文Don'tactboredortrytochangethesubject.不要表現得很無聊或者試圖轉移話題。可知上文應為激勵摯友始終說下去只要他須要，不要打斷他。故選D。Ⅲ.語法填空ABriefIntroductiontoGandhiMohandasGandhi(1869—1948),anIndiannationalhero,washonored__1__thefatheroftheIndiannation.HehasbeenrespectedandbelovedbytheIndians.HewasborninIndiain1869.Followingthelocalcustom,hegot__2__(marry)attheageof13.In1888hesailedtoEngland,__3__hestudiedlawforthreeyearsandbecamealawyer.OnhisreturntoIndia,hewassenttoSouthAfricatoworkonalawcase.InSouthAfricahe__4__(surprise)tofindthattheproblemofracialdiscrimination(種族卑視)wasserious.Thereheformedanorganizationandstartedamagazinetofight__5__equalrights.GandhireturnedtoIndiain1915,__6__IndiawascontrolledbytheBritish.HeledtheIndianstofightforanendtotheBritishruleand__7__(depend)forhiscountry.Inthepoliticalmovement,manyIndiansincludingGandhiwereputinprison.__8__，thestrugglesneverstopped.TheBritishgovernmenthadtogive__9__andIndiawonitsindependencein1947.__10__(fortunate)GandhiwasshotbyanIndianwhoopposedhisviewsanddiedonJanuary30th,1948.本文為人物傳記。甘地(1869—1948)，印度民族英雄，被尊為印度民族之父。他始終受到印度人的敬重和愛戴。1．as解析：考查介詞。句意：甘地(1869—1948)，印度民族英雄