高考英語閱讀理解高頻詞匯超詳細梳理（災難類）單詞詳解：1.emerge(vi.)/??m??d?/浮現,(由某種狀態)脫出,(事實)顯現出來例句:Rescueworkersemergedfromtherubblewithasurvivor.(救援人員帶著一名幸存者從廢墟中出來。)同義詞:appear,surface,comeout,rise反義詞:disappear,submerge搭配:emergefromsomething(從…中浮現)拓展詞組:emergency(n.緊急情況),emergent(adj.緊急的)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"immerge"(v.沉浸)混淆。例句辨析:Emerge:指從隱藏或被遮蔽的狀態中出現或變得可見。Appear:指變得可見或顯現出來，強調突然出現。Surface:指從水下或其他隱藏的地方浮出水面或出現。2.collapse(n.&vi.)/k??l?ps/崩潰,倒塌,暴跌,倒塌,崩潰,瓦解,折疊例句:Thebuildingcollapsedaftertheearthquake,trappingmanypeopleinside.(地震后，這座建筑倒塌了，許多人被困在里面。)同義詞:(n.)breakdown,downfall,(vi.)crumble,fallapart反義詞:(n.)rise,success,(vi.)build,strengthen搭配:collapseofabuilding(建筑物倒塌),economiccollapse(經濟崩潰)拓展詞組:collapsible(adj.可折疊的),collapseinto(陷入)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"collapse"(v.折疊)混淆。例句辨析:Collapse(n.):指突然的倒塌、崩潰或衰敗。Collapse(v.):指倒塌、崩潰或衰弱。Breakdown:指機器、系統或人的功能失效。Downfall:指從高位或成功狀態的墮落。3.infect(vt.)/?n?fekt/傳染,感染例句:Thevirusinfectedthousandsofpeople,causingaglobalpandemic.(這種病毒感染了成千上萬的人，引發了全球大流行。)同義詞:contaminate,pollute,poison反義詞:disinfect,sterilize搭配:infectsomeonewithsomething(使某人感染…)拓展詞組:infection(n.感染),infectious(adj.傳染性的)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"affect"(v.影響)混淆。例句辨析:Infect:指將疾病或有害物質傳播給他人或物體。Contaminate:指使事物變得不純凈或不安全。Pollute:指污染環境或使環境變得不潔凈。4.wreck(n.&vt.)/rek/失事,殘骸,破壞,健康受損的人,破壞,造成...失事例句:Thestormcausedashipwreck,leavingthesurvivorsstrandedonadesertedisland.(風暴導致了一艘船失事，幸存者被困在一個荒島上。)同義詞:(n.)wreckage,ruins,(v.)destroy,damage反義詞:(v.)build,repair搭配:shipwreck(n.海難),carwreck(n.車禍)拓展詞組:wreckage(n.殘骸),wrecked(adj.失事的)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"wrack"(n.海藻)混淆。例句辨析:Wreck(n.):指失事船只或其他交通工具的殘骸，或指被嚴重損壞的物體。Wreck(v.):指摧毀或嚴重損壞某物。Destroy:指徹底摧毀某物，使其無法修復。Damage:指對某物造成損害，但可能可以修復。5.spread(n.&v.)/spred/傳布,伸展,擴延的,傳布,推廣,伸出例句:Thewildfirespreadrapidlythroughthedryforest,destroyingeverythinginitspath.(野火迅速蔓延到干燥的森林中，摧毀了沿途的一切。)同義詞:(n.)extent,range,(v.)distribute,disseminate反義詞:(v.)collect,gather搭配:spreadnews(傳播新聞),spreaddisease(傳播疾病)拓展詞組:widespread(adj.普遍的),spreadout(展開)易錯點撥:注意"spread"作為名詞和動詞的用法和含義。例句辨析:Spread(n.):指事物的范圍或延伸。Spread(v.):指展開、延伸或傳播。Distribute:指分發或散布。Disseminate:指傳播信息或思想。6.claim(n.&vt.)/kle?m/要求,要求權;主張,斷言,聲稱;要求物,要求,請求；主張,聲稱,斷言例句:Theearthquakeclaimedthelivesofthousandsofpeople.(地震奪走了成千上萬人的生命。)同義詞:(n.)demand,assertion,(vt.)assert,declare反義詞:(vt.)deny,refute搭配:claimresponsibility(聲稱負責),claimcompensation(要求賠償)拓展詞組:claimant(n.索賠人),claimtofame(成名原因)易錯點撥:注意"claim"作為名詞和動詞的用法和含義。例句辨析:Claim(n.):指要求、主張或斷言。Claim(vt.):指要求、主張或聲稱。Demand:指強烈的要求或堅持。Assert:指自信地陳述或維護某事。7.survive(vt.&vi.)/s?r?va?v/比…活得長,幸免于難,艱難度過,活著,繼續存在例句:Onlyafewpeoplesurvivedtheplanecrash.(只有少數人從飛機失事中幸存下來。)同義詞:live,endure,outlast反義詞:die,perish搭配:surviveadisaster(在災難中幸存),survivalskills(生存技能)拓展詞組:survivor(n.幸存者),survival(n.生存)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"survive"(v.存活)混淆。例句辨析:Survive:指在危險或困難的情況下存活下來。Live:指活著，強調生命的存在。Endure:指忍受或經受住困難或痛苦。8.injure(v.)/??nd??r/傷害,使...受冤屈例句:Manypeoplewereinjuredintheexplosion.(許多人在爆炸中受傷。)同義詞:hurt,wound,damage反義詞:heal,cure搭配:injureoneself(受傷),beinjuredinanaccident(在事故中受傷)拓展詞組:injury(n.傷害),injurious(adj.有害的)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"ensure"(v.確保)混淆。例句辨析:Injure:指對身體造成傷害或損害。Hurt:指造成身體或情感上的痛苦。Wound:指造成傷口或傷害。9.transmit(vt.&vi.)/tr?nz?m?t/傳輸,傳送,代代相傳,傳達,(以無線電或有線電的方式)發送信號例句:Thediseaseistransmittedthroughcontaminatedwater.(這種疾病通過污染的水傳播。)同義詞:send,convey,communicate,broadcast反義詞:receive搭配:transmitinformation(傳遞信息),transmitadisease(傳播疾病)拓展詞組:transmission(n.傳播),transmitter(n.發射器)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"transform"(v.改變)混淆。例句辨析:Transmit:指發送或傳遞信息、能量或疾病。Send:指將某物或某人從一個地方送到另一個地方。Convey:指傳遞信息或思想。Communicate:指交流或傳遞信息。10.rescue(n.&vt.)/?reskju?/援救,解救,營救隊,援救,救出,營救例句:Therescueteamworkedtirelesslytosavepeopletrappedinthecollapsedbuilding.(救援隊不知疲倦地工作，以拯救被困在倒塌建筑物中的人們。)同義詞:save,deliver,liberate反義詞:abandon,endanger搭配:rescuesomeonefromsomething(從…中救出某人)拓展詞組:rescuer(n.救援人員),rescuemission(救援任務)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"research"(n.研究)混淆。例句辨析:Rescue:指從危險或困境中拯救某人或某物。Save:指保護某人或某物免受傷害或危險。Deliver:指從危險或困境中解救某人或某物。Liberate:指使某人或某物獲得自由。11.donate(vt.&vi.)/?do?ne?t/捐贈,轉移(電子),捐款例句:Manypeopledonatedmoneyandsuppliestohelpthevictimsofthehurricane.(許多人捐款捐物，幫助颶風的受害者。)同義詞:give,contribute,offer反義詞:receive,take搭配:donatetocharity(向慈善機構捐款),donateblood(獻血)拓展詞組:donation(n.捐贈),donor(n.捐贈者)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"denote"(v.表示)混淆。例句辨析:Donate:指無償給予或貢獻某物，通常用于慈善或公益事業。Give:指給予或提供某物，可以是有償或無償的。Contribute:指捐獻或貢獻，通常指為共同目標或事業做出貢獻。12.accidental(adj.&n.)/??ks??dentl/意外的,偶然的,附屬的,偶然,不重要的東西,變調的臨時符號例句:Thefirewascausedbyanaccidentalelectricalfault.(火災是由意外的電路故障引起的。)同義詞:unintentional,unplanned,unexpected反義詞:intentional,deliberate,planned搭配:accidentaldeath(意外死亡),byaccident(偶然地)拓展詞組:accident(n.事故),accidentally(adv.意外地)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"incidental"(adj.附帶的)混淆。例句辨析:Accidental:指意外的、非故意的、偶然發生的。Unintentional:指非故意的、無意的。Unplanned:指沒有計劃的、意外的。Unexpected:指出乎意料的、未預料到的。13.miserable(adj.)/?m?z?r?bl/悲慘的,痛苦的,貧乏的例句:Therefugeeswerelivinginmiserableconditions,withlittlefoodorshelter.(難民們生活在悲慘的環境中，幾乎沒有食物或住所。)同義詞:unhappy,wretched,pitiful反義詞:happy,joyful,content搭配:miserablelife(悲慘的生活),feelmiserable(感到痛苦)拓展詞組:misery(n.痛苦),miserably(adv.悲慘地)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"miserable"(adj.吝嗇的)混淆。例句辨析:Miserable:指非常不快樂、痛苦或悲慘的。Unhappy:指不快樂或不滿意的。Wretched:指極度痛苦或不幸的。Pitiful:指可憐的、值得同情的。14.fatal(adj.)/?fe?tl/致命的,毀滅性的,決定性的例句:Thecaraccidentprovedfatalforthedriver.(這起車禍對司機來說是致命的。)同義詞:deadly,lethal,mortal反義詞:nonfatal,harmless搭配:fatalinjury(致命傷),fatalerror(致命錯誤)拓展詞組:fatality(n.死亡),fatally(adv.致命地)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"fateful"(adj.決定命運的)混淆。例句辨析:Fatal:指導致死亡或毀滅的。Deadly:指致命的、危險的、足以致命的。Lethal:指致命的、足以致死的。Mortal:指會死的、終有一死的。15.vulnerable(adj.)/?v?ln?r?bl/易受傷害的,有弱點的例句:Thecoastalareasarevulnerabletofloodingduringhurricanes.(沿海地區在颶風期間容易遭受洪水。)同義詞:susceptible,exposed,defenseless反義詞:invulnerable,protected,safe搭配:vulnerabletosomething(易受…傷害)拓展詞組:vulnerability(n.弱點),vulnerably(adv.易受傷害地)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"valuable"(adj.貴重的)混淆。例句辨析:Vulnerable:指易受傷害、攻擊或批評的。Susceptible:指容易受到某種影響或感染的。Exposed:指暴露于危險或傷害之中的。Defenseless:指沒有防御能力的、易受攻擊的。16.voluntary(adj.&n.)/?v?l?nt?ri/自愿的,志愿的,(教堂禮拜儀式前后或進行期間的)樂器獨奏例句:Manyvolunteershelpedtocleanupthedamageaftertheflood.(許多志愿者幫助清理洪水過后的損壞。)同義詞:willing,intentional,deliberate,optional反義詞:involuntary,forced,compulsory搭配:voluntarywork(志愿工作),voluntaryorganization(志愿組織)拓展詞組:volunteer(n.志愿者),voluntarily(adv.自愿地)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"involuntary"(adj.非自愿的)混淆。例句辨析:Voluntary:指自愿的、主動的、非強迫的。Willing:指樂意的、愿意的、自愿的。Intentional:指故意的、有意的、有目的的。Deliberate:指深思熟慮的、故意的、有計劃的。17.disaster(n.)/d??zɑ?st?r/災難例句:Theearthquakewasamajordisaster,causingwidespreaddestructionandlossoflife.(地震是一場重大災難，造成了廣泛的破壞和人員傷亡。)同義詞:catastrophe,calamity,tragedy反義詞:fortune,blessing搭配:naturaldisaster(自然災害),man-madedisaster(人為災難)拓展詞組:disastrous(adj.災難性的),disasterrelief(救災)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"dessert"(n.甜點)混淆。例句辨析:Disaster:指造成重大破壞或痛苦的事件。Catastrophe:指巨大的災難或不幸事件。Calamity:指嚴重的災難或不幸事件。Tragedy:指悲慘的事件或戲劇。18.famine(n.)/?f?m?n/饑荒,極度缺乏例句:Thedroughtcausedaseverefamine,leavingmanypeoplestarving.(干旱導致了嚴重的饑荒，許多人挨餓。)同義詞:starvation,hunger,scarcity反義詞:abundance,plenty搭配:faminerelief(饑荒救濟),sufferfromfamine(遭受饑荒)拓展詞組:N/A易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"feminine"(adj.女性的)混淆。例句辨析:Famine:指極度缺乏食物，導致widespreadhungeranddeath。Starvation:指因缺乏食物而導致的死亡或極度虛弱狀態。Hunger:指對食物的渴望或需求。Scarcity:指缺乏或不足。19.destruction(n.)/d??str?k??n/破壞,毀滅,破壞者例句:Thehurricaneleftatrailofdestructioninitswake.(颶風過后留下一片狼藉。)同義詞:devastation,ruin,demolition反義詞:construction,creation搭配:causedestruction(造成破壞),massdestruction(大規模毀滅)拓展詞組:destructive(adj.破壞性的),destroy(v.摧毀)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"instruction"(n.指令)混淆。例句辨析:Destruction:指對某物造成嚴重損害或使其無法修復的行為或過程。Devastation:指大范圍的破壞或毀滅。Ruin:指使某物或某人毀滅或衰敗的狀態。Demolition:指拆除建筑物或其他結構的行為。20.refugee(n.)/?refju?d?i?/難民,流亡者例句:Millionsofrefugeesfledtheirhomesduetothewar.(由于戰爭，數百萬難民逃離家園。)同義詞:exile,displacedperson,asylumseeker反義詞:citizen,resident搭配:refugeecamp(難民營),seekrefuge(尋求庇護)拓展詞組:N/A易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"refuge"(n.避難所)混淆。例句辨析:Refugee:指因戰爭、迫害或自然災害而被迫逃離家園的人。Exile:指被流放或被迫離開祖國的人。Displacedperson:指因沖突或災難而流離失所的人。Asylumseeker:指尋求庇護的人，即尋求在另一個國家獲得保護的人。21.strap(n.&vt.)/str?p/繩,皮帶,鐐銬,皮鞭,用繩索捆扎,系住,鞭笞,磨快例句:Rescueworkersusedstrapstosecuretheinjuredpersontoastretcher.(救援人員用帶子將傷者固定在擔架上。)同義詞:(n.)belt,band,(vt.)fasten,bind反義詞:(vt.)unfasten,loosen搭配:leatherstrap(皮帶),shoulderstrap(肩帶)拓展詞組:N/A易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"scrap"(n.碎片)混淆。例句辨析:Strap(n.):指用于捆綁或固定物體的帶子或條帶。Strap(vt.):指用帶子或條帶捆綁或固定某物。Belt:指系在腰部的帶子，通常用于支撐褲子或裙子。Band:指環繞或捆綁某物的帶子或條帶。22.foundation(n.)/fa?n?de???n/基礎；地基；基金會；根據；創立例句:Theearthquakedamagedthefoundationsofmanybuildings.(地震損壞了許多建筑物的地基。)同義詞:base,basis,groundwork反義詞:N/A搭配:laythefoundation(奠定基礎),charitablefoundation(慈善基金會)拓展詞組:found(v.建立),founder(n.創始人)易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"fountain"(n.噴泉)混淆。例句辨析:Foundation:指建筑物或其他結構的基礎或地基，也可以指組織或機構的基礎。Base:指事物的底部或支撐部分。Basis:指事物的基礎或根本。Groundwork:指為某事做準備或奠定基礎的工作。23.welfare(n.&adj.)/?welfe?r/福利,社會保障,幸福,福利的例句:Thegovernmentprovideswelfareassistancetothoseinneed.(政府向有需要的人提供福利援助。)同義詞:well-being,prosperity,happiness,socialsecurity反義詞:misfortune,hardship搭配:childwelfare(兒童福利),socialwelfare(社會福利)拓展詞組:N/A易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"farewell"(n.告別)混淆。例句辨析:Welfare:指健康、幸福和繁榮的狀態，也指政府提供的社會福利。Well-being:指身體、精神和社會方面的健康和幸福狀態。Prosperity:指繁榮、昌盛或成功的狀態。Happiness:指快樂、幸福或滿足的狀態。24.flame(n.,vi.&vt.)/fle?m/火焰,火舌,鮮紅色,光輝,戀人,懷念,辱罵信息,焚燒,爆發,面紅,發辱罵信息,用煙火發信號,用火對待,發辱罵信息例句:Thefirefightersbattledtheflamesforhoursbeforebringingtheblazeundercontrol.(消防隊員與火焰搏斗了幾個小時，才控制住火勢。)同義詞:(n.)fire,blaze,(vi.)burn,blaze反義詞:(vi.)extinguish,quench搭配:burstintoflames(著火),flamesofpassion(激情的火焰)拓展詞組:flamethrower(n.噴火器),flammable(adj.易燃的)易錯點撥:注意"flame"作為名詞和動詞的用法和含義。例句辨析:Flame(n.):指燃燒產生的可見氣體，通常呈現紅色、橙色或黃色。Flame(v.):指燃燒或著火。Fire:指燃燒的物質或過程。Blaze:指大的、明亮的火焰。25.drought(n.)/dra?t/干旱例句:Thedroughtcausedcropstowitheranddie.(干旱導致莊稼枯萎死亡。)同義詞:aridity,dryness,watershortage反義詞:flood,downpour搭配:severedrought(嚴重干旱),drought-strickenarea(受旱災地區)拓展詞組:N/A易錯點撥:注意拼寫，不要與"draught"(n.氣流)混淆。例句辨析:Drought:指長時間的干旱或缺水。Aridity:指氣候干燥或土地貧瘠。Dryness:指缺乏水分或濕氣的狀態。25.collision(k??l???n)-名詞-碰撞，沖突例句:Thecaraccidentwascausedbyahead-oncollisionbetweentwovehicles.(這起車禍是由兩車迎面相撞造成的。)Therewasacollisionofopinionsbetweenthetwogroups,leadingtoaheateddebate.(兩組之間意見不合，導致了激烈的辯論。)同義詞:crash,impact,clash反義詞:agreement,harmony搭配:collisionwith:與...碰撞avoidacollision:避免碰撞causeacollision:造成碰撞拓展詞組:mid-aircollision:空中相撞collisioncourse:碰撞的路線，不可避免的沖突易錯點撥:collision通常指兩個或多個物體之間的物理碰撞，也可用于比喻意見或想法的沖突。近似單詞辨析:crash:指突然而猛烈的碰撞，常伴隨著巨大的聲響和破壞。impact:指碰撞的瞬間或碰撞產生的影響。clash:指意見、利益或文化等方面的沖突。幫助串記的例句:Thecollisionofthetwocarsresultedinaloudcrashandasignificantimpactontraffic.(兩輛車的碰撞導致了巨大的聲響和對交通的嚴重影響。)Theclashofculturesledtoacollisionofvaluesandbeliefs.(文化沖突導致了價值觀和信仰的沖突。)26.charity(?t??r?ti)-名詞-慈善，慈善機構例句:Shedonatedalargesumofmoneytoacharitythathelpshomelesspeople.(她向一個幫助無家可歸者的慈善機構捐贈了一大筆錢。)Theorganizationreliesonthecharityofotherstocontinueitswork.(該組織依靠他人的慈善事業來繼續其工作。)同義詞:philanthropy,benevolence,generosity反義詞:selfishness,greed搭配:charityorganization:慈善機構givetocharity:捐贈給慈善機構docharitywork:做慈善工作拓展詞組:charityevent:慈善活動charityshop:慈善商店易錯點撥:charity既可以指抽象的慈善行為，也可以指具體的慈善機構。近似單詞辨析:philanthropy:指對人類福祉的熱愛和慷慨捐贈，通常規模較大。benevolence:指善意和樂于助人的品質。generosity:指慷慨大方，樂于給予。幫助串記的例句:Hisactofcharitydemonstratedhisbenevolenceandgenerosity.(他的慈善行為體現了他的善意和慷慨。)Sheisawell-knownphilanthropistwhohassupportedmanycharityorganizations.(她是一位著名的慈善家，曾支持過許多慈善機構。)27.shelter(??elt?r)-名詞/動詞-庇護所，避難所；庇護，保護例句:Thehomelesspeoplefoundshelterfromthestorminanabandonedbuilding.(無家可歸的人們在一棟廢棄的建筑物中找到了躲避風暴的庇護所。)Thetreesshelteredthehousefromthestrongwinds.(樹木為房屋遮擋了強風。)同義詞:(名詞)refuge,haven,sanctuary;(動詞)protect,shield反義詞:(動詞)expose搭配:seekshelter:尋求庇護provideshelter:提供庇護takeshelter:躲避拓展詞組:animalshelter:動物收容所bombshelter:防空洞易錯點撥:shelter既可以指提供庇護的地方，也可以指庇護的行為。近似單詞辨析:refuge:指為逃避危險或不愉快的事情而尋求庇護的地方。haven:指安全而平和的地方。sanctuary:指神圣不可侵犯的地方，如教堂或寺廟。幫助串記的例句:Thechurchprovidedsanctuaryforthoseseekingrefugefromthewar.(教堂為那些逃離戰爭的人們提供了庇護。)Theislandwasapeacefulhavenwheretheycouldfindshelterfromthestormsoflife.(這個島嶼是一個寧靜的港灣，在那里他們可以找到躲避生活風暴的庇護所。)28.hazard(?h?z?rd)-名詞/動詞-危險，危害;冒險例句:Smokingisaserioushazardtoyourhealth.(吸煙是對健康的一個嚴重危害。)Hehazardedaguessattheanswer.(他冒險猜了一下答案。)同義詞:(名詞)danger,risk,threat;(動詞)risk,gamble反義詞:(名詞)safety搭配:hazardtohealth:對健康的危害environmentalhazards:環境危害hazardaguess:冒險猜測拓展詞組:healthhazard:健康危害firehazard:火災隱患易錯點撥:hazard既可以指潛在的危險，也可以指冒險的行為。近似單詞辨析:danger:指可能造成傷害或損失的直接威脅。risk:指潛在的損失或傷害的可能性。threat:指明示或暗示的傷害或損失的可能性。幫助串記的例句:Thedangerofthesituationwasobvious,buthedecidedtotaketheriskanyway.(情況的危險顯而易見，但他還是決定冒險。)Thestormposedaseriousthreattothecoastaltowns,causingsignificanthazardsforresidents.(風暴對沿海城鎮構成了嚴重威脅，給居民帶來了重大危害。)練習：一、語法填空(10題):Manypeoplewereleft_____(home)afterthedevastatingearthquake.Therescueworkersaretryingtheirbestto_____(rescue)thetrappedminers.Thevirusquickly_____(spread)throughoutthecommunity.Thestorm_____(wreck)severalboatsintheharbor.Theaccident_____(injure)severalpassengersonthetrain.Thegovernmentisprovidingfoodand_____(shelter)forthefloodvictims.Theorganizationiscollecting_____(donate)tohelpthoseaffectedbythedisaster.Hewasluckyto_____(survive)thecaraccident.Thewarcausedwidespread_____(destroy)anddisplacement.Theriskofwildfiresincreasesduringperiodsof_____(drought).二、完成句子(5題):Thetwoplanescollidedinmid-air,resultinginatragic_____.(碰撞)Therefugeesfledtheirhomestoescapethe_____ofwar.(災難)Aftertheflood,manypeoplewereforcedtoseek_____intemporaryshelters.(庇護)Thegovernmentissuedawarningaboutthepotential_____ofthechemicalspill.(危害)Thecharityorganizationisdedicatedtoalleviatingthesufferingcausedby_____.(饑荒)三、近義詞辨析(5題):Choosethewordthatbestcompletesthesentence:The_____ofthehurricanecausedwidespreaddamage.(A)impact(B)collision(C)crashChoosethewordthatisclosestinmeaningto"hazard":(A)safety(B)risk(C)charityChoosethewordthatisclosestinmeaningto"famine":(A)drought(B)flood(C)starvationChoosethewordthatisoppositeinmeaningto"vulnerable":(A)resistant(B)accidental(C)fatalChoosethewordthatisoppositeinmeaningto"donate":(A)receive(B)claim(C)transmit四、翻譯句子(5題):由于干旱，農作物歉收。救援人員正在搜尋幸存者。這場風暴給沿海城鎮帶來了嚴重破壞。這個慈善機構為無家可歸者提供食物和住所。我們必須采取措施減少自然災害的風險。五、閱讀理解（一）The2010Haitiearthquakewasacatastrophicmagnitude7.0Mwearthquake,withanepicenternearthetownofLéogane,approximately25kilometers(16miles)westofPort-au-Prince,Haiti'scapital.Theearthquakeoccurredat16:53localtime(21:53UTC)onTuesday,12January2010.By24January,atleast52aftershocksmeasuring4.5orgreaterhadbeenrecorded.Anestimatedthreemillionpeoplewereaffectedbythequake.Deathtollestimatesrangefrom100,000toabout316,000,althoughthesefiguresaredisputed.ThegovernmentofHaitiestimatedthat250,000residencesand30,000commercialbuildingshadcollapsedorwereseverelydamaged.Thenation'shistoryofnationaldebt,prejudicialtradepoliciesbyothercountries,andforeigninterventionintonationalaffairscontributedtotheexistingpovertyandpoorhousingconditionsthatincreasedthedeathtollfromthedisaster.TheearthquakecausedmajordamageinPort-au-Prince,Jacmelandothercitiesintheregion.Notablelandmarkbuildingsweresignificantlydamagedordestroyed,includingthePresidentialPalace,theNationalAssemblybuilding,thePort-au-PrinceCathedral,andthemainjail.AmongthosekilledwereArchbishopofPort-au-PrinceJosephSergeMiot,andoppositionleaderMichaGaillard.TheheadquartersoftheUnitedNationsStabilizationMissioninHaiti(MINUSTAH),locatedinthecapital,collapsed,killingmany,includingtheMission'sChief,HédiAnnabi.1.Whatwasthemagnitudeofthe2010Haitiearthquake?(A)4.5(B)5.2(C)7.0(D)25.02.Wherewastheepicenteroftheearthquakelocated?(A)Port-au-Prince(B)Jacmel(C)Léogane(D)UnitedStates3.Whatfactorexacerbatedtheimpactoftheearthquake?(A)Haiti'swealthandstronginfrastructure(B)Haiti'shistoryofdebtandpoverty(C)Haiti'slocationinaseismicallyinactivezone(D)Haiti'seffectivedisasterpreparednessplan4.Whatwasoneoftheconsequencesoftheearthquake?(A)ThecollapseofthePresidentialPalace(B)ThestrengtheningofHaiti'seconomy(C)Thedecreaseinaftershocks(D)Theimprovementofhousingconditions5.Whatorganizationsufferedsignificantlossesintheearthquake?(A)TheWorldBank(B)TheRedCross(C)TheUnitedNations(D)TheEuropeanUnion（二）The2004IndianOceanearthquakeandtsunamioccurredat00:58:53UTCon26December,withanepicenteroffthewestcoastofSumatra,Indonesia.TheearthquakewascausedbysubductionandtriggeredaseriesofdevastatingtsunamisalongthecoastsofmostlandmassesborderingtheIndianOcean,killingover230,000peopleinfourteencountries,andinundatingcoastalcommunitieswithwavesupto30meters(100ft)high.Itwasoneofthedeadliestnaturaldisastersinrecordedhistory.Indonesiawasthehardest-hitcountry,followedbySriLanka,India,andThailand.Thedirectresultscausedmajordisruptionstolivingconditionsandcommerceincoastalprovincesofsurroundingcountries,includingAceh(Indonesia),SriLanka,TamilNadu(India),andKhaoLak(Thailand).Theearthquakewasthethird-largesteverrecordedonaseismographandhadthelongestdurationoffaultingeverobserved,betweeneightandtenminutes.Itcausedtheplanettovibrateasmuchas1centimeter(0.4inches)andtriggeredotherearthquakesasfarawayasAlaska.Theplightoftheaffectedpeopleandcountriespromptedaworldwidehumanitarianresponse.Inall,theworldwidecommunitydonatedmorethan$14billion(2004US$)inhumanitarianaid.TheeventisknownbythescientificcommunityastheSumatra–Andamanearthquake.1.Whatcausedthe2004IndianOceantsunami?(A)Avolcaniceruption(B)Ahurricane(C)Alandslide(D)Anearthquake2.Whatcountriesweremostaffectedbythetsunami?(A)Indonesia,SriLanka,India,andThailand(B)Japan,China,andKorea(C)AustraliaandNewZealand(D)UnitedStatesandCanada3.Whatwastheimpactofthetsunamiontheaffectedregions?(A)Improvedinfrastructure(B)Economicgrowth(C)Disruptionstolivingconditionsandcommerce(D)Increasedtourism4.Howdidtheinternationalcommunityrespondtothedisaster?(A)Withindifference(B)Withmilitaryintervention(C)Withhumanitarianaid(D)Withtradesanctions5.Whatwasuniqueaboutthe2004earthquake?(A)Itwasthesmallestearthquakeeverrecorded.(B)Ithadtheshortestdurationoffaultingeverobserved.(C)Itcausedtheplanettoshrink.(D)Ithadthelongestdurationoffaultingeverobserved.（三）TheChernobyldisasterwasanuclearaccidentthatoccurredon26April1986attheNo.4reactorintheChernobylNuclearPowerPlant,nearthecityofPripyatinthenorthoftheUkrainianSSRintheSovietUnion.Itisconsideredtheworstnucleardisasterinhistorybothincostandcasualties.Thedisasterbeganduringasystemstestatlowpower,whichsimulatedastationblackoutpower-failure,inthecourseofwhichbothemergencysafetyandpower-regulatingsystemswereintentionallyturnedoff.Acombinationofinherentreactordesignflawsandthereactoroperatorsarrangingthecoreinamannercontrarytothechecklistforthetest,eventuallyresultedinuncontrolledreactionconditions.Waterflashedintosteamgeneratingadestructivesteamexplosionandasubsequentopen-airgraphitefire.Thefiresentaplumeofhighlyradioactivefalloutintotheatmosphereandoveranextensivegeographicalarea,includingPripyat.TheplumedriftedoverlargepartsofthewesternSovietUnionandEurope.Accordingtoofficialpost-Sovietdata,about60%oftheradioactivefalloutlandedinBelarus.Thedisastercausedthedeathsof31peopleintheimmediateaftermathandforcedtheevacuationof116,000peoplefromthesurroundingareas,creatinga30km(19mi)exclusionzonearoundtheplant.Long-termeffectssuchascancersarestillbeinginvestigatedanddebated.1.WhatcausedtheChernobyldisaster?(A)Anaturaldisasterlikeanearthquake(B)Anuclearaccident(C)Aterroristattack(D)Aplanecrash2.WheredidtheChernobyldisasteroccur?(A)Russia(B)Ukraine(C)Belarus(D)Poland3.Whatweretheimmediateconsequencesofthedisaster?(A)Economicgrowthintheregion(B)Deaths,evacuations,andradioactivefallout(C)Anincreaseintourism(D)Improvedenvironmentalconditions4.Whatisstillbeinginvestigated?(A)Thecauseoftheaccident(B)Thelocationofthepowerplant(C)Theshort-termeffectsofthedisaster(D)Thelong-termhealtheffectsofthedisaster5.WhatwastheChernobyldisasterconsidered?(A)Aminorincidentwithnolastingconsequences(B)Theworstnucleardisasterinhistory(C)Apositiveeventthatledtoadvancementsinnucleartechnology(D)Afictionaleventportrayedinmoviesandbooks參考答案：一、語法填空homeless-形容詞，意為“無家可歸的”。rescue-動詞，意為“營救，救援”。spread-動詞，意為“傳播，蔓延”。wrecked-動詞過去式，意為“破壞，使失事”。injured-動詞過去式，意為“傷害”。shelter-名詞，意為“庇護所，住所”。donations-名詞復數，意為“捐贈，捐款”。survive-動詞，意為“幸存，存活下來”。destruction-名詞，意為“破壞，毀滅”。drought-名詞，意為“干旱”。二、完成句子collision-名詞，意為“碰撞”。disaster-名詞，意為“災難”。shelter-名詞，意為“庇護，保護”。hazards-名詞復數，意為“危險，危害”。famine-名詞，意為“饑荒”。三、近義詞辨析(A)impact-impact指碰撞產生的影響，強調后果。(B)risk-hazard和risk都有“危險”的意思，但hazard更強調潛在的危險性，risk則強調可能遭受損失的可能性。(C)starvation-famine和starvation都有“饑荒”的意思，但famine更強調食物的極度缺乏，starvation則強調因饑餓而死亡的狀態。(A)resistant-vulnerable指“易受傷害的”，resistant指“抵抗力強的，不易受傷害的”。(A)receive-donate指“捐贈”，receive指“接收”。四、翻譯句子Thedroughtcausedacropfailure.Therescuersaresearchingforsurvivors.Thestormcausedseveredamageto