SAT備考資料SAT寫(xiě)作素材-美國(guó)政治必背要點(diǎn)：TheAmericanConstitutionistheoldestwrittenconstitutionintheworld.Itwasdrawupin1787andwentintoeffectin1789.17871789年。1]口氣[78]氣[789）In1787,CongresscalledforameetingofdelegatefromallthestatestorevisetheArticlesofConfederation.1787年，國(guó)會(huì)召開(kāi)各州代表參加的大會(huì)，主要目的是修改有明顯缺點(diǎn)的《聯(lián)邦條款》。Thegovernmentisdividedintothreebranched:thelegislative,theexecutive,andthejudicial.Eachbranchpartofthepowersbutnotallthepower.3Ineithercase,amendmentsmusthavetheapprovalofthree-fourthsofthestatesbeforetheyenterintoforce3/43/434）ThePresidentoftheU.Sistheheadoftheexecutivebranchandtheheadofthestateelectedbythewholenation.TheConstitutionrequiresthePresidenttobeanatural-bornAmericancitizenatleast35yearsofageThepresidentelectionwasheldevery4years353535）InAmerican,thewinner-take-all”systemappliesinallstatesexpectMaine.（Maine）TheelectorsofallfiftystatesandtheDistrictofColumbia-atotalof538persons-comprisewhatisknownastheElectoralCollege.Tobesuccessful,acandidateforthePresidencymustreceive270votes.50538統(tǒng)，候選人則要獲得270票。Thepresidentialtermof4yearsbeginonJan20followingtheNovemberelection,Thepresidentpubliclytakesaneathofoffice,whichisadministeredbytheChiefJusticeoftheU.S.Apresidentcanbeelectedtoofficeonlytwice.美國(guó)總統(tǒng)任期為4年，每位總統(tǒng)任期最多只能兩屆，總統(tǒng)宣誓就職儀式是由美國(guó)首席大法官主持的。ArticleIoftheConstitutiongrantsalllegislativepowerofthefederalgovernmenttoaCongresscomposedoftwochambers,aSenateandaHouseofRepresentatives.TheSenateiscomposedof2membersfromeachstate,MembershipintheHouseisbasedonpopulationanditssizeisthereforenotspecifiedintheConstitutionTheConstitutionrequiresthatU.S.Senatorsmustbeatleast30yearsofage,citizensoftheU.Sforatleast9years,andresidentsofthestatesfromwhichtheyareelected.Thesenatorialtermis6years,andevery2yearsone-thirdoftheSenatestandsforre-election.309621/3MenberoftheHouseofRepresentativemustbeatleast25,citizensfor7years,andresidentsofthestateswhichsendthemtoCongress.Today,theHouseiscomposedof435members.SincemembersoftheHouseservetwo-yearterms,thelifeofaCongressisconsideredtobe2years2573522EachhouseoftheCongresshasthepowertointroducelegislationonanysubject,exceptrevenuebillswhichmustfirstcomefromtheHouseofRepresentatives.TheConstitutionprovidesthattheVicepresidentshallbepresidentoftheSenate.Hehasnovote,exceptinacaseofatie.TheHouseofRepresentativeschooseitsownpresidingofficer-theSpeakeroftheHouseAccordingtotheConstitution,thejudicialpoweroftheU.SshallbevestedinoneSupremeCourt.Thejudicialsystemhasevolvedintothepresentstructure:theSupremeCourt,11courtofappeals,91districtcourts,and3courtsofspecialjurisdiction.U.S.judgesareappointedbythePresidentandconfirmedbytheSenate，11913TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtoftheU.SandistheonlyorganwhichhasthepowertointerprettheConstitution.TheSupremeCourtatpresentconsistsofaChiefJusticeand8AssociateJustices.8TheSupremeCourthasoriginaljurisdictioninonlytwokindsofcases:thoseinvolvingforeigndignitaries,andthosetowhichastateinaparty.Ingeneral,Americanhasatwo-partysystem.TherearetwomajorpoliticalpartiesinAmerica:theDemocratsandtheRepublicans.TherehavebeenfourperiodsinthehistoryofpoliticalpartiesinAmericanThefirstperiodofthepartysysteminAmericanrefertotheappearanceoftheFederalistsandtheAnti-federalists.Thethirdphaseofthetwo-partysystemranfromthe1860stothe1920swiththeRepublicanPartydominatingthepoliticalsceneformostofthetime960920（2002，21Inthe28termsoftheHouseofRepresentativesfrom1933to1989,theDemocratsenjoyedamajorityof26terms,intheSenate,theDemocratshadamajorityfor23terms1933198928623Afterthe1828electionofAndrewJackson,theDemocratic-Republicanpartysplit.Themainfaction,ledbyAndrewJackson,calledthemselvestheDemocraticParty,whilethefactionopposedtoJacksonformedtheWhigpartyin1834.18281834SAT備考資料SAT寫(xiě)作素材-美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)必背要點(diǎn)：TheU.Sisbyfarthebiggestindustrialcountryintheworld.Itisfirstinsuchadvancedfieldascomputers,space,nuclearenergyandelectronicsNowAmericanhasmorethanhalfoftheEuropeanmarketintransistors,oilrefining,farmproducts,telecommunications,andcomputersTheU.Shaslessthan6%oftheworld’spopulatinon.Yetitproductsabout25%ofthetotalworldoutput625TheU.Shasafree-marketeconomywithadominantprivatesector.Theprivatelyownedandoperatedbusinesses,includingfarms,produceabout85%ofthetotaloutputofgoodsandservices.Ofcourse,thegovernmenthasalwaysbeenanimportantelementAmericaneconomy.2002,44)InthepostwaryearsgovernmentinvolvementwasagainemphasizedwhentheU.SadoptedtheKeynesiantheoryinrunningtheeconomy.ButtheAmericaneconomywasstillplaguedbystagflation.Intheearly1980s,undertheReaganAdministration,thetraditionalKeynesiantheorywasreplacedbynewmonetaristpolicies.80ThecultivatedlandintheU.Smakesup21%ofthetotalland,andpeoplewhoareengagedinfarmingmakeuponly2.7%oftotalpopulation.YettheU.Sgrowsnearlyonefourthoftheworld’sgrainandsuppliesahalfofalltheexportsofgrainintheworld.Itistheworld’sleadingexporterofagriculturalproducts21事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的人口只占總?cè)丝诘?。7%。然而，美國(guó)還生產(chǎn)出占全世界近1/4的糧食。美國(guó)是世界上最大的農(nóng)產(chǎn)口出口國(guó)。217][2.71/4TheU.Sranksfirstintheproductionandexportofcorn.Itproducesnearly50%ofthecornintheworld.TheCornBeltisintheMidwest.Iowaistheleadingcorn-producingstate.TheMidwestisthemostimportantagriculturalregionoftheU.S50%，是世界最大的玉米生產(chǎn)和出口國(guó)，玉米帶主要位于中西部地區(qū)，愛(ài)荷華是主要的玉米生產(chǎn)州，中西部是美國(guó)最重要的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)。[IOWA人愛(ài)荷花，天天做在荷花上面吃玉米！]WheatisAmerican’smostimportantfoodcrop.Itissecondonlytocorninproductioneveryyear.TheWheatBeltislocatedneartheCornBeltintheMidwestTheU.SrankssecondintheexportofriceintheworldafterThailandTheMidwestisthenation’leadingcenterofheavyindustry.Texasisthecountry’sleadingstateinoilandnaturalgasdeposits.（記得克薩斯是美國(guó)石油和天然氣儲(chǔ)量最大的州：得了咳嗽拼命吹薩克斯，吹出了石油和天然氣?。〩ustonisnowthegreatestcommercialcenteroftheSouthwestandthechemicalcapitaloftheworld.Itisacenterofpetrochemicalandsyntheticrubberproduction.Itisalsothehomeofthespacecenter.（ThestateofCalifornianowhaspassedNewYorkasthemostpopulousstate.Itisnowfirstinmanufacturing,especiallythemanufactureofaircraftpartsandmissiles,andinshipbuilding,aswellasinfoodproduction.加利福尼亞為美國(guó)人口最大的州，其飛機(jī)和導(dǎo)彈加工業(yè)，造船業(yè)和食口加工業(yè)居世界首位。CurrentlyU.S.exportsareabout15%oftheworld’stotal.TheU.Simportsabout13%ofallworldimports,CanadaisthelargestsinglesourceofgoodsimportsbytheU.S.,outsideofNorthAmericanEuropeisthelargestsourceofimports15%，進(jìn)口額占到期13%，加拿大是美國(guó)進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的最大來(lái)源地，在北美以外，歐洲則是最大的進(jìn)口來(lái)源。Fertilesoilforests,water,andmineralsarethemajornaturalresourcesintheU.S土金]Unemploument,inflation,financialdeficit,andtradedeficitarethetroublethatalwaysfacetheU.STheestimatednumberofpeoplelivingunderthepovertylinein199535.7millionwhichmadeupabout14%ofthetotalpopulation.據(jù)估計(jì)，1995美國(guó)生活在貧困線(xiàn)以下的人口達(dá)3570萬(wàn)人，占總?cè)丝诘?4%。17，TheleadingfarmproductsintheU.Sarecorn,wheat,rice,soybeans,oranges,meat,milk,apple,oats,cotton,tobacco,etc.美國(guó)的主要農(nóng)作物有玉米，小麥，大米，大豆，桔子，肉類(lèi)，牛奶，蘋(píng)果，燕麥和煙草等。18．TheMidwestroundtheGreatLakes,theMiddleAtlanticstate,thesouth,andthePacificCoastarethemajorindustrialregionsoftheU.S.五大湖區(qū)周?chē)闹形鞑?，大西洋中部各州，南部和太平洋沿岸為美?guó)主要的工業(yè)區(qū)。必背解釋?zhuān)?。Monetaristpolicies(貨幣主義政策)SincetheAmericaneconomywasplaguedbystagflation,intheearly1980s,thetraditionalKeynesiantheory(傳統(tǒng)的凱恩斯理論)wasreplacedbynewmonetarist,whichsoughttofightinflationbyincreasingsupplyandreducingdemand,Ononehand,taxeswerecuttoincreaseeconomicdynamism.Ontheotherhand,interestrateswereraisedtoreducethesupplyofmoney.2。BrieflydiscussthefactorsthatcontributedtothefastgrowthoftheAmericaneconomy.簡(jiǎn)要論述美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速增長(zhǎng)的幾個(gè)因數(shù)：ThefastgrowthoftheAmericaneconomyhasbeencontributabletomanyfactors:(天時(shí)地利人和)1>ThegeographicallocationoftheU.S.providesverygoodconditionsforthecountrytogrowandbecomestrong.2>theU.Shasbeenblessedbybeingalandrichinmineralresourcesandfertilefarmsoil,togetherwithamoderateclimate.3>Americanhasbeenfortunateinhavingenoughpeopletoprovidethelabornecessaryforaconstantlyexpandingeconomy.4>TheU.Shasaskillfulandwillinglaborforce.TheAmericanlaborforceisnotonlyhard-working,butalsowillingtoexperiment,tochangeandtolearnnewtechnology.SAT備考資料SAT寫(xiě)作素材-美國(guó)教育必背要點(diǎn)：ItisageneralviewthateveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated.Americanbelievethat,througheducation,anindividualacquirestheknowledge,skill,attitudesandabilitieswhichwillenablehimtofitintosocietyandimprovehissocialstatus.Educationhelpstoshapethesocietyanddevelopthenationalstrength題，一句話(huà)回答）FormaleducationintheU.Sconsistsofelementary,secondaryandhighereducation,Elementaryandsecondaryeducation,whichformspubliceducationisfreeandcompulsoryInAmerican,therearemorepublicelementaryandsecondaryschoolsthatprivateones,whileprivatecollegesanduniversitiesoutnumberpubliconesUndertheTenthAmendmenttotheU.SConstitution,educationwasincludedamongtheresponsibilitieswhichwere“reservedtothestatesorthepeople:.根據(jù)美國(guó)憲法第十修正案，教育是：保留給各州或人民：的責(zé)任之一。ThereisnotanationalsystemofeducationintheUnitedStates,Itisthestatethatestablishespoliciesfortheeducationwithinitsboundary,somanyvariationscanbefoundintheeducationsystemofthe50states50ElementaryandsecondaryeducationintheU.Scovers12yearsforages6through18,Allthestateshavelawsthatrequirechildrentogotoschool,generallyuntiltheageof16,unlesstheyareseverelyhandicapped.美國(guó)初等和中等教育共12年，從6歲到期8歲，所有州要求孩子們上學(xué)上到期16歲，除非他們嚴(yán)重殘疾。InAmerican,thetotalsupportforpublicschoolsisabout186billionayear,about7%ofthegrossnationalproduct(GNP18507%。EachlocalschooldistrictofAmericanhasagoverningboardwhosemajorresponsibilitiesare1>thehiringofprofessionalandsupportstaff,2>determiningthemostsuitablelocalcurriculum,3>anddevelopingandapprovingabudgettocarryouteducationalprograms.Usuallytheboardofeducationemploysasuperintendentofschool,whoisthechiefexecutiveofficeratthelocallevelThetypicalorganizationalpatternforelementaryandsecondaryschoolsisthatofgradedschoolsUsuallytheelementaryschoolcoversgrades1-8andthehighschool9-12.18912ThereisacertaindegreeofsimilarityintheAmericanelementaryschoolcurriculum.Itmainlyconsistsofmasteryofthe“basics”suchasreading,writing,andarithmeticofmathematics.美國(guó)各小學(xué)的課程有某種程度的相似之處，要是對(duì)“基礎(chǔ)課的掌握，這些基礎(chǔ)包括閱讀，寫(xiě)作，和算術(shù)或數(shù)學(xué)等。HighereducationoftheU.SbeganwiththefoundingofHarvardCollegein16361636（2001，22ThesystemofhighereducationintheU.Shasthreeprincipalfunctions:teaching,researchandpublicservice.InAmerican,therearethebestresearchuniversitiessuchasHarvard,Yale,Princeton,ColumbiaandMITintheeast,aswellasStanfordandBerkeleyonthewestcoastTheadministrationofmostcollegesanduniversitiesisquiteseparatefromthatoftheschool.ButtherearethreeStateboardthatsetpolicyforeducationatalllevelsinrespectivestate,TheyaretheStateBoardsofNewYorkRhodeIslandandMichigan3來(lái)是MRNewExceptforsomecollegesponsoredbytheCatholicChurch,allcollegeanduniversitiesintheU.S,publicorprivate,aregovernedbyaboardoftrusteescomposedprimarilyoflaymen.除了一些由天主教會(huì)贊助的大學(xué)外，美國(guó)所有的大學(xué)都是由一個(gè)主要的由外行人員組成的托管委員會(huì)管理。Thecommunitycollegecallsforeducationtoservethegoodofboththeindividualandsociety.ItembodiesThomasJefferson’sbeliefthataneducationshouldbepracticalaswellasliberal.社區(qū)學(xué)院奉行教育既為個(gè)人又為社會(huì)服務(wù)的宗旨，它包含了托馬斯。杰斐遜教育既是實(shí)用的又是自由這一信仰。Bythemid-1980s,awaveofeducationreformsweptthecountry.Thesereformhadtwofocuses:1>theraisingofthestandardsofteachingandlearning;2>therestructuringoftheschools.到80年代中期席卷全國(guó)的教育改革的浪潮有兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)1》提高教學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2》學(xué)校的結(jié)構(gòu)改革。In1983,areportentitled“ANationAtRisk”wasissuedwhichcitedhighratesofadultilliteracy,decliningSATscores,thedeclineofeducationalstandards.Thereportputforwardfiveproposals.1983《危險(xiǎn)中的國(guó)家》發(fā)表，引用了成人文盲比例高，學(xué)生技能下降，教育水準(zhǔn)下降等例子，該報(bào)告提出了五點(diǎn)建議。OnApril18,1991,PresidentBushissuedhisplan”American2000:AnEducationstrategy”whichsetsixgoals.必背簡(jiǎn)答：WhatarethethreeprinciplefunctionsofthesystemofhighereducationintheU.S?teaching、researchandpublicserviceWhatistheguidingprincipleofcommunitycollege?Itishighereducationforeveryoneandthephilosophythatequalitymustequalopportunityforself-realizationandfortherecognitionofindividualdifferences.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanacademichighschoolandatechnicalhighschool?whoisthechiefexecutiveofficerunderthelocalboardofeducationinAmerica?Thesuperintendentofschoolsisthechiefexecutiveofficeratthelocallevel.whatarethethreetypeofAmericanhighschools?Theyarecomprehensive,academic,vocational,andtechnicalschools.whataretwofocusesofthereformsinthe1980swhenawaveofeducationreformsweptthecountry?(theansweris1717WhydoesthenumberofgraduateschoolenrollmentinAmericankeepclimbing?Becauseanadvanceddegreeisviewedasakeywaytomoveaheadpeople’scareers.Accordingtothereportentitled:ANationAtRisk”issuedin1983,whatarethe:newbasics”forallstudentsgraduatingfromhighschool?The“newbasics”arefouryearsofEnglish,threeyearofmathematics,threeyearsofscience,threeyearsofsocialstudies,andahalf-yearofcomputerscience.SAT備考資料SAT寫(xiě)作素材-美國(guó)歷史I（1600-1900）DiscoveryoftheNewWorld*The“firstAmericans”:Indians*ChristopherColumbus:AnItaliannavigatorsupportedbySpanishQueenledhismentosailacrossthevastoceanin1492andreachedsomesmallislandsinthenowWestIndies.HethoughthehadreachedAisaanddidn’tknowhehaddiscoveredaNewContinent.（哥倫布是個(gè)粗心大意的家伙[意大利人]，本來(lái)要去西藏[西班牙贊助]，卻在西印度群島上，看到一座寺廟就餓[1492]了，不想走了。[哥倫布的老家和贊助商要記清]）*AmerigoVespucci:ThenavigatorwhoprovedthatthelandwasnoIndia,butanewcontinent.Therefore,thelandwasnamedAmericaafterhim.TheColonialPeriod*ThefirstEnglishcolonyatJamestownVirginia（1607）[6（16）（0），（7），在Jamestown*Theoriginal13colonies:alongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica:Virginia,Maine,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,Connecticut,NewYork,RhodeIsland,Maryland,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,NewJersey,PennsylvaniaandGeorgia.(13:圍裙[Virginia面[Maine[NewHam+pshire牛路[Road=Rhode[Maryland]，[car]里[NorthCarolinaandSouthCarolina]，新郎[NewJersey橋*CausesforthecolonizationoftheNewWorld(理解記憶)OpportunitywasthemagicwordthatdrewpeopletoAmerica.ItdrewEnglishnoblesandskilledworkmentoAmericaandmostofallitdrewthepoorandthehomelessfromthefarmlandsandvillagesofEurope.ItofferedpeopleachancetoliveabetterlifethantheycouldhopeforintheOldWorld.*ThePilgrims:Toescapereligiouspersecution,theyleftEnglandandlivedinLeyden,Holland,buttheyfearedtheirchildrenmightbecomeDutchmen,soin1620,201themsailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower.TheyarrivedatPlymouthandbuiltthePlymouthcolony.(他們剛到的那個(gè)冬天，有一半人都死了，后來(lái)印第安人教他們種玉米，豐收后，舉行了第一個(gè)“感恩節(jié)”，Thanksgivingcelebration,其實(shí)他們應(yīng)該感謝印第安人。)（201個(gè)英國(guó)人裝在一朵有一艘船那么大的五月花里，一溜[16]煙鉆進(jìn)了美國(guó)的天鵝洞[20]。）[ThePilgrimswereartisansandpeasants.]*ThePuritansandtheMassachusettsBayThepuritanswerewealthyandwell-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEngland.ThePuritansleaderssawtheNewWorldasarefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave.SoinMarch1630,thegreatPuritanmigrationbegan.From1630to1643,some200shipstransportedover20,000EnglishmentoMassachusettsBaycolony.(下午四點(diǎn)半[PM4:30=Puritans+Massachusetts;4:30=16:30=1630]開(kāi)始，13分鐘之內(nèi)[1630+13=1643]，200條船運(yùn)了2萬(wàn)個(gè)英國(guó)佬到馬薩諸塞！)*Featuresofthenewcolonies(可以出選擇題，結(jié)合后來(lái)的美國(guó)文化，容易理解)Thefeatureswererepresentativeformofgovernment,ruleoflaw,respectofindividualrights,religioustoleranceandastrongspiritofindividualenterprise.TheWarofIndependence*ConflictsbetweentheBritishgovernmentandtheAmericanpeople隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，殖民地人民要更多的權(quán)利；英國(guó)政府要控制殖民地的發(fā)展，并且要征收更多的稅。貿(mào)易價(jià)格不公平。實(shí)施StampTax給養(yǎng)軍隊(duì)。允許東印度公司低價(jià)銷(xiāo)售茶葉，搶走美國(guó)茶商的生意。*The“BostonTeaParty”In1773,whenshipsofteareachedBoston,severaldozenBostonresidentsdressedasIndiansboardedtheshipsatnightandthrew$75,000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thiscametobeknownasthe“BostonTeaParty”.(在一個(gè)黑漆漆的晚上[1773]，幾十個(gè)波斯頓人上船倒掉了價(jià)值7萬(wàn)5千美金的茶葉，他們一邊倒茶，一邊高興地翩翩起舞。[75，可以記住7萬(wàn)5])*TheFirstContinentalCongressInSeptember1774,theFirstCongresswasheldinPhiladelphiaencouragingAmercianstorefusetobuyBritishgoods.Colonialmilitiaunitswereorganized.(第一次代表大會(huì)1774在費(fèi)城召開(kāi)，組建民兵組織，口號(hào)是“讓英國(guó)貨一起去死吧！”[1774]，再也不花費(fèi)[費(fèi)城]一分錢(qián)買(mǎi)英國(guó)貨！)*LexingtonandConcordTheshotofLexington(1775)markedthestartoftheWarofIndependence.*TheSecondContinentalCongressThreeweeksafterthebattlesofLexingtonandConcord,theSecondContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphia.Thedelegatesagreedtosupportthewar.TheCongressfoundedaContinentalArmyandNavyandappointedacommitteetodraftaformaldeclaration.*GeorgeWashington:TheCongressfoundedaContinentalArmyandNavyunderthecommandofGeorgeWashington,aVirginianmilitia(民兵)commander.*ThomasJefferson:TomasJeffersonofVirginiadraftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.OnJuly4,1776,theCongressadoptedthedeclaration(IndependenceDay17761776*TheDeclarationofIndependenceandthepoliticaltheorybehindtheAmericanRevolutionTheDeclarationisaclearexplanationofthepoliticaltheorybehindtherevolutionandthistheorycamefromtheBritishphilosopherJohnLocke.[獨(dú)立的意思約[約翰]等于一把鎖[Locke]，把門(mén)鎖上，就算是獨(dú)立了。](InSeptember1783,theTreatyofPariswassigned.BritainrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates.)[1783,巴黎條約簽定，英國(guó)承認(rèn)美國(guó)獨(dú)立。美國(guó)正式獨(dú)立了，人們高興得一起爬山（1783）慶祝，拍著巴（巴黎條約）掌說(shuō)givemefive!]*TheAmericanWarofIndependenceanditssignificance（意義：理解記憶）TheAmericanWarofIndependenceshowsthat,inajustwar,aweaknationcandefeatastrongoneItwasahistoricevent:bysmashingthefettersofcolonialrule,theAmericanpeoplegainedindependence,whichgavecapitalismachanceforfreerdevelopment.Ithadgreatinternationalinfluence.Forinstance,thecoloniesinSpanishAmericaroseuponeafteranothertooverthrowSpanishcolonialrule.ANewFormofGovernment*TheArticlesofConfederationWiththeapproachofindependence,itwasobviousthatamorepermanentandlegitimateunionofthestateswasnecessary.AdraftofaconfederationwasacceptedbyCongressinNovember1777andwaspresentedtothestatesfortheirseparateapproavalorrejection.ThedocumentwasacceptedbyallthestatesbyMarch1781.ItwascalledtheArticlesofConfederation.*TheConstitutionalConventionAconferncewasheldinPhiladelphiainMay1787toconsiderwhatshouldbedonetomaketheArticalesofConfederationadequate.AllofthestatesexceptRhodeIslandwererepresentedattheConstitutionalConvention.[TheArticlesofConfederation和TheConstitutionalConvention是有因果關(guān)系的，理解記憶。]*The“GreatCompromise”The“GreatCompromise”gaveeachstateanequalvoteintheSenatebutmakingrepresentationintheHousereflectthesizeofeachstate’spopulation.*FederalistsandtheFederalistPapersThosewhotooktheleadinurgingconstitutionratificationcalledthemselvesFederalists.TheFederalistPaperswereAlexanderHamilton,JamesMadisonandJohnJay.(想象：字頭A。H=??！J。M=加盟，J。J=舉起的雙手—>啊，我們高舉雙手贊成加盟聯(lián)邦??！)*TheBillofRightsIn1791,thefirsttenamendmentstotheconstitutionwereratified.It’scalledtheBillofRights.Bythen,it’sagreedthatthefoundationoftheAmericanconstitutionalsystemwascompleted.(1791:10個(gè)改正錯(cuò)誤的人[amendments]為了一部憲法一起就義[1791]！)*ThefirstfederalgovernmentoftheUnitedStates1788:thefirstgeneralelection;.1789,GeorgeWashingtonwaschosenthePresidentandtooktheoathofofficeinNewYorkwherehousedthegovernment.1790,thegovernmentmovedtoPhiladelphia.(第一次大選，一起發(fā)發(fā)財(cái)[1788]，一起把酒[1789]喝，慶祝華盛頓當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)，總統(tǒng)騎在牛[紐約]背上，嫌費(fèi)事，把總統(tǒng)府打包，放在一起就拎[1790]到了費(fèi)城)TheWarof1812（可以出問(wèn)答題）*Causesofthewar(記三個(gè)關(guān)鍵字把三個(gè)原因串起來(lái)：blockade[封鎖]，seamen[海員]，territoriialexpansion[領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張],聯(lián)想：1812年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)=一只叭兒狗[18]和一只鵝[12]打仗，把各自的地盤(pán)封鎖起來(lái)，然后帶著無(wú)數(shù)的海員去占領(lǐng)別國(guó)的領(lǐng)土。)Thecausesleadingtothewarwerethefollowing:AwarwasgoingoninEuropebetweenBritainandFrance.TheUnitedStatesmaintainedneutralityandbenefitedfromitstradewithbothsides.Asthewarintensified,bothBritainandFrancestartedtoblockade.ManyAmercanmerchantshipswereseized.In1811,theUnitedStates,onitsunderstandingthatFrancewoulddropitsblockadeagainstAmericanshipping,liftedtheban.ThisangeredtheBritain.TheAmericansresentedtheBritishpracticeofimpressingorforciblyremovingseamenfromAmericanshipsonthegroundsthattheywereBritishsubjects.AfterPresidentJeffersonboughttheLouisianaterritoryfromFrance,therewasadesireforterritorialexpansionamongmanyfrontiersmen.TheywantedtotaketheadvantageofthewarinEurope,whenBritishandFrancehadnotimetolookaftertheirinterestsintheNewWorld,toexpandintoCanadaorSpanishFlorida.ThisharmedtheinterestsoftheBritain.*Resultofthewar:InDecember1814,BritishandAmericandiplomatssignedapeacetreatywhichsaidthatallwastobeasithadbeenbeforethewar.(美國(guó)的國(guó)會(huì)大廈和白宮都被燒了。。)*ImpactofthewaronthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesThewarmadepeoplerealizetheimportanceofastrongnationalgovernment.Thewarstrengthenedthefeelingofnationalunityandpatriotism.ThisfeelingofnationalismwasparticularlystronginthewesternpartoftheUnitedStates.Foralmost10yearsafterthewar,theAmericansturnedtheirattentiontothedevelopmentofthewesternpartofthecontinent.ItmadebothBritainandtheUnitedStatesrealizethattheirdisputesshouldbesolvedthroughnegotiation.Ashakypeacein1814turnedintoalastingpeacebetweenthetwocountries.（一只叭兒狗和一只鵝打完仗之后，認(rèn)識(shí)到強(qiáng)大政府的重要性，覺(jué)得還是要團(tuán)結(jié)，愛(ài)國(guó)，不要再打架了，）TerritorialExpansionandWestwardMovement*TheOldNorthwestPresent-dayOhio,Indiana,Illinois,Michigan,andWisconsin.*TheLouisianaPurchaseTheAmericans’crossingoftheMississippiinthe1790shelpedpersuadeNapoleontoselltheLouisanaTerritorytotheUnitedStatesforonly15milliondollars.*ArmeduprisingoftheAmericansinTexasAnarmeduprisingoftheAmericansinTexas,supportedbythevolunteersfromtheUnitedStates,defeatedtheMexicanarmyandwonindependencein1836.In1845,TexaswasaddedtotheUnion.*Implicationsofthe“ManifestDestiny”TheinevitabilityofthefoundingoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica;(2)ThelegitimacyoftheexpanstionofAmericanTerritory;(3)ThespreadofAmericandemocracybeingthetaskofAmericanpeoplewhowerechosentodothe“Lord’s”work.*TheWarwithMexicoTheWarwithMexicostartedin1846andendedin1848.Asaresultofthepeacetreaty,MexicowasforcedtoagreetogiveCaliforniaandNewMexicototheUnitedStates.Inreturn,theUnitedStatesagreedtopayMexico15millionU.Sdollars.TheCivilWar*SlaveryinAmericaSlaveryexistedbeforetheWarofIndependence.*SlaveryandtheplantationsysteminthesouthTomeetarisingworldwidedemandforcottonandtobacco,theplantersfarmedlargeareasofland.Slavelabourseemedbestsuitedforproducingthesecrops.*ExtensionofslaveryandtheCompromiseof1850Withtheterritorialexpansiontowardsthewest,theproblemofwhetherslaveryshouldbeallowedtospreadtiontheseareasaroseagain.TheCompromiseof1850waspassedwhichallowedCaliforniatobeacceptedasafreestate,NewMexicoandUtahtobeorganizedasterritorieswithoutlegislationeitherfororagainstslaveryandthemoreefficientmachinerytobesetupforreturningrunawayslavestotheirmasters.*Abolitionistmovementandanti-slaveryreformersGarrison/FrederickDouglass*HarrietBeecherStowe’sUncleTom’sCabin(記書(shū)和作者名字：湯姆大伯的小屋?？梢猿鲞x擇題，記住Bee和Stow[裝載]和小屋就能回憶起來(lái)。想象：湯姆大伯是個(gè)養(yǎng)蜂的老人，他的小屋里裝滿(mǎn)[stow]了蜂蜜，到處有蜜蜂[bee]在飛。)*AbrahamLincolnWhenAbrahamLincolnwaselectedpresident,thesouthernstatesbrokeawayandformedanewnation,theConfederateStatesofAmerica.However,LincolnwasdeterminedtomaintaintheUnion,sotheCivilWarbrokeoutonApril12,1861.（1865年內(nèi)戰(zhàn)結(jié)束）（林肯和一只叭兒狗過(guò)六一兒童節(jié)[1861]，南方人看了不高興，于是就打起來(lái)了。）*UlyssesS.Grant(格蘭特將軍，后來(lái)成為總統(tǒng)。)*Gettysburg,Pennsylvania蓋茨堡戰(zhàn)役成為內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。林肯的演說(shuō)。。*TheEmancipationProclamation*RobertE.Lee（在西點(diǎn)軍校的時(shí)候，李將軍是格蘭特的前輩，而且，格蘭特從來(lái)不是個(gè)好學(xué)生！可是格蘭特贏了！）*The13thAmendment,whichbannedslavery,wasaddedtotheConstitutioninDecember1865.RapidGrowthofCapitalismaftertheCivilWar（可以出問(wèn)答題）AftertheCivilWar,theUnitedStatessawgreatdevelopmentsinindustry,agriculture,scienceandtechnology,andpopulation.Thereweremanyreasons.Withtheover,theUnitedStatesagainachievedastablepoliticalenvironment.Asaresult,bothforeignanddomesticcapitalbecameavailableforinvestment.Blackslaveswerefree,andwavesofEuropeanandAsianimmigrantspouredintotheU.S.Sotherewasenoughlaboursupplyforthedevelopmentofindustries.ScinenceandinventionplayedaveryimportantroleinacceleratingAmerica’sindustrialdevelopment.Thefederalgovernmentputhightaxesonforeignimports.ThisencouragedAmericanstobuyAmerican-madegoods.TheUnitedStateswasrichinnaturalresources.Duringthisperiodbothproductionandcapitalbecameincreasinglyconcentrated.MonopolybybigbusinessbecameastrongtrendintheAmericaneconomy.（itwasaneconomicpracticewhichstressedthatthemanagementoftheeconomyshouldbeSAT備考資料SAT寫(xiě)作素材-美國(guó)歷史II(1900-1945)必背細(xì)節(jié)In1913,theU.Srankedfirstintheworldintheproductionofsteel;in1900,theU.S.produced245milliontonsofcoalrankingfirstintheworld.1913190013190019[00Largecorporation,urbanizationandnewtechnologywerethethreefeaturesinthegrowthofAmericaneconomyatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.20In1903,theWrightbrothersflewaplaneforabrief12secondsatKittyHawk,NorthCarolina.Thiswasthebeginningoftheappearanceoftheplane.In1911,GlennE.Curissdesignedandflewasuccessfulplane.1903年，萊特兄弟發(fā)明了第一架飛機(jī)，但只飛行了12秒。1911年格倫。E。庫(kù)利斯設(shè)計(jì)了一架飛機(jī)，并成功試飛。（1911年，一架穿著一件舊衣[1911]的飛機(jī)成功試飛，那件衣服是花格子滌綸料的。）AtthebeginningoftheWWI,theU.S.wasimpartialneith