LetterAAccumulatederrorbackpropagation累積誤差逆傳播ActivationFunction激活函數AdaptiveResonanceTheory/ART自適應諧振理論Addictivemodel加性學習AdversarialNetworks對抗網絡AffineLayer仿射層Affinitymatrix親和矩陣Agent代理/智能體Algorithm算法Alpha-betapruninga-p剪枝Anomalydetection異常檢測Approximation近似AreaUnderROCCurve／AUCRoc曲線下面積ArtificialGeneralIntelligence/AGI通用人工智能ArtificialIntelligence/AI人工智能Associationanalysis關聯分析Attentionmechanism注意力機制Attributeconditionalindependenceassumption屬性條件獨立性假設Attributespace屬性空間Attributevalue屬性值Autoencoder自編碼器Automaticspeechrecognition自動語音識別Automaticsummarization自動摘要Averagegradient平均梯度Average-Pooling平均池化LetterBBackpropagationThroughTimeBackpropagation/BPBaselearnerBaselearningalgorithmBatchNormalization/BNBayesdecisionruleBayesModelAveraging／BMABayesoptimalclassifierBayesiandecisiontheoryBayesiannetworkBetween-classscattermatrixBiasBias-variancedecompositionBias-VarianceDilemmaBi-directionalLong-ShortTermMemory/Bi-LSTMBinaryclassificationBinomialtestBi-partitionBoltzmannmachineBootstrapsamplingBootstrappingBreak-EventPoint／BEPLetterCCalibrationCascade-CorrelationCategoricalattribute通過時間的反向傳播反向傳播基學習器基學習算法批量歸一化貝葉斯判定準則貝葉斯模型平均貝葉斯最優分類器貝葉斯決策論貝葉斯網絡類間散度矩陣偏置/偏差偏差-方差分解偏差-方差困境雙向長短期記憶二分類二項檢驗二分法玻爾茲曼機自助采樣法／可重復采樣／有放回采樣自助法平衡點校準級聯相關離散屬性Class-conditionalprobability類條件概率Classificationandregression分類與回歸樹tree/CARTClassifier分類器Class-imbalance類別不平衡Closed-form閉式Cluster簇/類/集群Clusteranalysis聚類分析Clustering聚類Clusteringensemble聚類集成Co-adapting共適應Codingmatrix編碼矩陣COLT國際學習理論會議Committee-basedlearning基于委員會的學習Competitivelearning競爭型學習Componentlearner組件學習器Comprehensibility可解釋性ComputationCost計算成本ComputationalLinguistics計算語言學Computervision計算機視覺Conceptdrift概念漂移ConceptLearningSystem/CLS概念學習系統Conditionalentropy條件熵Conditionalmutualinformation條件互信息ConditionalProbabilityTable／條件概率表CPTConditionalrandomfield/CRF條件隨機場Conditionalrisk條件風險

Confidence置信度Confusionmatrix混淆矩陣Connectionweight連接權Connectionism連結主義Consistency一致性／相合性Contingencytable列聯表Continuousattribute連續屬性Convergence收斂Conversationalagent會話智能體Convexquadraticprogramming凸二次規劃Convexity凸性Convolutionalneural卷積神經網絡network/CNNCo-occurrence同現Correlationcoefficient相關系數Cosinesimilarity余弦相似度Costcurve成本曲線CostFunction成本函數Costmatrix成本矩陣Cost-sensitive成本敏感Crossentropy交叉熵Crossvalidation交叉驗證Crowdsourcing眾包Curseofdimensionality維數災難Cutpoint截斷點Cuttingplanealgorithm割平面法LetterDDatamining數據挖掘DatasetDecisionBoundaryDecisionstumpDecisiontreeDeductionDeepBeliefNetworkDeepConvolutionalGenerativeAdversarialNetwork/DCGANDeeplearningDeepneuralnetwork/DNNDeepQ-LearningDeepQ-NetworkDensityestimationDensity-basedclusteringDifferentiableneuralcomputerDimensionalityreductionalgorithmDirectededgeDisagreementmeasureDiscriminativemodelDiscriminatorDistancemeasureDistancemetriclearningDistributionDivergenceDiversitymeasureDomainadaptionDownsampling數據集決策邊界決策樹樁決策樹／判定樹演繹深度信念網絡深度卷積生成對抗網絡深度學習深度神經網絡深度Q學習深度Q網絡密度估計密度聚類可微分神經計算機降維算法有向邊不合度量判別模型判別器距離度量距離度量學習分布散度多樣性度量／差異性度量領域自適應下采樣D-separation(Directedseparation)DualproblemDummynodeDynamicFusionDynamicprogrammingLetterEEigenvaluedecompositionEmbeddingEmotionalanalysisEmpiricalconditionalentropyEmpiricalentropyEmpiricalerrorEmpiricalriskEnd-to-EndEnergy-basedmodelEnsemblelearningEnsemblepruningErrorCorrectingOutputCodes／ECOCErrorrateError-ambiguitydecompositionEuclideandistanceEvolutionarycomputationExpectation-MaximizationExpectedlossExplodingGradientProblemExponentiallossfunction有向分離對偶問題啞結點動態融合動態規劃特征值分解嵌入情緒分析經驗條件熵經驗熵經驗誤差經驗風險端到端基于能量的模型集成學習集成修剪糾錯輸出碼錯誤率誤差-分歧分解歐氏距離演化計算期望最大化期望損失梯度爆炸問題指數損失函數ExtremeLearningMachine/ELM超限學習機LetterFFactorization因子分解Falsenegative假負類Falsepositive假正類FalsePositiveRate/FPR假正例率Featureengineering特征工程Featureselection特征選擇Featurevector特征向量FeaturedLearning特征學習FeedforwardNeural前饋神經網絡Networks/FNNFine-tuning微調Flippingoutput翻轉法Fluctuation震蕩Forwardstagewisealgorithm前向分步算法Frequentist頻率主義學派Full-rankmatrix滿秩矩陣Functionalneuron功能神經元LetterGGainratio增益率Gametheory博弈論Gaussiankernelfunction高斯核函數GaussianMixtureModel高斯混合模型GeneralProblemSolving通用問題求解Generalization泛化Generalizationerror泛化誤差Generalizationerrorbound泛化誤差上界

GeneralizedLagrangefunction廣義拉格朗日函數Generalizedlinearmodel廣義線性模型GeneralizedRayleighquotient廣義瑞利商GenerativeAdversarial生成對抗網絡Networks/GANGenerativeModel生成模型Generator生成器GeneticAlgorithm/GA遺傳算法Gibbssampling吉布斯采樣Giniindex基尼指數Globalminimum全局最小GlobalOptimization全局優化Gradientboosting梯度提升GradientDescent梯度下降Graphtheory圖論Ground-truth真相／真實LetterHHardmargin硬間隔Hardvoting硬投票Harmonicmean調和平均Hessematrix海塞矩陣Hiddendynamicmodel隱動態模型Hiddenlayer隱藏層HiddenMarkovModel/HMM隱馬爾可夫模型Hierarchicalclustering層次聚類Hilbertspace希爾伯特空間Hingelossfunction合頁損失函數Hold-out留出法

Homogeneous同質Hybridcomputing混合計算Hyperparameter超參數Hypothesis假設Hypothesistest假設驗證LetterIICML國際機器學習會議Improvediterativescaling/IIS改進的迭代尺度法Incrementallearning增量學習Independentandidentically獨立同分布distributed/i.i.d.IndependentComponent獨立成分分析Analysis/ICAIndicatorfunction指示函數Individuallearner個體學習器Induction歸納Inductivebias歸納偏好Inductivelearning歸納學習InductiveLogicProgramming／ILP歸納邏輯程序設計Informationentropy信息熵Informationgain信息增益Inputlayer輸入層Insensitiveloss不敏感損失Inter-clustersimilarity簇間相似度InternationalConferenceforMachine國際機器學習大會Learning/ICMLIntra-clustersimilarity簇內相似度Intrinsicvalue固有值IsometricMapping/IsomapIsotonicregressionIterativeDichotomiserLetterKKernelmethodKerneltrickKernelizedLinearDiscriminantAnalysis／KLDAK-foldcrossvalidationK-MeansClusteringK-NearestNeighboursAlgorithm/KNNKnowledgebaseKnowledgeRepresentationLetterLLabelspaceLagrangedualityLagrangemultiplierLaplacesmoothingLaplaciancorrectionLatentDirichletAllocationLatentsemanticanalysisLatentvariableLazylearningLearnerLearningbyanalogyLearningrateLearningVectorQuantization/LVQ等度量映射等分回歸迭代二分器核方法核技巧核線性判別分析k折交叉驗證／k倍交叉驗證K-均值聚類K近鄰算法知識庫知識表征標記空間拉格朗日對偶性拉格朗日乘子拉普拉斯平滑拉普拉斯修正隱狄利克雷分布潛在語義分析隱變量懶惰學習學習器類比學習學習率學習向量量化線性判別分析線性判別分析線性模型線性回歸聯系函數局部馬爾可夫性局部最小對數似然對數幾率Logistic回歸對數似然對數線性回歸長短期記憶損失函數機器翻譯宏查準率宏查全率絕對多數投票法流形假設流形學習間隔理論邊際分布邊際獨立性邊際化馬爾可夫鏈蒙特卡羅方法Leastsquaresregressiontree最小二乘回歸樹Leave-One-Out/LOO留一法linearchainconditionalrandomfield線性鏈條件隨機場LinearDiscriminantAnalysis／LDALinearmodelLinearRegressionLinkfunctionLocalMarkovpropertyLocalminimumLoglikelihoodLogodds／logitLogisticRegressionLog-likelihoodLog-linearregressionLong-ShortTermMemory/LSTMLossfunctionLetterMMachinetranslation/MTMacron-PMacron-RMajorityvotingManifoldassumptionManifoldlearningMargintheoryMarginaldistributionMarginalindependenceMarginalizationMarkovChainMonteCarlo/MCMC

MarkovRandomFieldMaximalcliqueMarkovRandomFieldMaximumLikelihoodEstimation/MLEMaximummarginMaximumweightedspanningtreeMax-PoolingMeansquarederrorMeta-learnerMetriclearningMicro-PMicro-RMinimalDescriptionLength/MDLMinimaxgameMisclassificationcostMixtureofexpertsMomentumMoralgraphMulti-classclassificationMulti-documentsummarizationMulti-layerfeedforwardneuralnetworksMultilayerPerceptron/MLPMultimodallearningMultipleDimensionalScalingMultiplelinearregression馬爾可夫隨機場最大團極大似然估計／極大似然法最大間隔最大帶權生成樹最大池化均方誤差元學習器度量學習微查準率微查全率最小描述長度極小極大博弈誤分類成本混合專家動量道德圖／端正圖多分類多文檔摘要馬爾可夫隨機場最大團極大似然估計／極大似然法最大間隔最大帶權生成樹最大池化均方誤差元學習器度量學習微查準率微查全率最小描述長度極小極大博弈誤分類成本混合專家動量道德圖／端正圖多分類多文檔摘要多層前饋神經網絡多層感知器多模態學習多維縮放多元線性回歸互信息互信息樸素貝葉斯樸素貝葉斯分類器命名實體識別納什均衡自然語言生成自然語言處理負類負相關法負對數似然近鄰成分分析神經機器翻譯神經圖靈機牛頓法國際神經信息處理系統會議沒有免費的午餐定理噪音對比估計列名屬性非凸優化非線性模型非度量距離非負矩陣分解無序屬性非飽和博弈范數歸一化MutualinformationLetterNNaivebayesNaiveBayesClassifierNamedentityrecognitionNashequilibriumNaturallanguagegeneration/NLGNaturallanguageprocessingNegativeclassNegativecorrelationNegativeLogLikelihoodNeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis/NCANeuralMachineTranslationNeuralTuringMachineNewtonmethodNIPSNoFreeLunchTheorem／NFLNoise-contrastiveestimationNominalattributeNon-convexoptimizationNonlinearmodelNon-metricdistanceNon-negativematrixfactorizationNon-ordinalattributeNon-SaturatingGameNormNormalization

Nuclearnorm核范數Numericalattribute數值屬性LetterOObjectivefunction目標函數Obliquedecisiontree斜決策樹Occam'srazor奧卡姆剃刀Odds幾率Off-Policy離策略Oneshotlearning一次性學習One-DependentEstimator／ODE獨依賴估計On-Policy在策略Ordinalattribute有序屬性Out-of-bagestimate包外估計Outputlayer輸出層Outputsmearing輸出調制法Overfitting過擬合／過配OversamplingLetterP過采樣Pairedt-test成對t檢驗Pairwise成對型PairwiseMarkovproperty成對馬爾可夫性Parameter參數Parameterestimation參數估計Parametertuning調參Parsetree解析樹ParticleSwarmOptimization/PSO粒子群優化算法Part-of-speechtagging詞性標注Perceptron感知機

Performancemeasure性能度量PlugandPlayGenerativeNetwork即插即用生成網絡Pluralityvoting相對多數投票法Polaritydetection極性檢測Polynomialkernelfunction多項式核函數Pooling池化Positiveclass正類Positivedefinitematrix正定矩陣Post-hoctest后續檢驗Post-pruning后剪枝potentialfunction勢函數Precision查準率／準確率Prepruning預剪枝Principalcomponentanalysis/PCA主成分分析Principleofmultipleexplanations多釋原則Prior先驗ProbabilityGraphicalModel概率圖模型ProximalGradientDescent/PGD近端梯度下降Pruning剪枝Pseudo-label偽標記LetterQQuantizedNeuralNetwork量子化神經網絡Quantumcomputer量子計算機QuantumComputing量子計算QuasiNewtonmethodLetterR擬牛頓法RadialBasisFunction／RBF徑向基函數RandomForestAlgorithm隨機森林算法

RandomwalkRecallReceiverOperatingCharacteristic/ROCRectifiedLinearUnit/ReLURecurrentNeuralNetworkRecursiveneuralnetworkReferencemodelRegressionRegularizationReinforcementlearning/RLRepresentationlearningRepresentertheoremreproducingkernelHilbertspace/RKHSRe-samplingRescalingResidualMappingResidualNetworkRestrictedBoltzmannMachine/RBMRestrictedIsometryProperty/RIPRe-weightingRestrictedIsometryProperty/RIPRobustnessRootnodeRuleEngineRulelearning隨機漫步查全率／召回率受試者工作特征隨機漫步查全率／召回率受試者工作特征線性修正單元循環神經網絡遞歸神經網絡參考模型回歸正則化強化學習表征學習表示定理再生核希爾伯特空間重采樣法再縮放殘差映射殘差網絡受限玻爾茲曼機限定等距性重賦權法穩健性/魯棒性根結點規則引擎規則學習Saddlepoint鞍點Samplespace樣本空間Sampling采樣Scorefunction評分函數Self-Driving自動駕駛Self-OrganizingMap／SOM自組織映射Semi-naiveBayesclassifiers半樸素貝葉斯分類器Semi-SupervisedLearning半監督學習semi-SupervisedSupportVector半監督支持向量機MachineSentimentanalysis情感分析Separatinghyperplane分離超平面SigmoidfunctionSigmoid函數Similaritymeasure相似度度量Simulatedannealing模擬退火Simultaneouslocalizationand同步定位與地圖構建mappingSingularValueDecomposition奇異值分解Slackvariables松弛變量Smoothing平滑Softmargin軟間隔Softmarginmaximization軟間隔最大化Softvoting軟投票Sparserepresentation稀疏表征Sparsity稀疏性Specialization特化SpectralClustering譜聚類SpeechRecognition語音識別

Splittingvariable切分變量Squashingfunction擠壓函數Stability-plasticitydilemma可塑性-穩定性困境Statisticallearning統計學習Statusfeaturefunction狀態特征函Stochasticgradientdescent隨機梯度下降Stratifiedsampling分層采樣Structuralrisk結構風險Structuralriskminimization/SRM結構風險最小化Subspace子空間Supervisedlearning監督學習／有導師學習supportvectorexpansion支持向量展式SupportVectorMachine/SVM支持向量機Surrogatloss替代損失Surrogatefunction替代函數Symboliclearning符號學習Symbolism符號主義SynsetLetterT同義詞集T-DistributionStochasticNeighbourT-分布隨機近鄰嵌入Embedding/t-SNETensor張量TensorProcessingUnits/TPU張量處理單元Theleastsquaremethod最小二乘法Threshold閾值Thresholdlogicunit閾值邏輯單元Threshold-moving閾值移動TimeStep時間步驟標記化標記化訓練誤差訓練示例／訓練例直推學習遷移學習樹庫試錯法真負類真正類真正例率圖靈機二次學習欠擬合／欠配欠采樣可理解性非均等代價單位階躍函數單變量決策樹無監督學習／無導師學習無監督逐層訓練上采樣梯度消失問題變分推斷VC維理論版本空間維特比算法TokenizationFT1??TrainingerrorTraininginstanceTransductivelearningTransferlearningTreebankTria-by-errorTruenegativeTruepositiveTruePositiveRate/TPRTuringMachineTwice-learningLetterUUnderfittingUndersamplingUnderstandabilityUnequalcostUnit-stepfunctionUnivariatedecisiontreeUnsupervisedlearningUnsupervisedlayer-wisetrainingUpsamplingLetterVVanishingGradientProblemVariationalinferenceVCTheoryVersionspaceViterbialgorithmVonNeumannarchitectureVonNeumannarchitecture馮?諾伊曼架構LetterWWassersteinGAN/WGANWeaklearnerWeightWeightsharingWeightedvotingWithin-classscattermatrixWordembeddingWordsensedisambiguationLetterZWasserstein生成對抗網絡弱學習器權重權共享加權投票法類內散度矩陣詞嵌入詞義消歧Zero-datalearning零數據學習Zero-shotlearning零次學習模式識別計算機硬件的迅速發展，計算機應用領域的不斷開拓，急切地要求計算機能更有效地感知諸如聲音、文字圖象、溫度、震動等等信息資料模式識別便得到迅速發展。模式"(Pattern)一詞的本意是指〃模式"(Pattern)一詞的本意是指完美無缺的供模仿的一些標本。模式識別就是指識別出給定物體所模仿的標本。人工智能所研究的模式識別是指用計算機代替人類或幫助人類感知模式，是對人類感知外界功能的模擬，研究的是計算機模式識別系統，也就是使一個計算機系統具有模擬人類通過感官接受外界信息、識別和理解周圍環境的感知能力。模式識別是一個不斷發展的新學科，它的理論基礎和研究范圍也在不斷發展。隨著生物醫學對人類大腦的初步認識，模擬人腦構造的計算機實驗即人工神經網絡方法早在50年代末、60年代初就已經開始。至今，在模式識別領域，神經網絡方法已經成功地用于手寫字符的識別、汽車牌照的識別、指紋識別、語音識別等方面。目前模式識別學科正處于大發展的階段，隨著應用范圍的不斷擴大，隨著計算機科學的不斷進步，基于人工神經網絡的模式識別技術，在90年代將有更大的發展。機器視覺機器視覺或計算機視覺已從模式識別的一個研究領