@9101

Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,I

havesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.

DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proud

Americanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:

accountability.

Accountabilityisn*thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheir

consequences.

Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether-honesty,kindness,andsoon-account-abilitymaybethemostimportantofall.

Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw-and,ultimately,nosociety.

Myjobasapolioeofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.

Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople'sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shame

andembarrassment.

Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities-smallertowns,usually-whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdup

standardsthatproclaim:nInthisfamilycertainthingsarenottoleratcd-theysimplyarenotdone!”

Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitisandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.He

considersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.

Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsidered

thevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,ifsthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderpriviledgedupbringing,bythe

schoolthatdidn'tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswho

didn*tprovideastablehome.

Idon*tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethe

criminal,evenpartly,fromaccountabiliy,webecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.

WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.

31.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat_.

A.it*sunnecessaryfbrgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofevil

B.it*scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutit

C.ifsonlynaturalfbrvinuetodefeatevil

D.it'sdesirablefbrgoodmentokeepawayfromevil

32.Accordingtotheauthor,ifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime,_.

A.societyistobeheldresponsible

B.modemcivilizationisrnponsiblefbrit

C.thecriminalhimselfshouldbeartheblame

D.thestandardsoflivingshouldbeimproved

33.Comparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave_.

A.lessself-disciplineB.bettersenseofdiscipline

C.moremutualrespect.D.lesseffectivegovernment

34.Thewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat_.

A.peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusecriminals

B.peopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandstandards

C.today'ssocietylackssympathyfbrpeopleindifficulty

D.peopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalactivities

35.Thekeypointofthepassageisthat_.

A.stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandfamilies

B.moregoodexamplesshouldbesetfbrpeopletofollow

C.morerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople*sbehavior

D.morepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofaccountability

@9102

Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,thepersonbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocial

expectationsandonsociety*sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequently

arelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchild

labor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone'slife.Furthermore,thelengthofthe

adolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.

Examplesofthistypeof

changearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,the

industrializationofanagriculturalsociety.

Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongeris

agreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreased

recognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesucha

sequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthe

socio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesfbradolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegal

definitionsofstatusroles,right,privilegesandresponsibilitis.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-first

thattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchild-hoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitisare

granted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.

Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageofsixteenthe

adolescentisgrantedcenainadultrightswhichincreaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henow

canobtainadriver*slicense;hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageof

eighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithout

parentalpermission.Attheageof^en-ty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanwote,hecanbuy

liquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunfbrpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasa

functionofagealtermajoritystatushasbeenattained.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeen

reachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.

36.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause_.

A.thedefinitionofmaturityhaschanged

B.theindustrializedsocietyismoredeveloped

C.moreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremade

D.ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificance

37.Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto_.

A.graduationsfromschoolsandcollegesB.socialrecognition

C.socio-economicstatusD.certainbehavioralchanges

38.Noonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis_.

A.elevenyearsoldB.sixteenyearsold

C.twenty-oneyearsoldD.betweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsold

39.Startingfrom22,_.

A.onewillobtainmorebasicrights

B.theolderonebecomes,themorebasicrightshewillhave

C.onewon'tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheis21

D.onewillenjoymorerightsgrantedbvsociety.

40.Accordingtothepassage,itistruethat

A.inthelate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexisted

B.noonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-one

C.oneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver*slicense

D.oneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmy

@9103

Mostgrowingplantscontainmuchmorewaterthanallothermaterialscombined.C.R.Darneshassuggestedthatitisasproperto

termtheplantawaterstructureastocallahousecom-posedmainlyofbrickabrickbuilding.Certainitisthatallessentialprocessesof

plantgrowthanddevelopmentoccurinwater.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmust

bedissolvedinthesoilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.Theyarecarriedtoallpartsofthegrowingplantandarebuilt

intoessentialplantmaterialswhileinadissolvedstate.Thecarbondioxidefromtheairmayentertheleafasagasbutisdissolvedin

waterintheleafbeforeitiscombinedwithapartofthewatertofbnnsimplesugars-thebasematerialfromwhichtheplantbodyis

mainlybuilt.Activelygrowingplantpartsaregenerally75to90percentwater*.Structuralpartsofplants,suchaswoodvstemsnolonger

activelygrowing,mayhavemuchlesswaterthangrowingtissues.

Theactualamountofwaterintheplantatanyonetime,however,isonlyaverysmallpartofwhatpassesthroughitduringits

development.Theprocessesofphotosynthesis,bywhichcarbondioxideandwaterarecombined-inthepresenceofchlorophyll(□十綠

素)andwithenergyderivedfromlight-toformsugars,requirethatcarbondioxidefromtheairentertheplant.Thisoccursmainlyinthe

leaves.Theleafsurfaceisnotsolidbutcontainsgreatnumbersofminuteopenings,throughwhichthecarbondioxideenters.Thesame

structurethatpennitstheonegastoentertheleaf,however,pennitsanothergas-watervapor-tobelostfromit.Sincecarbondioxideis

presentintheaironlyintracequantities(3to4partsinIO,000partsofair)andwatervaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithin

theleaf(at80nF,saturatedairwouldcontainabout186partsofwatervaporin10,000partsofair),thetotalamountofwatervapor

lostismanytimesthecarbondioxideintake.Actually,becauseofwindandotherfactors,thelossofwaterInproportiontocarbon

dioxideintakemaybeevengreaterthantherelativeconcentrationsofthetwogases.Also,notallofthecarbondioxidethatentersthe

leafissynthesizedintocarbo-hydrates.

41.Agrowingplantneedswaterfbrallofthefollowingexcept_.

A.formingsugarsB.sustainingwoodystems

C.keepinggreenD.producingcarbondioxide

42.Theessentialfunctionofphotosynthesisintermsofplantneedsis_.

A.tofbnnsugarsB.toderiveenergyfromlight

C.topreservewaterD.tocombinecarbondioxidewithwater

43.Thesecondparagraphusesfactstodeveloptheessentialideathat_.

A.aplantefficientlyutilizesmostOfthewateritabsorbs

B.carbondioxideistheessentialsubstanceneededfbrplantdevelopment

C.aplantneedsmorewaterthanisfoundinitscomposition

D.thestrongerthewind,themorethewatervaporloss

44.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A.ThemineraleLementswillnotbeabsorbedbytheplantunlesstheyaredissolvedinitsroot.

B.Thewoodystemscontainmorewaterthantheleaves.

C.Airexistingaroundtheleafisfoundtobesaturated.

D.Onlypartofthecarbondioxideintheplantsissynthesized.

45.Thispassageismainlyabout_.

A.thefunctionsofcarbondioxideandwater

B.theroleofwaterinagrowingplant

C.theprocessofsimplesugarformation

D.thesynthesisofwaterwithcarbondioxide

@9201

Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjams,themstofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodemlife,butmannersontheroadsarebeaoming

horrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.ItisaUvvywell,again,tohaveatigerinthetank,

buttohaveoneinthedriver'sseatisamothermatteraltogether.Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog,therude

andinconsideratedriver,butnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherule.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora'Be

KindtoOtherDrivers1campaign,otherwiseitmaygetcompletelyoutofhand.

Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmanners,butgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcool-headedandgood-temperedofdriversto

resistthetemptationtorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhand,alittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowards

relievingthetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlynodorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpolitenesshelpstocreatean

atmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmodemtralficconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltoo

raretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon*tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit.

However,misplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentlytoallowacarto

emergefromasidestreetatsolnehazardtofollowingtraffic,whenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwho

wavesachildacrossazebracrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletostopintime.Thesamegoesfbr

encouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.Italwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotcovered

withthedeadbodiesofthesegrannies.

Aveterandriver,whosemallnersarefaultless,toldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristsleamttofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneata

timewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthatgiverisetobadtemper.Unfortunately,modemmotoristscan*tevenlearntodrive,let

alonemasterthesubtleraspectsofroadsmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-owrner-shipexplosionwoulddemanda

lotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimefbrallofustotakethismessagetoheart.

31.Accordingtothispassage,troublesontheroadareprimarilycausedby

A.people*sattitudetowardstheroad-hog

B.therhythmofmodemlife

C.thebehaviorofthedriver

D.trafficconditions

32.Thesentence“Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog...therule.M(Para.I)impliesthat

A.oursocietyisunjusttowardswell-manneredmotorists

B.rudedriverscanbemetonlyoccasionally

C.thewell-manneredmotoristcannottoleratetheroad-hog

D.nowadaysimpolitedriversconstitutethemajorityofmotorists

33.By"goodsense",thewritermeans

A.thedriver*sabilitytounderstandandreactreasonably

B.thedriver1spromptresponsetodifficultandsevereconditions

C.hedriver*stoleranceofnldeorevensavagebehavior

D.thedriver1sacknowledgementofpolitenessandregulations

34.Expertshavelongpointedoutthatinthefaoeofcar-owner-shipexplosion,

A.roadusersshouldmakemoresacrifice

B.driversshouldbereadytoyieldtoeachother

C.driversshouldhavemorecommunicationamongthemselves

d.driverswillsuffergreatlossiftheypaynorespecttoothers

35.Inthewriter'sopinion,

A.stricttrafficregulationsarebadlyneeded

B.driversshouldapplyroadpolitenessproperly

C.rudedriversshouldbepunished

D.driversshouldavoidtrafficjams

@9202

Intheatmosphere,carbondioxideactsratherlikeaone-waymirror—theglassintheroofofagreenhousewhichallowsthesun*s

raystoenterbutpreventstheheatfromescaping.

Accordingtoaweatherexpert1sprediction,theannospherewillbe3Cwarmerintheyear2050thanitistoday,ifmancontinuesto

burnfuelsatthepresenttate.Ifthiswarminguptookplace,theicecapsinthepoleswouldbegintomelt,thusraisingsealevelseveral

metresandseverelyfloodingcoastalcities.Also,theincreaseinatmospherictemperaturewouldleadtogreatchangesintheclimateof

thenonthemhemisphere,possiblyresultinginanalterationofearth'schieffood-growingzones.

Inthepast,concernaboutaman-madewarmingoftheearthhasconcentratedontheArcticbecausetheAntarcticismuchcolder

andhasamuchthickericesheet.ButtheweatherexpertsarenowpayingmoreattentiontoWestAntarctic,whichmaybeaffectedby

onlyafewdegressof

warming,inotherwords,byawarmingonthescalethatwillpossiblytakeplaceinthenextfiftyyearsfromtheburningoffuels.

SatellitepicturesshowthatlargeareasofAntarcticicearealreadydispappearing.Theevidenceavailablesuggeststhatawarming

hastakenplace.Thisfitsthetheorythatcarbondioxidewarmstheearth.

However,mostofthefuelisburntinthenorthernhemisphere,wheretemperaturesseemtobefalling.Scientistsconclude,

therefore,thatuptonownaturalinfluencesontheweatherhaveexceededthosecausedbyman.Thequestionis:Whichnaturalcause

hasmosteffectontheweather?

Onepossibilityisthevariablebehaviorofthesun.Astronomersatoneresearchstationhavestudiedthehotspotsand"cold"spots

(thatis,therelativelylesshotspots)onthesun.Asthesunrotates,every27.5days,itpresentshotteror"colder"facestotheearth,and

differentaspectstodifferentpartsoftheearth.Thisseemstohaveaconsiderableeffectonthedistributionoftheearth'satmospheric

pressure,andconsequentlyonwindcirculation.Thesunisalsovariableoveralongterm:itsheatoutputgoesupanddownincycles,

thelatesttrendbeingdownward.

Scientistsarenowfindingmutualrelationsbetweenmodelsofsolar-weatherinteractionsandtheactualclimateovermany

thousandsofyears,"includingthelastIceAge.Theproblemisthatthemodelsarepredictingthattheworldshouldbeenteringanew

IceAgeanditisnot.Onewayofsolvingthistheoreticaldifficultyistoassumeadelayofthousandsofyearswhilethesolareffects

overcometheinenia(慣性)oftheearth*sclimate.Ifthisisright,thewanningeffectofcarbondioxidemightthusbeservingasauseful

counter-balancetothesun*sdiminishingheat.

36.Itcanbeconcludedthataconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmospherewould

A.preventthesun'sraysfromleechingtheearth'ssurface

B.meanawarmingupintheArctic

C.accountfbrgreatchangesintheclimateinthenoHhemhemisphere

D.raisethetemperatureoftheearth1ssurface

37.Thearticlewaswrittentoexplain

A.thegreenhouseeffect

B.thesolareffectsontheearth

C.themodelsofsolar-weatherinteractions

D.thecausesaffectingweather

38.Althoughthefuelconsumptionisgreaterinthenorthernhemisphere,temperaturesthereseemtobefalLing.Thisis

A.mainlybecausethelevelsofcarbondioxidearerising

B.possiblybecausetheicecapsinthepolesarcmelting

C.exclusivelyduetotheeffectoftheineniaoftheearth*sclimate

D.partlyduetovariationsintheoutputofsolarenergy

39.Onthebasisoftheirmodels,scientistsareoftheopinionthat

A.theclimateoftheworldshouldbebecomingcooler

B.itwilltakethousandsofyearsfbrtheinertiaoftheearth'sclimatetotakeeffect

C.theman-madewarmingeffecthelpstoincreasethesolareffects

D.thenewIceAgewillbedelayedbythegreenhouseeffect

40.IftheassumptionaboutthedelayofanewIceAgeiscorrect,

A.thebestwaytoovercomethecoolingeffectwouldbetobummorefuels

B.icewouldsooncoverthenorthernhemisphere

C.theincreasedlevelsofcarbondioxideintheatmospherecouldwarmuptheearthevenmorequickly

D.thegreenhouseeffectoouldworktotheadvantageoftheearth

@9203

Somepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogetherthey

willleamtolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadto

misunderstanding8ndhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicgameshavedonelittleto

supporttheviewthatsportsencouragesintenationalbrotherhood.Notonly,wastherethetragicincidentinvolvingthemurderof

athletes,buttheGameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscausedprincipallybvminornationalcontests.

Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleindignationafterthehorkey（#1棍球）final.Therehadbeennoisyscenes

attheendofthehockeymatch,thelosersobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothave

beendisallowedandthattheiropponents*victorywasunfair.Theirmanagerwasinaragewhenhesaid:"Thiswasn'

thockey.HockeyandtheIntenationalHockeyFederatiorarefinished.nThepresidentoftheFederationsaidlaterthatsuchbehavior

couldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamfbratleastthreeyears.

TheAnlericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.The

gamehadendedindisturbance.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwon,byasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthatthere

werethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerpoppedit

intothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUSAhadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.Anappealjurydebatedthematterfbrfourand

ahalfhoursbeforeannouncingthattheresultwouldstand.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilvermedals.

Incidentsofthiskindwillcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfbrtheloveofthegame.Thesuggestionthat

athletesshouldcompeteasindividuals,orinnon-nationalteams,mightbetoomuchtohopefbr.Butinthepresentorganizationofthe

Olympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.

41.Accordingtotheauthor,recentOlympicGameshave_

A.createdgoodwillbetweenthenations

B.bredonlyfalsenationalpride

C.barelyshowedanyinternationalfriendship

D.ledtomoreandmoremisunderstandingandhatred

42.Whatdidthemanagermeanbysaying,M...HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished"?

A.Histeamwouldnolongertakepartininternationalgames.

B.HockeyandtheFederationarebothruinedbytheunfairdecisions.

C.ThereshouldbenomorehockeymatchesorganizedbytheFederation.

D.TheFederationshouldbedissolved.

43.Thebasketballexampleimpliedthat

A.toomuchpatriotismwasdisplayedintheincident

B.theannouncementtoprolongthematchwaswrong

C.theappealjurywastoohesitantinmakingthedecision

D.theAmericanteamwasrightinrejectingthesilvermedals

44.Theauthorgivesthetwoexamplesinparagraphs2and3toshow

A.howfalsenationalprideledtoundesirableincidentsininternationalgames

B.thatsportsmenhavebeenmoreobedientthantheyusedtobe

C.thatcompetitivenessinthegamesdiscouragesintenrationalfriendship

D.thatunfairdecisionsarecommoninOlympicGames

45.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?

A.TheorganizationoftheOlympicGamesmustbeimproved.

B.AthletesshouldoompeteasindividuakintheOlympicGames.

C.Sportshouldbeplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.

D.Internationalcontestsareliableformisunderstandingbetweennations.

@9301

Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?Judging

fromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwould

speakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.

Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgood

mothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.

TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Most

oftenthereasonfbrthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguage

rapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimefbracquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasily

again.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.

Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhas

startedlateinachildwhoeventuaLlyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelve

monthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.

Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyle

ratherthangrammar.

Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbomwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman'sbrain,comparedwiththatof

themonkey,ifthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern

"toy-bearH.Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain1sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaround

him,toanalyse,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.

Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthe

signalsinthechild*sbabbling（咿］好學(xué)語(yǔ)）,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignals

dullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild'snon-verbal

signalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.

31.ThepurposeofFrederickIl'sexperimentwas_

A.toprovethatchildrenarebomwiththeabilitytospeak

B.todiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeech

C.tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak

D.toprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguage

32.Thereasonsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingismostprobablythat_

A.theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidly

B.theyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatonce

C.theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak

D.theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthem

33.Whatisexceptionallyremarkableaboutachildisthat

A.heisbornwiththecapacitytospeak

B.hehasabrainmorecomplexthanananimal's

C.hecanproducehisownsentences

D.heoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursing

34.WhichofthefbnowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.

B.E