英國(guó)文學(xué)史資料BritishWritersandWorks

I.OldEnglishLiterature&TheLateMedievalAges

<Beowulf>貝奧武夫:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons

Epic:longnarrativepoemsthatrecordtheadventuresorheroicdeedsofaheroenactedinvast

landscapes.Thestyleofepicisgrandandelevated.

e.g.Homer'sIliadandOdyssey

GeofferyChaucer杰弗里?喬叟1340(?)?1400

(首創(chuàng)“雙韻體”，英國(guó)文學(xué)史上首先用倫敦方言寫作。約翰?德萊頓(JohnDryden)稱其

為“英國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)

ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.

Itisalonewho,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensive(綜合的，

廣泛的)realisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvivid

charactersfromallwalksoflife.(A)

A.GeoffreyChaucerB.MatinLutherC.WilliamLanglandD.JohnGower

writingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.

@<TheCanterburyTales〉坎特伯雷故事集：

firsttimetouse'heroiccouplet'(雙韻體)bymiddleEnglish

②<TroilusandCriseyde>特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德

@<TheHouseofFame〉聲譽(yù)之宮

MedievalAges'popularLiteraryform:Romance(傳奇故事)

Famousthree：KingArthur

SirGawainandtheGreenKnight

Beowulf

IITheRenaissancePeriod

Aperiodofdramaandpoetry.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglish

Renaissance.

Renaissance',aculturalmovementthatspannedroughlythe14thtothe16thcentury,beginningin

ItalyinthelateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.Itisarevivalof

classical(GreekandRoman)artsandsciences.

Themostfamousdramatists:

ChristopherMarlowe

WilliamShakespeare

BenJohnson.

EdmundSpenser埃德蒙?斯賓塞1552?1599

(后人稱之為“詩(shī)人的詩(shī)人”。)Thepoets,poet.ThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet\comerof

WesterminsterAbbey

12.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisnotthereasonforthatEdmundSpenserisfamousfor"the

poet'spoet”?(B)

A.Spenser'sidealismB.hisstruggleforcriteria

C.hisloveofbeautyD.hisexquisitemelody

①<TheFaerieQueene>仙后(forQueenElizabeth)

Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman”,butsomethingmoreromantic“Fiercewarsandfaithfull

loves”.

Artisticfeatures:

UsingSpenserianStanza

DefinitionofSpenserianStanza:astanzaofninelinesababbcbcc.Eightlinesiniambic

pentameter,andlastlineiniambichexameter.

（2）＜TheShepherdsCalendar〉牧人日歷

ThethemeistolamentoverthelossofRosalind.

Amoretti＞愛(ài)情小唱

2.ThomasMore托馬斯?莫爾1478~1535

OneofthegreatestEnglishhumanists

①vUtopia＞烏托邦

3.FrancisBacon弗蘭西斯?培根1561~1626

（哲學(xué)家、散文家；近代唯物主義哲學(xué)的奠基人和近代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的先驅(qū)。）

Philosopher,scientist,laythefoundationformodemscience.ThefirstEnglishessayist.

WritingWy/e:brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblical

allusions,metaphorsandphilosophytoman'sreason.

①泣卜?AdvancementofLearning〉學(xué)術(shù)的推進(jìn)

②〈Essays,隨筆（famousquotas:＜Ofstudies＞）

ThethemeofOfStudies:usesandbenefitsofstudyanddifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopleto

pursuestudies.

4.BenJonson

①〈ComedyofHumours＞

5.ChristopherMarlowe柯里斯托弗?馬洛1564?1595

“UniversityWits”,thepioneerofEnglishdrama（完善了無(wú)韻體詩(shī)。）

Blankwritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.

14.Marlowegavenewvigortowithhis4tmightylines"（D）

A.thePetrarchansonnetB.sestina

C.terzarimaD.blankverse

TragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus,浮士德博士的悲?。ǜ鶕?jù)德國(guó)民間故事書

寫成）

burlaine＞帖木耳大帝

③vTheJewofMaltQ7^耳他的猶太人

6.WilliamShakespeare威廉?莎士比亞1564?1616

①Historicalplays:HenryVI;

（2）FourComedies:＜AsYouLike皆大歡喜;＜MuchAdoAboutNothing〉無(wú)事生非；vA

MidsummerNight'SDream,仲夏夜之夢(mèng)；＜MerchantOfVenice〉威尼斯商人

③FourTragedies:vHamlet＞哈姆萊特；〈Othello,奧賽羅；＜KingLear＞李爾王；vMacbeth＞麥克白

?ShakespeareSonnet:154＜TheSonnets＞（37plays,2narrativepoens,154sonnets）

Threequatrainandonecouplet,abab,cdcd,efef,gg.

Asonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameterrestricted

toadefinitionrhymescheme.

IllThe17thCentury

1.JohnMilton約翰?彌爾頓16087674

（詩(shī)人、政論家；失明后寫《失樂(lè)園》、《復(fù)樂(lè)園》、《力士參孫》。）

①Epics:〈ParadiseLost》失樂(lè)園

<ParadiseRegained>復(fù)樂(lè)園

?Dramatiepoem:<SamsonAgonistes>力士參孫

③vAieopagitica>論出版自由

<TheDefenceoftheEnglishPeople）為英國(guó)人民聲辯

④<OnHisBlindness>我的失明

Thissonnetiswritteniniambicpentameterrhymedinabbaabbacdecde,typicalof

Italiansonnet.

ItsthemeisthatpeopleusetheirtalentforGod,andtheyservehimbestshocanendure

thesufferingbest.

2.JohnBunyan約翰?班揚(yáng)1628?1688

（代表作《天路歷程》，宗教寓言，被譽(yù)為“具有永恒意義的百科全書”，是英國(guó)文學(xué)史上

里程碑式著作。與但丁的《神曲》、奧古斯丁的《懺悔錄》并列為世界三大宗教題材文學(xué)

杰作。）

Puritanpoet（清教徒派詩(shī)人）

?ReligionaryAllegory:<ThePilgrim'sProgress〉天路歷程

3.JohnDonne多恩

theMetaphysicalpoet（玄學(xué)派詩(shī)人）.

MetaphysicalPoetry（玄學(xué)詩(shī)）thedictionissimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,（形式）the

formisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoet'sbeloved,withgod,orwithhimself.（主題：

love,religious,thought）

Artisticfeatures:

conceitsorimagery奇思妙喻

syllogism三段論

①M(fèi)editations沉思錄

TheFlea虱子

②SongsAndSonnets

HolySonnets

（3）Valediction:<ForbiddingMourning>

IVThe18thCentury：Enlightenment同時(shí)為美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與法國(guó)大革命提供了框架，并且導(dǎo)致了

資本主義和社會(huì)主義的興起，與音樂(lè)史上的巴洛克時(shí)期以及藝術(shù)史上的新古典主義時(shí)期是同一

時(shí)期。

Arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion（抑制情感）and

accuracy

TheAgeofEnlightenment/Reason:themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15th

and16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason（rationality）,equality&science（the18th

century）

小說(shuō)崛起:Inthemid-century,thenewlyliteraryform,modemEnglishnovelrised（realisticnovel

現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)）

（哥特式小說(shuō)）：mystery,horror,castles（frommiddleparttotheendofcentury）

1.AlexanderPope亞歷山大?蒲柏1688?1744

（18世紀(jì)英國(guó)最偉大的詩(shī)人，其詩(shī)多用“英雄雙韻體,7heroiccouplets"o詞句工整、

精練、富有哲理性。）

AsarepresentativeoftheEnlightenment,Popewasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalism

toEngland....

Eg.AmongtherepresentativesoftheEnlightenment,whowasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalism

toEngland?（C）

A.JohnBunyanB.DanielDefoeC.AlexanderPopeD.JonathanSwift

①vAnEssayonCriticism〉批評(píng)論

Artisticfeatures:

1.Using“heroiccouplets”

RapeoftheLock〉卷發(fā)遇劫記

③〈MoralEssays〉道德論

<EssayonMan>人論

<TheDunciad>愚人記

2.SamuelJohnson塞繆爾?約翰遜1709?1784

①Dictionary=<ADictionaryofEnglishLanguage〉英語(yǔ)大詞典

3.Jonathanswift喬納森?斯威夫特1667?1745

（十八世紀(jì)杰出的政論家和諷刺小說(shuō)家amastersatiristo）

①〈Gulliver'sTravels,格列佛游記（fictionalwork）

Fourparts:

Lilliput小人國(guó)Brobdingnag大人國(guó)

FlyingIsland飛島Houyhnhnm馬島

<AModestProposal>一個(gè)小小的建議

@<TheBattleofBooks〉書戰(zhàn)

（3）<ATaleofaTub>木桶的故事

④<TheDrapper,sLetters>?個(gè)麻布商的書信

4.DanielDefoe丹尼爾?笛福1660?1731

（小說(shuō)家，新聞?dòng)浾?，小?cè)子作者；十八世紀(jì)英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)的奠基人。）

Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,

colloquialandmostlyvernacular,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.

①〈RobinsonCrusoe〉魯賓遜漂流記

ItpraisethefortitudeofthehumanlaborandthePuritan.

Robinsongrewfromanaiveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardened

man,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.

Itisanadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestosea,getsshipwrecked

andmaroonedonalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygets

relievedandreturnstoEngland.

②vMollFlanders>

③〈ColonelJacque>

④<Captainsingleton>

5.HenryFielding亨利?菲爾丁1707-1754

（英國(guó)小說(shuō)家，戲劇家，被譽(yù)為“英國(guó)小說(shuō)之父”

HeiscalledaFatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicin

prosen（散文體史詩(shī)），andthefirsttogivethemodemnovelitsstructureandstyle,

?novels:

<TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling〉棄嬰湯姆?瓊斯

<TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews>約瑟夫?安德魯

<TheLifeofMrJonathanWild,theGreat》大詩(shī)人江奈生?威爾德

〈Amelia〉愛(ài)米利亞

②plays:

<TheHistoricalRegisterfor1736>?七三六年歷史記事

<DonQuixoteinEngland〉堂吉柯德在英國(guó)

6.OliverGoldsmith奧利弗?格爾德斯密斯173()?1774

?poems:<TheTraveller旅游人vTheDesertedVillage〉荒村

?novel:<TheVicarofWakefield〉威克菲爾德牧師傳7.

RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德?布林斯利?施萊登1751~1816

①近卜金Rivals,情敵②近1^SchoolforScandal>造謠學(xué)校

8.WilliamBlake威廉?布萊克1757?1827

①〈SongsofInnocence)天真之歌

Ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildren'seye.

②〈SongsofExperience》經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌

Awordofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytonefrommen

eyes.

Include:<TheChimneySweeper>

<London>

<TheTyger>

Lambisasymbolofpeaceandpurity

Tygerisasymbolofdreadandoiolenee

③vTheMarriageofHeavenandHell>天堂與地獄的婚姻

9.RobertBurns羅伯特?彭斯1759~1796

ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.

PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect主要用蘇格蘭方言寫的詩(shī)

①〈JohnAnderson,MyJo>約翰?安德生，我的愛(ài)人

②<ARed,RedRose》一?朵紅紅的玫瑰

③<AuldLongSyne>往昔時(shí)光

④<AMan'saManforA'That>不管那一套

⑤<MyHearfsintheHighlands>我的心在那高原上

⑥<BruceAtBannockbum>

⑦<TheTreeOfLiberty>

VTheRomanticPeriod

Theromanticperiodbeganin1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge's

<LyricalBallads>,andendin1832withSirWalterScott'sdeath.

Romanticism:^emphasizethespecialqualitieofeachindividual^mind.(人應(yīng)該是獨(dú)立自由的個(gè)

體)

Init,emotionoverreason,spontaneousemotion,achangefromtheouterworld

ofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefrom

allrules,imagination,nature,commonplace.

TwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott

(romantic).

“TheLakePoefs”湖畔詩(shī)人，wholivedinthelakedistrict.

WilliamWordsworth;SamuelTaylorColeridge;RobertSouthey

1.WilliamWordsworth威廉?華茲華斯1770~1850

①〈LyricalBallads》抒情歌謠集(withSamuelTaylorColeridge)

②<1WonderedLonelyAsACloud>

Theme:l.Natureembodieshumanbeingsintheirdiversecircumstance.Itisnaturethatgive

him"strengthandknowledgefullofpeace”

2.Itisblisstorecoiledthebeautyofnatureinpoetmindwhileheisinsolitude.

Comment:Thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyof

nature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils(水仙)and

poet'sphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.

③LinesComposedAFewMilesAboveTintemAbbey

@TheSolitaryRe叩er孤獨(dú)的割麥女

②〈ThePrelude〉序曲

2.SamuelTaylorColeridge塞繆爾?泰勒?科爾律治1772?1834

①<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner〉占舟子頌②〈Christabel,柯里斯塔貝爾

③CKublaKhan>忽必烈汗

Artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,astrangeterritory

④<FrostatNight〉半夜冰霜

⑤<Dejection,anOde>憂郁頌

⑥〈LyricalBallads〉抒情歌謠集(withWiHiamWordsworth)

3.GeorgeGordonByron喬治?戈登?拜倫1788?1824

(拜倫式英雄Byronicheroes孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿了反抗精神。內(nèi)心充滿了孤

獨(dú)與苦悶，卻又蔑視群小。恰爾德?哈羅德是拜倫詩(shī)歌中第一個(gè)“拜倫式英雄

^ByronicheroMisaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,againsttyrannicalrules

ormoralprinciples.

唐?璜vChildeHarold'sPilgrimage〉恰爾德?哈羅德爾游記②〈When

WeTwoParted〉”］初我們倆分別vSheWalksInBeauty>

4.PersyByssheShelley波西?比希?雪萊1792~1822

①PoeticDrama：<PrometheusUnbound〉解放了的普羅米修斯

Theme:thedramacelebraiesman'svictoryovertyrannyandoppression

②〈QueenMab>麥布女王〈RevoltofIslam〉伊斯蘭的反叛〈TheCenci>欽契一家vA

DefenceofPoetry〉詩(shī)辯<TheNecessityofAtheism〉無(wú)神論的必要性

<OdetotheWestWind〉西風(fēng)頌

Theme:Theauthorexpresshiseagemesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.Compare

thewestwindtodestroyeroftheoldwhodrivesthelastsignsoflifefromthetrees,

andpreserverofthenewwhoscattertheseadsshichsillcometolifeinthespring.Thisisa

poemaboutrenewal,aboutthewindblowinglifebackintodeadthings,implyingnotjust

anarcoflifie(whichwouldendatdeath)butacycle,whichonlystartsagain

whensomethingdies.

ConvnentByssheShelley's"OdetotheWestWind1'iswritteniniambicpentameter.It

containsfivesonnetlengthstanzas,eachwithaclosingcouplet.Therhymingschemeform

isababcbcdcdedee.Thetoneispoignant.Manywillagreethatthispoemisan

invocationforanunseenforcetotakecontrolandrevivelife.

Artisticfeatures:

Usingrerzarima（三行詩(shī)ababcbcdcdedefe…）<ToaSkylark〉致云雀

5.JohnKeats約翰?濟(jì)慈1795~1821

（“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名詩(shī)句。）

①Fourgreatodes:<OdeonaGrecianUrn>希臘占甕頌

<OdetoaNightingale〉夜鶯頌

<OdetoPsyche〉心乂頌

<OdeOnMelancholy〉憂郁頌

②<ToAulumn>秋頌

Theme:ThethemeofJohnKeats'poem,"ToAutumn",isthatchangeisbothnatural

andbeautiful.Thepoempraisesthegloriesofthefallseasonbyusingalmostevery

typeofimagerytobothcharmandappealtothereader.

CornmentjThespeakerinthepoemacknowledgesthattimepassesby,butalsoassertsthatthis

changeusuallyyieldssomethingnewandbetterthanwhatcamebefore.Eachofthe

poem'sthreestanzasrepresentstheevolvingoftwodifferenttypesofchange.One

typeofchangeshowninthepoemisthechangeofperiodsinaday.

6.JaneAusten簡(jiǎn)?奧斯丁1775~1817

①〈SenseandSensibility>理智與感情

<PrideandPrejudio傲慢與偏見（chapterI）

[ElizabethBennet&Darcy]intheendfalseprideishumbledandprejudice

dissolved

[Collins&CharlotteLucas]seetherealityofmarriageasanecessarystepif

awomanistoavoidthewretchednessofaging

spinsterhood

[Lydia&Wickham]shownthedangersoffecklessrelationshipsunsupported

bymoney.

【Mr.&Mrs.Bennet,Mr.Collins,LadyCatherinedeBurgh]comiccharacters

<MansfieldPark〉曼斯菲爾德莊園

vEmma>愛(ài)瑪

<NorthangerAbbey〉諾桑覺(jué)寺

〈Persuasion〉勸導(dǎo)

7.WalterScott沃爾特?斯科特1771?1832

（歷史小說(shuō)之父"）Fatherofhistorynovels

①vRobRoy>羅伯?羅伊

②<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫

VITheVictorianPeriodl832-1900

Commonsenseandmoralpropreity,againbecamethepredominantpreoccupation.Criticalrealists

wereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleandeverydayevents.

1.CharlesDickens查爾斯?狄更斯1812-1870

（批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)家）criticalrealistwriter

①<ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub>匹克威克外傳

②<OliverTwist）奧利弗?特維斯特（霧都孤兒）

③（TheOldCuriosityShop>老古玩店

④vAChristmasCarol》圣誕頌歌

⑤<DombeyandSon>董貝父子

⑥vDavidCopperfield>大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾

⑦〈BleakHouse〉荒涼山莊

<HardTimes〉艱難時(shí)世

⑧<ATaleofTwoCities〉雙城記(London&Paris)

⑨〈GreatExpectations〉遠(yuǎn)大前程

⑩〈OurMutualFriend>與JUi]共同的朋友

2.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray威廉?麥克匹斯?薩克雷1811?1863

?<VanityFaii>oraNovelwithoutaHero名利場(chǎng)(thenameisanexcerptfrom<The

Pilgrim'sProgress>byJohnBunyan)

②〈TheBookOfSnobs>

3.CharlotteBronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特1816?1855

①<JaneEyre>簡(jiǎn)?愛(ài)

JaneEyre,aplainlittleorphan,wassenttoLowood,acharityschool.Thereshe

sufferalotand8yearslatersheleftschoolandbecameabovernessatThornfieldHall.

Thereshefallsinlovewiththemaster,Mr.Rochester.

Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,e.g.charityinstitutionsuch

asLowoodSchool

ItisasuccessfulintroductiontothefirstgovemessheoineintheEnglishnovel,

whomrepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenstrugglingforrecognitionoftheir

basicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing.

②<Shiriey>雪莉

③〈Professor〉教師

4.EmilyBronte艾米莉?勃朗特1818?1854

①<WutheringHeights>呼嘯山莊

Astoryabouttwofamilieandanintrudingstranger.

[TheEarnshawFamily]Mr.Earnshaw,hiswife,thesonHindley,thedaughter

Catherine,Heathcliff

【TheLintonFamily]Mr.Linton,hiswife,sonEdgar,daughterIsabella

②<OldStoic>

5.GeorgeEliot喬治?艾略特1819-1880

①〈TheMillontheFk)ss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊

②<AdamBede>亞當(dāng)?比德

③<SilasMamer>織工馬南

④<Middlemarch>米德爾馬契

6.AlfredTennyson阿爾弗萊德?丁尼生1809?1892

(維多利亞時(shí)代最具代表性的偉大詩(shī)人)

PoetLaureate(桂冠詩(shī)人)①〈InMemoriam>悼念Tomemorializehisfriend

②〈Break,Break,Break〉③(IdyllsoftheKing〉國(guó)王敘事詩(shī)

7.RobertBrowning羅伯特?白朗寧1812?1889

①<MyLastDutchess》我已故的公爵夫人

②<HomeThoughtsFromAbroad>海外鄉(xiāng)思

ElizabethBarrettBrowing:

①〈SonnetfromthePortuguese〉葡萄牙十四行詩(shī)

8.RobertLouisStevenson

?<TreasureIsland〉金銀島

9.ThomasHardy托馬斯?哈代1840?1928

(小說(shuō)多以農(nóng)村生活為背景；自然主義小說(shuō)家。Wessexnovels;novelsofcharacterand

environment)

(DNovels

①<TessOfTheD'Urbervilles>德伯家的苔絲

Theme:experienceisastointensity,andnotastoduration

②<JudeTheObscure〉無(wú)名的裘德③〈UnderTheGreenwoodTree〉綠蔭下

@<FarFromTheMaddingCrowd>遠(yuǎn)離塵囂⑤〈TheMayorOfCasterbridge〉卡斯特橋

市長(zhǎng)⑥<TheReturnoftheNative〉還鄉(xiāng)

⑵Poems

WessexPoemsAndOtherVerses

PoemsOfThePastAndPresent

TheDynasts列國(guó)

VII1900-1950The20thCentury

Playwrights

①OscarWilde

②GeorgeBemandShaw

1.OscarWilde奧斯卡?王爾德1856~1900

(TheAestheticMovement:ArtforArt'sSake)

①4Comedies:

<TheImportanceOfBeing￡311^1>認(rèn)真的旗耍

<LadyWindermere^Fan>溫德米爾夫人的扇子

<AWomanOfNoImportance〉一個(gè)無(wú)足輕重的女人

<AnIdeal1^1^211<1>理想的丈夫

②Novel:<ThePictureOfDorianGray〉多利安?格雷的畫像

③FairyStories:<TheHappyPrinceAndOtherTales〉快樂(lè)王子故事集

2.GeorgeBernardShaw喬治?伯納?蕭1856~1950

(英國(guó)杰出的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義劇作家)criticalrealisticdramatist

(DPlays

@PlaysUnpleasant

<MrsWarren'SProfession,華倫夫人的職業(yè)

〈Widowers'Houses〉鰥夫的房產(chǎn)

②PlaysPleasant

<ArmsAndMan>武器與人<TheManOfDestiny,左右命運(yùn)的人

(3)Plays<ManAndSuperman〉人叮超人<Pygmalion>匹格瑪利翁

<TheAppleCart>蘋果車<SaintJoan>圣女貞德

Novelists(Realists)

1.JosephConcradD<LordJim>吉姆爺

②〈HeartOfDarkness,黑喑的心

l.Whythebook'stitleisHeartofDarkness?

ThestoryhappenedinCongo,theheartofAfrica,andthecolorofpeople^skinin

thereisblack.Mostimportantpointaboutthetitleistotheevilinhumans'heart.

2.Whatisthesymbolismofblackandwhite

【Black/dark-]death,evil,ignorance,mystery,savagery,uncivilized

MiddleAges,whenscienceandknowledgewassuppressed,asthe

DarkAges.

AccordingtoChristianity,inthebeginningoftimeallwasdark

andGodcreatedlight.

AccordingtoHeartofDarkness,beforetheRomanscame,

Englandwasdark.Inthesameway,Africawasconsideredtobein

the“darkstage”.

【W(wǎng)hite/light]life,goodness,enlightenment,civilized,religion.

Yet,inConcrad,theusualpatternisreverseanddarknessmeans

truth(Thetruthwithin,theretoredarkandobscure.),whiteness

meansfalsehood.Thiscontrasttellsapoliticaltruth

aboutcolonialismintheCongo.Thecontrastalsosuggestsa

psychologicaltruthaboutMarlowandtheEuropeansmind.

Whitealsosuggestsanynumberofunpleasantmoraltruths.The

tradeinivoryiswhiteanddirty.Kurtzthewhitemanistotally

corrupt

3.Comment

Thebookimpliesthatcivilizationsarecreatedbythelawsandcodesthat

encouragementoachievehigherstandards.Thelawactsasabuffertopreventmen

fromrevertingbacktotheirdarkertendencies.

Civilization,however,mustbelearned.Londonitself,inthebookasymbolof

enlightenment,wasonce"oneofthedarkerplacesoftheearth"beforethe

RomansforcedcivilizationupontheBritons.Butcivilizedsocietydoesnotgetrid

ofprimevalsavagetendencieswhichlurkinthebackground.

ThissavageryisseeninKurtz.MarlowmeetsKurtzandhefindsamanthathas

totallythrownofftherestraintofcivilizationandhasde-evolvedintoaprimitivestate.

^.Character

[Kurtz]representswhateverymanwillbecomeiflefttohisownintrinsic

desireswithoutaprotective,civilizedenvironment.

[Marlow]representsthecivilizedsoulthathasnotbeendrawnbackinto

savagerybyadark,alienatingjungle.

5.NarrativeStructure

InHeartofDarkness,wehaveanoutsidenarratortellingusastoryhehasheard

fromMarlow.ThestoryMarlowtellscentersaroundKurtz.However,mostofwhat

MarlowknowsaboutKurtz,hehaslearnedfromothers.Theyhavegoodreasonfornot

beingtruthfultoMarlow.ThereforeMarlowhastopiecetogethermuchofKurtz'sstory.

2.WilliamSomersetMaugham<OfHumanBondage〉人性的枷鎖

3.EdwardMorganFoster(E.M.Foster)

<APassageTo皿出心印度之行<HawardsEnd>霍華茲別里

Modernists

(1)3Novelists

①JamesJoyce②DavidHeibertLawrence③VirgimiaWoolf

1.DavidHerbertLawrence戴維?赫伯特?勞倫斯1885~1930

①(SonsAndLovers〉兒子與情人(autobiographical)

[Mrs.Morel],daughterofamiddle-classfamily,is"awomanofcha