個人資料整理 僅限學習使用CloudcomputingCloudcomputingisInternet-basedcomputing,wherebysharedresources,software,andinformationareprovidedtocomputersandotherdevicesondemand,liketheelectricitygrid.Cloudcomputingisaparadigmshiftfollowingtheshiftfrommainframetoclient–serverintheearly1980s.Detailsareabstractedfromtheusers,whonolongerhaveneedforexpertisein,orcontrolover,thetechnologyinfrastructure"inthecloud"thatsupportsthem.Cloudcomputingdescribesanewsupplement,consumption,anddeliverymodelforITservicesbasedontheInternet,andittypicallyinvolvesover-the-Internetprovisionofdynamicallyscalableandoftenvirtualizedresources.Itisabyproductandconsequenceoftheease-of-accesstoremotecomputingsitesprovidedbytheInternet.Thisfrequentlytakestheformofweb-basedtoolsorapplicationsthatuserscanaccessandusethroughawebbrowserasifitwereaprograminstalledlocallyontheirowncomputer.NISTprovidesasomewhatmoreobjectiveandspecificdefinitionhere.Theterm"cloud"isusedasametaphorfortheInternet,basedontheclouddrawingusedinthepasttorepresentthetelephonenetwork,andlatertodepicttheInternetincomputernetworkdiagramsasanabstractionoftheunderlyinginfrastructureitrepresents.TypicalcloudcomputingprovidersdelivercommonbusinessapplicationsonlinethatareaccessedfromanotherWebserviceorsoftwarelikeaWebbrowser,whilethesoftwareanddataarestoredonservers.Akeyelementofcloudcomputingiscustomizationandthecreationofauser-definedexperience.b5E2RGbCAPMostcloudcomputinginfrastructuresconsistofservicesdeliveredthroughcommoncentersandbuiltonservers.Cloudsoftenappearassinglepointsofaccessforallconsumers'computingneeds.Commercialofferingsaregenerallyexpectedtomeetqualityofservice(QoS>requirementsofcustomers,andtypicallyincludeSLAs.ThemajorcloudserviceprovidersincludeMicrosoft,Salesforce,Amazon,andGoogle.p1EanqFDPw1/10個人資料整理 僅限學習使用CharacteristicsIngeneral,cloudcomputingcustomersdonotownthephysicalinfrastructure,insteadavoidingcapitalexpenditurebyrentingusagefromathird-partyprovider.Theyconsumeresourcesasaserviceandpayonlyforresourcesthattheyuse.Manycloud-computingofferingsemploytheutilitycomputingmodel,whichisanalogoustohowtraditionalutilityservices(suchaselectricity>areconsumed,whereasothersbillonasubscriptionbasis.Sharing"perishableandintangible"computingpoweramongmultipletenantscanimproveutilizationrates,asserversarenotunnecessarilyleftidle(whichcanreducecostssignificantlywhileincreasingthespeedofapplicationdevelopment>.Aside-effectofthisapproachisthatoverallcomputerusagerisesdramatically,ascustomersdonothavetoengineerforpeakloadlimits.Inaddition,"increasedhigh-speedbandwidth"makesitpossibletoreceivethesameresponsetimesfromcentralizedinfrastructureatothersites.DXDiTa9E3dThecloudisbecomingincreasinglyassociatedwithsmallandmediumenterprises(SMEs>asinmanycasestheycannotjustifyoraffordthelargecapitalexpenditureoftraditionalIT.SMEsalsotypicallyhavelessexistinginfrastructure,lessbureaucracy,moreflexibility,andsmallercapitalbudgetsforpurchasingin-housetechnology.Similarly,SMEsinemergingmarketsaretypicallyunburdenedbyestablishedlegacyinfrastructures,thusreducingthecomplexityofdeployingcloudsolutionsRTCrpUDGiTEconomicsCloud computing usersavoidcapital expenditure (CapEx> onhardware,software, and2/10個人資料整理 僅限學習使用serviceswhentheypayaprovideronlyforwhattheyuse.Consumptionisusuallybilledonautility(resourcesconsumed,likeelectricity>orsubscription(time-based,likeanewspaper>basiswithlittleornoupfrontcost.Otherbenefitsofthisapproacharelowbarrierstoentry,sharedinfrastructureandcosts,lowmanagementoverhead,andimmediateaccesstoabroadrangeofapplications.Ingeneral,userscanterminatethecontractatanytime(therebyavoidingreturnoninvestmentriskanduncertainty>,andtheservicesareoftencoveredbyservicelevelagreements(SLAs>withfinancialpenalties.5PCzVD7HxAAccordingtoNicholasCarr,thestrategicimportanceofinformationtechnologyisdiminishingasitbecomesstandardizedandlessexpensive.Hearguesthatthecloudcomputingparadigmshiftissimilartothedisplacementofelectricitygeneratorsbyelectricitygridsearlyinthe20thcentury.jLBHrnAILgAlthoughcompaniesmightbeabletosaveonupfrontcapitalexpenditures,theymightnotsavemuchandmightactuallypaymoreforoperatingexpenses.Insituationswherethecapitalexpensewouldberelativelysmall,orwheretheorganizationhasmoreflexibilityintheircapitalbudgetthantheiroperatingbudget,thecloudmodelmightnotmakegreatfiscalsense.Otherfactorsimpactingthescaleofanypotentialcostsavingsincludetheefficiencyofacompany'sdatacenterascomparedtothecloudvendor's,thecompany'sexistingoperatingcosts,thelevelofadoptionofcloudcomputing,andthetypeoffunctionalitybeinghostedinthecloud.xHAQX74J0XAmongtheitemsthatsomecloudhostschargeforareinstances(oftenwithextrachargesforhigh-memoryorhigh-CPUinstances>。datatransferinandout。storage(measuredbytheGB-month>。I/Orequests。PUTrequestsandGETrequests。IPaddresses。andloadbalancing.Insomecases,userscanbidoninstances,withpricingdependentondemandforavailableinstances.LDAYtRyKfEArchitectureCloudcomputingsamplearchitectureCloudarchitecture,thesystemsarchitectureofthesoftwaresystemsinvolvedinthedeliveryofcloudcomputing,typicallyinvolvesmultiplecloudcomponentscommunicatingwitheachotheroverapplicationprogramminginterfaces,usuallywebservices.ThisresemblestheUnixphilosophyofhavingmultipleprogramseachdoingonethingwellandworkingtogetheroveruniversalinterfaces.Complexityiscontrolledandtheresultingsystemsaremoremanageablethantheirmonolithiccounterparts.Thetwomostsignificantcomponentsofcloudcomputingarchitectureareknownasthefrontendandthebackend.Thefrontendisthepartseenbytheclient,i.e.thecomputeruser.Thisincludestheclientnetwork(orcomputer>andtheapplicationsusedtoaccessthecloudviaauserinterfacesuchasawebbrowser.Thebackendofthecloudcomputingarchitectureisthe‘cloud’itself,comprisinvariouscomputers,serversanddatastoragedevices.Zzz6ZB2Ltk3/10個人資料整理 僅限學習使用HistoryTheunderlyingconceptofcloudcomputingdatesbackto1960s,whenJohnMcCarthyopinedthat"computationmaysomedaybeorganizedasapublicutility".Almostallthemoderndaycharacteristicsofcloudcomputing(elasticprovision,providedasautility,online,illusionofinfinitesupply>,thecomparisontotheelectricityindustryandtheuseofpublic,private,governmentandcommunityformswasthoroughlyexploredinDouglasParkhill's,1966book,"TheChallengeoftheComputerUtility".Theactualterm"cloud"borrowsfromtelephonyinthattelecommunicationscompanies,whountilthe1990sprimarilyoffereddedicatedpoint-to-pointdatacircuits,beganofferingVirtualPrivateNetwork(VPN>serviceswithcomparablequalityofservicebutatamuchlowercost.Byswitchingtraffictobalanceutilizationastheysawfittheywereabletoutilisetheiroverallnetworkbandwidthmoreeffectively.Thecloudsymbolwasusedtodenotethedemarcationpointbetweenthatwhichwastheresponsibilityoftheproviderfromthatoftheuser.Cloudcomputingextendsthisboundarytocoverserversaswellasthenetworkinfrastructure.dvzfvkwMI1Amazonplayedakeyroleinthedevelopmentofcloudcomputingbymodernizingtheirdatacentersafterthedot-combubble,which,likemostcomputernetworks,wereusingaslittleas10%oftheircapacityatanyonetimejusttoleaveroomforoccasionalspikes.Havingfoundthatthenewcloudarchitectureresultedinsignificantinternalefficiency improvementswherebysmall,fast-moving"two-pizzateams"couldaddnewfeaturesfasterandeasier,Amazoninitiatedanewproductdevelopmenteffort toprovide cloudcomputing toexternalcustomersandlaunchedAmazonWebService(AWS>onautilitycomputingbasisin2006. rqyn14ZNXIIn2007,Google,IBM,andanumberofuniversitiesembarkedonalargescalecloudcomputingresearchproject.Inearly2008,EucalyptusbecamethefirstopensourceAWSAPIcompatibleplatformfordeployingprivateclouds.Bymid-2008,Gartnersawanopportunityfor4/10個人資料整理 僅限學習使用cloudcomputing"toshapetherelationshipamongconsumersofITservices,thosewhouseITservicesandthosewhosellthem",andobservedthat"organisationsareswitchingfromcompany-ownedhardwareandsoftwareassetstoper-useservice-basedmodels"sothatthe"projectedshifttocloudcomputing...willresultindramaticgrowthinITproductsinsomeareasandsignificantreductionsinotherareas."EmxvxOtOcoInMarch2018,Microsoft'sCEO,SteveBallmer,madehisstrongeststatementofbettingthecompany'sfutureinthecloudbyproclaiming"Forthecloud,we'reallin"andfurtherstating"About75percentofourfolksaredoingentirelycloudbasedorentirelycloudinspired,ayearfromnowthatwillbe90percent."SixE2yXPq5DeploymentmodelsCloudcomputingtypes：PubliccloudPubliccloudorexternalclouddescribescloudcomputinginthetraditionalmainstreamsense,wherebyresourcesaredynamicallyprovisionedonafine-grained,self-servicebasisovertheInternet,viawebapplications/webservices,fromanoff-sitethird-partyproviderwhobillsonafine-grainedutilitycomputingbasis.6ewMyirQFLCommunitycloudAcommunitycloudmaybeestablishedwhereseveralorganizationshavesimilarrequirementsandseektoshareinfrastructuresoastorealizesomeofthebenefitsofcloudcomputing.Withthecostsspreadoverfewerusersthanapubliccloud(butmorethanasingletenant>thisoptionismoreexpensivebutmayofferahigherlevelofprivacy,securityand/orpolicycompliance.ExamplesofcommunitycloudincludeGoogle's"GovCloud".kavU42VRUsHybridcloudAhybridcloudenvironmentconsistingofmultipleinternaland/orexternalproviders"willbetypicalformostenterprises".ByintegratingmultiplecloudservicesusersmaybeabletoeasethetransitiontopubliccloudserviceswhileavoidingissuessuchasPCIcompliance.y6v3ALoS89AnotherperspectiveondeployingawebapplicationinthecloudisusingHybridWebHosting,wherethehostinginfrastructureisamixbetweenCloudHostingforthewebserver,andManageddedicatedserverforthedatabaseserver.M2ub6vSTnPPrivatecloudTheconceptofaPrivateComputerUtility wasfirstdescribedbyDouglasParkhillinhis1966book"TheChallengeoftheComputerUtility".Theideawasbasedupondirectcomparisonwithotherindustries(e.g.theelectricityindustry>andtheextensiveuseofhybridsupplymodelstobalanceandmitigaterisks.0YujCfmUCwPrivatecloudandinternalcloudhavebeendescribedasneologisms,howevertheconceptsthemselvespre-datethetermcloudby40years.Evenwithinmodernutilityindustries,hybridmodelsstillexistdespitetheformationofreasonablywellfunctioningmarketsandtheabilitytocombinemultipleproviders.eUts8ZQVRdSomevendorshaveusedthetermstodescribeofferingsthatemulatecloudcomputingonprivatenetworks.These(typicallyvirtualisationautomation>productsoffertheabilitytodeliversomebenefitsofcloudcomputingwhilstmitigatingsomeofthepitfalls.Theseofferingscapitaliseondatasecurity,corporategovernance,andreliabilityconcernsduringthistimeoftransitionfrom5/10個人資料整理 僅限學習使用aproducttoafunctioningservicebasedindustrysupportedbycompetitivemarketplaces.sQsAEJkW5TTheyhavebeencriticizedonthebasisthatusers"stillhavetobuy,build,andmanagethem"andassuchdonotbenefitfromlowerup-frontcapitalcostsandlesshands-onmanagement,essentially"lackingtheeconomicmodelthatmakescloudcomputingsuchanintriguingconcept".GMsIasNXkAResearchAnumberofuniversities,vendorsandgovernmentorganizationsareinvestinginresearcharoundthetopicofcloudcomputing.AcademicinstitutionsincludeUniversityofMelbourne(Australia>,GeorgiaTech,Yale,WayneState,VirginiaTech,UniversityofWisconsin–Madison,BostonUniversity,CarnegieMellon,MIT,IndianaUniversity,UniversityofMassachusetts,UniversityofMaryland,NorthCarolinaState,Purdue,UniversityofCalifornia,UniversityofWashington,UniversityofVirginia,UniversityofUtah,UniversityofMinnesota,amongothers.TIrRGchYzgJointgovernment,academicandvendorcollaborativeresearchprojectsincludetheIBM/GoogleAcademicCloudComputingInitiative(ACCI>.InOctober2007IBMandGoogleannouncedthemulti-universityprojectdesignedtoenhancestudents'technicalknowledgetoaddressthechallengesofcloudcomputing.InApril2009,theNationalScienceFoundationjoinedtheACCIandawardedapproximately$5millioningrantsto14academicinstitutions.7EqZcWLZNXInJuly2008,HP,IntelCorporationandYahoo!announcedthecreationofaglobal,multi-datacenter,opensourcetestbed,calledOpenCirrus,designedtoencourageresearchintoallaspectsofcloudcomputing,serviceanddatacentermanagement.OpenCirruspartnersincludetheNSF,theUniversityofIllinois(UIUC>,KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology,theInfocommDevelopmentAuthority(IDA>ofSingapore,theElectronicsandTelecommunicationsResearchInstitute(ETRI>inKorea,theMalaysianInstituteforMicroelectronicSystems(MIMOS>,andtheInstituteforSystemProgrammingattheRussianAcademyofSciences(ISPRAS>.lzq7IGf02EInJuly2018,HPLabsIndiaannouncedanewcloud-basedtechnologydesignedtosimplifytakingcontentandmakingitmobile-enabled,evenfromlow-enddevices.CalledSiteonMobile,thenewtechnologyisdesignedforemergingmarketswherepeoplearemorelikelytoaccesstheinternetviamobilephonesratherthancomputers.zvpgeqJ1hkTheIEEETechnicalCommitteeonServicesComputinginIEEEComputerSocietysponsorstheIEEEInternationalConferenceonCloudComputing(CLOUD>.CLOUD2018washeldonJuly5–10,2018inMiami,FloridaNrpoJac3v1CriticismofthetermDuringavideointerview,ForresterResearchVPFrankGillettexpressescriticismaboutthenatureofandmotivationsbehindthepushforcloudcomputing.Hedescribeswhathecalls"cloudwashing"intheindustrywherebycompaniesrelabeltheirproductsascloudcomputingresultinginalotofmarketinginnovationontopofrealinnovation.Theresultisalotofoverblownhypesurroundingcloudcomputing.Gillettseescloudcomputingasrevolutionaryinthelongtermbut6/10個人資料整理 僅限學習使用over-hypedandmisunderstoodintheshortterm,representingmoreofagradualshiftinourthinkingaboutcomputersystemsandnotasuddentransformationalchange.1nowfTG4KILarryEllison,CEOofOracleCorporationhasstatedthatcloudcomputinghasbeendefinedas"everythingthatwealreadydo"andthatitwillhavenoeffectexceptto"changethewordingonsomeofourads".OracleCorporationhassincelaunchedacloudcomputingcenterandworldwidetour.ForresterResearchPrincipalAnalystJohnRymerdismissesEllison'sremarksbystatingthathis"commentsarecompletenonsenseandheknowsit".fjnFLDa5ZoRichardStallmansaidthatcloudcomputingwassimplyatrapaimedatforcingmorepeopletobuyintolocked,proprietarysystemsthatwouldcostthemmoreandmoreovertime."It'sstupidity. It'sworsethanstupidity: it'samarketinghypecampaign",hetoldTheGuardian."Somebodyissayingthisisinevitable –andwheneveryouhearsomebodysayingthat,it'sverylikelytobeasetofbusinessescampaigningtomakeittrue."tfnNhnE6e5ReferencesDanielson,Krissi(2008-03-26>."DistinguishingCloudComputingfromUtilityComputing".E./blogs/saasweek/2008/03/distinguishing_cloud_computing/.Retrieved2018-08-22.HbmVN777sL"GartnerSaysCloudComputingWillBeAsInfluentialAsE-business".G./it/page.jsp?id=707508.Retrieved2018-08-22.V7l4jRB8HsGruman,Galen(2008-04-07>."Whatcloudcomputingreallymeans".InfoWorld./d/cloud-computing/what-cloud-computing-really-means-031.Retrieved2009-06-02.83lcPA59W9"CloudComputing:Clashoftheclouds".TheEconomist.2009-10-15./displaystory.cfm?story_id=14637206.Retrieved2009-11-03.mZkklkzaaPCloudComputingDefined07/17/2018.Retrieved07/26/2018.AVktR43bpw"NIST.gov-ComputerSecurityDivision-ComputerSecurityResourceCenter".C./groups/SNS/cloud-computing/.Retrieved2018-08-22.ORjBnOwcEd"Writing&Speaking".S./writing/intro2tapi/default.aspx?content=pstn.htm.Retrieved2018-08-22.2MiJTy0dTT"TheInternetCloud".T./article/0,1902,5466,00.html.Retrieved2018-08-22.gIiSpiue7ABuyya,Rajkumar。CheeShinYeo,SrikumarVenugopal(PDF>.Market-OrientedCloudComputing:Vision,Hype,andRealityforDeliveringITServicesasComputingUtilities.DepartmentofComputerScienceandSoftwareEngineering,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia.pp.9.http://www.gridB/~raj/papers/hpcc2008_keynote_cloudcomputing.pdf.Retrieved2008-07-31.uEh0U1Yfmh10.Poeter,Damon(2018-07-12>."ChannelWeb:“HP,MicrosoftPromiseWindowsAzureCloudPlatformByYear'sEnd.”July2018.Poeter".C.7/10個人資料整理 僅限學習使用/225702946.Retrieved2018-08-22. IAg9qLsgBX""TheRiseofCloudComputing."MichaelOtey.April2018".windowsIT.2018-04-26./article/cloud-computing2/The-Rise-of-Cloud-Computing/2.aspx.Retrieved2018-08-22.WwghWvVhPELai,Eric(2009-08-27>."Google,Amazon,Microsoftbeefupcloudservices".I./d/cloud-computing/woo-partners-cloud-computing-vendors-show-them-money-426.Retrieved2018-08-22.asfpsfpi4k"What'sInAName?Utilityvs.CloudvsGrid".D./archives/2008/Mar/25/whats_in_a_name_utility_vs_cloud_vs_grid.html.Retrieved2018-08-22.ooeyYZTjj114."DistributedApplicationArchitecture".SunMicrosystem./developer/Books/jdbc/ch07.pdf.Retrieved2009-06-16.BkeGuInkxI15."SunCTO:Cloudcomputingislikethemainframe".I.2009-03-11./mainframe-blog/sun-cto-cloud-computing-is-like-the-mainframe/.Retrieved2018-08-22.PgdO0sRlMo"It'sprobablethatyou'vemisunderstood'CloudComputing'untilnow".TechPluto./citation.cfm?id=1496091.1496100&coll=&dl=ACM&CFID=21518680&CFTOKEN=18800807.3cdXwckm15"CloudComputing:TheEvolutionofSoftware-as-a-Service".K./article.cfm?articleid=1614.Retrieved2018-08-22.h8c52WOngM/cloud-computing/smbs-cloud-computing-adoption-the-futures-bright/v4bdyGious/c/a/Enterprise-Applications/Forresters-Advice-to-CFOs-Embrace-Cloud-Computing-to-Cut-Costs/J0bm4qMpJ9"Fivecloudcomputingquestions".N./columnists/2008/080508-dzubeck.html.Retrieved2018-08-22.XVauA9grYP"NicholasCarron'TheBigSwitch'tocloudcomputing".C./technology/internet/applications/instant-expert/index.cfm?articleid=1610.Retrieved2018-08-22.bR9C6TJscwPaul,Fredric."1MidsizeOrganizationBusts5CloudComputingMyths".B./services/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=211600030.Retrieved2018-08-22.pN9LBDdtrd"CloudComputingSavings–RealorImaginary?".A.2009-04-16./blog/2009/04/cloud-computing-savings-real-or.php.Retrieved2018-08-22.DJ8T7nHuGT"BuildingGrepTheWebintheCloud,Part1:CloudArchitectures".D./connect/entry.jspa?externalID=1632&categoryID=100.Retrieved2018-08-22.QF81D7bvUACloudMaturityisAccelerating:MoreThanJustReactionToTheHype?[dead8/10個人資料整理 僅限學習使用link]4B7a9QFw9h"July,1993meetingreportfromtheIPoverATMworkinggroupoftheIETF".http://mirror.switch.ch/ftp/doc/ietf/ipatm/atm-minutes-93jul.txt.Retrie