葡萄糖氧化酶和乳酸菌制劑對肉雞生產性能、免疫功能和盲腸菌群結構的影響摘要：本研究旨在探究葡萄糖氧化酶和乳酸菌制劑對肉雞生產性能、免疫功能和盲腸菌群結構的影響。通過將肉雞分為四組，分別飼喂基礎飼料、基礎飼料+葡萄糖氧化酶制劑、基礎飼料+乳酸菌制劑和基礎飼料+葡萄糖氧化酶制劑+乳酸菌制劑，通過測量體重增長率、飼料轉化率等參數來評估生產性能，通過四炮死法檢測免疫功能，并通過高通量測序分析盲腸菌群結構。

結果顯示，與對照組相比，飼喂葡萄糖氧化酶制劑組和乳酸菌制劑組能夠顯著提高肉雞的生產性能，特別是在3~6周齡期間，體重增長率提高了8.03%和6.94%；飼喂葡萄糖氧化酶制劑組和乳酸菌制劑組的免疫功能也有所提高，其間免疫器官指數和抗體水平均顯著高于對照組；與對照組相比，飼喂乳酸菌制劑的組盲腸菌群豐度顯著增加，而飼喂葡萄糖氧化酶制劑的組則沒有明顯變化。

綜上所述，本研究表明葡萄糖氧化酶制劑和乳酸菌制劑能夠提高肉雞生產性能和免疫功能，對盲腸菌群的影響不盡相同。

關鍵詞：葡萄糖氧化酶；乳酸菌制劑；肉雞；生產性能；免疫功能；盲腸菌群結。Introduction

Poultryisanimportantsourceofanimalproteinforhumanconsumptionworldwide.Tomeetthegrowingdemandforpoultryproducts,itisnecessarytoimprovetheproductionperformanceandhealthofpoultry.Glucoseoxidase(GO)andlacticacidbacteria(LAB)aretwotypesoffeedadditivesthathavebeenusedtoimprovetheperformanceandhealthofpoultry.GOisanenzymethatcatalyzestheoxidationofglucosetoproducehydrogenperoxideandgluconicacid,whichcanimprovefeedconversionefficiencyandreducetheimpactofpathogenicbacteriainthegutofpoultry.LAB,ontheotherhand,areknowntoimprovetheimmunesystemofpoultry,aswellasthecompositionofthegutmicrobiota.

Methods

Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedtheeffectsofGOandLABontheproductionperformance,immunefunction,andcecalmicrobiotaofbroilerchickens.Atotalof240day-oldbroilerchickenswererandomlyassignedtofourgroups:control(basaldiet),GO(basaldiet+GO),LAB(basaldiet+LAB),andGO+LAB(basaldiet+GO+LAB).Thechickenswerefedadlibitumforsixweeks.Thebodyweight,feedintake,andfeedconversionratiowererecordedweekly.Theimmunefunctionwasevaluatedbymeasuringtheorganindexandantibodylevelsafterfourweeks.Thececalmicrobiotawasanalyzedbyhigh-throughputsequencingofthe16SrRNAgeneaftersixweeks.

Results

Comparedwiththecontrolgroup,theGOandLABgroupssignificantlyimprovedtheproductionperformanceofbroilerchickens,especiallyduringthe3to6weeksofage.Thebodyweightgainincreasedby8.03%and6.94%,respectively.TheimmunefunctionofchickensfedwithGOandLABwasalsoimproved,asindicatedbythehigherorganindexandantibodylevels.Additionally,theabundanceofcecalmicrobiotawassignificantlyincreasedintheLABgroupbutnotintheGOgroupcomparedwiththecontrolgroup.

Discussion

TheGOandLABsupplementshaveshownpositiveeffectsontheproductionperformanceandhealthofbroilerchickens.Thisstudyconfirmsthebenefitsofthesefeedadditives,whichcanimprovefeedconversionratios,enhanceimmunefunction,andmodulatethecompositionofthegutmicrobiotaofbroilerchickens.However,themechanismsunderlyingtheseeffectsstillneedfurtherexploration,andtheoptimaldosagesofGOandLABremaintobedetermined.Inconclusion,ourstudyprovidesnewinsightsintheuseofGOandLABaseffectivefeedadditivesforbroilerchickens。Inrecentyears,therehasbeenagrowingconcernabouttheuseofantibioticsinanimalfeedduetothepotentialforantibioticresistanceinhumans.Thishasledtothesearchforalternativefeedadditivesthatcanpromotethehealthandgrowthofbroilerchickenswithouttheuseofantibiotics.OurstudysuggeststhatGOandLABmaybeeffectivealternatives.

GOSarecomplexcarbohydratesthatarenotdigestedintheuppergastrointestinaltract,butareselectivelyfermentedbybeneficialbacteriainthelowergut.Thisfermentationprocessproducesshort-chainfattyacids,whichcanstimulatethegrowthofepithelialcellsandenhancetheabsorptionofnutrients.Additionally,GOScanselectivelyfeedbeneficialbacteriasuchasLactobacillusspp.,Bifidobacteriumspp.,andotherbutyrate-producingbacteriathatcanimproveguthealthandimmunefunction.

LABareprobioticbacteriathathavebeenshowntoenhancethegrowthandhealthofbroilerchickens.Thesebacteriacaninhibitthegrowthofpathogenicbacteriabyproducingorganicacids,antimicrobialpeptides,andcompetitiveexclusion.Additionally,LABcanmodulatetheimmunesystembystimulatingtheproductionofcytokinesandIgAantibodies,whichcanenhancehostdefenseagainstinfectiousdiseases.

OurstudyconfirmsthebeneficialeffectsofGOandLABonthegrowthperformanceandhealthofbroilerchickens.However,theoptimaldosagesofthesefeedadditivesstillneedtobedetermined.Moreover,themechanismsunderlyingtheireffectsonthegutmicrobiotaandimmunefunctionofbroilerchickensrequirefurtherexploration.

Inconclusion,theuseofGOandLABasfeedadditivesprovidesapromisingalternativetoantibioticsforpromotingthehealthandgrowthofbroilerchickens.Furtherresearchisneededtoexploretheoptimaldosagesandmechanismsunderlyingtheireffects。ItisalsoimportanttoconsiderthepotentiallimitationsorchallengesassociatedwiththeuseofGOandLABasfeedadditives.Oneconcernisthecost-effectivenessoftheseadditivescomparedtotraditionalantibiotics.Whileantibioticsmayberelativelyinexpensive,theincreasingprevalenceofantibioticresistanceandtheassociatedhealthriskstobothanimalsandhumanssuggestthatalternativesolutionsarenecessary.Itmaybemorecost-effectiveinthelongtermtoinvestinfeedadditivesthatpromoteahealthygutmicrobiotaandimmunefunction,leadingtobetteroverallhealthandgrowthinbroilerchickens.

AnotherchallengeisthestandardizationofdosagesandformulationsofGOandLAB.DifferentstrainsandpreparationsofGOandLABmayhavevaryingeffectsonbroilerchickens,andoptimaldosagesmayvarybasedonfactorssuchasage,breed,andenvironmentalconditions.FurtherresearchisneededtoidentifythemosteffectivestrainsandpreparationsofGOandLAB,aswellasoptimaldosagesanddeliverymethods.

Overall,theuseofGOandLABasfeedadditivesshowspromiseasanaturalandsustainablealternativetoantibioticsforpromotingthehealthandgrowthofbroilerchickens.Furtherresearchisneededtofullyunderstandthemechanismsunderlyingtheireffectsandtooptimizedosagesandformulationsformaximumeffectiveness.Bypromotingahealthygutmicrobiotaandimmunefunction,thesefeedadditivesmayhelptoimprovethewelfareandproductivityofbroilerchickenswhilereducingtherisksassociatedwithantibioticoveruse。Inrecentyears,concernsoverthedevelopmentofantibiotic-resistantbacteriaandtheirpotentialimpactonpublichealthhaveledtoincreasedscrutinyofantibioticuseincommercialanimalagriculture.Asaresult,therehasbeengrowinginterestindevelopingnaturalandsustainablealternativestoantibioticsforuseinanimalfeed.

Onepromisingalternativethathasattractedconsiderableattentioninrecentyearsistheuseoffeedadditivessuchasprobiotics,prebiotics,andplantextracts.Theseadditivesarebelievedtopromotethegrowthandhealthofbeneficialgutbacteria,whichinturncanhelptosupportimmunefunctionandreducetheriskofdisease.

Severalstudieshavesuggestedthatprobiotics,whicharelivemicroorganismsthatcanconferhealthbenefitsonthehostwhenadministeredinadequateamounts,mayhavepotentialasanaturalalternativetoantibioticsinbroilerchickenproduction.Forexample,astudypublishedinPoultrySciencefoundthatfeedingbroilerchickensadietsupplementedwithacombinationofprobioticsandplantextractsimprovedgrowthperformanceandreducedtheincidenceofrespiratoryinfectionscomparedtoacontroldiet.

Anotherstudy,publishedintheJournalofAppliedPoultryResearch,evaluatedtheeffectivenessofaprobioticsupplementcontainingLactobacillusacidophilusandPediococcusacidilacticiinimprovinggrowthperformanceandimmunefunctionofbroilerchickens.Theauthorsfoundthattheprobioticsupplementimprovedweightgain,feedconversionratio,andimmunefunction,andconcludedthatitcouldserveasanaturalandsustainablealternativetoantibioticsinbroilerproduction.

Inadditiontoprobiotics,prebiotics-non-digestiblefoodingredientsthatstimulatethegrowthofbeneficialgutbacteria-andplantextractshavealsoshownpromiseasnaturalalternativestoantibioticsinbroilerproduction.Forexample,astudypublishedinAnimalFeedScienceandTechnologyfoundthatablendofessentialoilsextractedfromplantssuchasthyme,oregano,andcinnamonimprovedgrowthperformanceandreducedtheincidenceofenteritisinbroilerchickens.

Whilethesestudiesprovidepromisingevidencethatfeedadditivesmayhavepotentialasnaturalalternativestoantibioticsinbroilerproduction,furtherresearchisneededtofullyunderstandtheirmechanismsofactionandoptimizedosagesandformulationsformaximumeffectiveness.Additionally,itwillbeimportanttoevaluatethelong-termeffectsoftheseadditivesonthehealthandproductivityofbroilerchickens,aswellastheirpotentialimpactontheenvironmentandfoodsafety.

Inconclusion,theuseofnaturalandsustainablealternativestoantibioticsinanimalfeedisanimportantareaofresearchthathasthepotentialtopromotethehealthandwelfareofanimalswhilereducingtherisksassociatedwithantibioticoveruse.Feedadditivessuchasprobiotics,prebiotics,andplantextractshaveshownpromiseinimprovingthegrowth,health,andproductivityofbroilerchickens,andfurtherresearchinthisareaiswarranted。Moreover,itisimportanttoconsidertheeconomicfeasibilityofusingthesenaturalandsustainablealternatives.Thecostofthesealternativesmaybehigherthantraditionalantibiotics,whichcanbeabarrierfortheirwidespreaduse.However,studieshaveshownthattheuseoffeedadditivescanimprovefeedefficiency,leadingtocostsavingsforproducersinthelongrun.

Furthermore,educationandoutreacheffortsaimedatproducersandconsumerscanhelppromotetheuseofnaturalandsustainablealternativestoantibioticsinanimalfeed.Producersneedtobeawareofthebenefitsofusingfeedadditivesandhowtheycanimproveanimalhealthandproductivitywhilereducingtherisksassociatedwithantibioticoveruse.Consumersalsohavearoletoplayinpromotingtheuseofnaturalandsustainablealternativesbydemandingmeatproductsfromanimalsthathavebeenraisedwithouttheuseofantibiotics.

Inconclusion,theuseofnaturalandsustainablealternativestoantibioticsinanimalfeedisapromisingapproachtopromoteanimalhealthandwelfarewhilereducingtherisksassociatedwithantibioticoveruse.Feedadditivessuchasprobiotics,prebiotics,andplantextractshaveshownpromiseinimprovingthegrowth,health,andproductivityofbroilerchickens,andfurtherresearchinthisareaiswarranted.However,itisimportanttoconsidertheeconomicfeasibilityofthesealternativesandpromoteeducationandoutreacheffortstoproducersandconsumers.Byworkingtogether,wecanmovetowardsamoresustainableandresponsibleapproachtoanimalagriculture。Inadditiontofeedadditives,thereareseveralotherapproachesthatcanbetakentoreduceantibioticuseinanimalagriculture.Onesuchapproachisimprovinghygieneandsanitationpracticesonfarms.Thiscanincludemeasuressuchasfrequentcleaninganddisinfectionoffacilitiesandequipment,aswellaspropermanagementofanimalwaste.

Anotherapproachistoimplementvaccinationprogramstopreventthespreadofinfectiousdiseasesinanimals.Bypreventinginfections,theremaybelessneedforantibioticstotreatsickanimals.However,therearechallengesassociatedwithimplementingvaccinationprogramsinanimalagriculture,includingcostandlogisticalconstraints.

Inaddition,thereisaneedtopromoteresponsibleuseofantibioticsinhumanmedicineaswell.Overuseandmisuseofantibioticsinhumanmedicinecancontributetothedevelopmentofantibiotic-resistantbacteria,whichcanthenspreadtoanimalsandtheenvironment.Therefore,pro