Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingideasaboutEnglandand

IndustrializationintheNetherlandsandWhilesomeEuropeancountries,suchasEnglandcompleycompley

bythestartofthe

Germany,begantoindustrializeintheeighteenthcentury,theNeherlandsandtheScandinaviancountriesofDenmark,Theypossessed sofTheywereovertakeneconomicallybytheNeherlandsandScandinaviaduringtheearlynineteenthcentury.TheysucceededforthesamereasonsthattheNetherlandsandScandinaviadid.仔細讀文章啊Paragraph2suggestswhichofhefollowingaboutheimportanceofpopulationdensityintheIndustrializationoftheNeherlandsandItwasamoreimportantfactorthanpopulaionItwasmoreinfluentialhanherateofpopulationgrowItwasmoreimportantintheearlystagesthanitwasItwasnotasignificant推理題。錯誤原因：當時做題時，胡亂推理。想著人口多少也就是人口密度多少了。但這是兩個不同的東西，如此的話，esi應該只是定位就明顯錯了。不要臆斷！！！仔細讀文章Accordingtoparagraphs2and3,whichofthefollowingcontributedsignificanlytohesuccessfuleconomicdevelopmentofheNetherlandsandofScandinavia?TherelativelysmallsizeoftheirpopulaTherapidrateatwhichtheirpopulationswereThelargeamountofcapitaltheyhadavailableforThehighproporionofheircitizenswhowereAccordingtoparagraph4,becauseoftheirlocationtheNetherlandsandtheScandinaviancountrieshadallofhefollowingadvantageswhentheybegantoindustrializeEXCEPTaccesstoshipbuildingmilitarycontrolofheTheword“exceptional”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningTheword“abolished”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph5,eachofthefollowingcontributedposiivelytoheindustrializationofTheNetherlandsandScandinaviaEXCEPT

Norway,andSwedendevelopedlater.Allfourofthesecountrieslaggedconsiderablybehindintheearlynineteenthcentury.However,theyindustrializedrapidlyinthesecondhalfofthecentury,especiallyinthelasttwoorthreedecades.Inviewoftheirlaterstartandtheirlackofcoal—undoubtedlymainreasontheywerenotamongheearlyindustrializers—itisimportanttounderstandthesourcesoftheirsuccess.Allhadsmallpopulaions.Athebeginningofhenineteenthcentury，DenmarkandNorwayhadfewerhan1millionpeople,whileSwedenandheNetherlandshadfewerthan25millioninhabitants.Allexhibitedmoderategrowthratesinthecourseofthecentury(DenmarkhehighestandSwedenthelowest),butallmorehandoubledinpopulationby1900.Densityvariedgreatly.TheNetherlandshadoneofthehighestpopulaiondensitiesinEurope,whereasNorwayandSwedenhadhelowest.DenmarkwasinbetweenbutclosertotheNe此段先是說了人口數量變化，然后說了人口密度變化Consideringhumancapitalasacharacteristicofpopulaionhowever,allfourcountrieswereadvantagedbythelargepercentagesoftheirpopulationswhocouldreadandwrite.Inboth1850and1914,heScandinaviancountrieshadthehighestlicyratesinEurope,orintheworld,andtheNeherlandswaswellabovetheEuropeanaverage.ThisfactwasofenormousvalueinhelthenationaleconomiesfindtheirnichesinheevolvingcurrentsofheinternationalLocationwasanimportantfactorforallfourcountries.Allhadimmediateaccesstothesea,andthishadimportantimplicationsfora2）significantinternationalresource,fish,aswellasfor1）cheaptransport,merchantmarines,andthe3）shipbuildingindustry.Eachtookadvantageofheseopportunitiesinitsownway.ThepeopleofheNetherlands,wihalongtraditionoffisheriesandmercanileship ,haddifficultyindevelogoodharborssuitablefor eventuallytheydidsoatRotterdamandAmsterdam,wihexceptionalresultsfortransittradewithGermanyandcentralEuropeandfortheprocessingofoverseasfoodstuffsandrawmaterials(sugar,tobacco,chocolate,grain,andeventuallyoil).Denmarkalsohadanadmirablecommercialhistory,particularlywithrespecttotrafficthroughheSound(thestraitseparaingDenmarkandSweden).In1857,inreturnforapaymentof63millionkronorfromohercommercialnations,DenmarkabolishedtheSoundtolldueshefeesithadcollectedsince1497fortheuseoftheSound.This,alongwithothershiftstowardtrade,resultedinasignificantincreaseintraffichroughtheSoundandintheportofThepoliicalinstituionsofhefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializaionoreconomicgrowh.4）Thenineteenhcenturypassedrelativelypeacefullyforthesecountries,wihprogressivedemocratizationtakingceingenerallyliberaltradehugeprojectsundertakenbytherelativelylittlesocialorpoliticalTheword“progressive”inhepassageisclosestinmeaning

ofthem.Theywerereasonablywellerned,2,3）withoutnotablecorrupionorgrandiosestateprojects,althoughinallofthemtheernmentgavesomeaidtorailways,andinSwedenhestatebuiltthemainlines.Assmallcountriesdependentonforeignmarkets,theyfollowed1）aliberaltradeinhemain,houghaprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden.InDenmarkandSwedenagriculturalreformstookcegraduallyfromthelateeighteenthcenturythroughthefirsthalfofhenineteenh,resulinginanewclassofpeasantlandownerswithadefinitemarketorientation.Theauthorincludestheinformaionthat“aprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden”inorderto

立樁標出,置于監視supporttheclaimthatthepoliticalinstitutionsofthefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializaionoreconomicgrowh。定位太遠了identifyanexceptiontothegeneraltrendfavoringliberalexinwhySwedenindustrializedlessquicklythanheoherScandinaviancountriesandNetherlands。無中生有。provideevidencehatagriculturalreformstakecemorequicklyincountrieshathavealiberaltradethaninthosehatdoWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessenialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinhepassage?IncorrectchoiceschangehemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessenialinformationTheearlyindustrializescontrolledmostofheinternaionaleconomy,leavingthesecountriestostakeoutnewareasofspecializationalonghemargins.Aidedbyheirhighlicyratesthesecountrieswereable

Thekeyfactorinthesuccessofthesecountries(alongwithhighlicy,whichcontributedtoit)wastheirabilitytoadapttotheinternationaldivisionoflabordeterminedbytheearlyindustrializersandtostakeoutareasofspecializationininternationalmarketsforwhichtheywereespeciallywellsuited.ThismeantagreatdependenceonclaimkeyareasofspecializationwithinestablishedinternationalHighlicyratesenabledthesecountriestotakeoverinternationalmarketsandadaptheinternaionaldivisionoflabortosuittheirstrengths.因果倒置Theinternaionaldivisionoflaborestablishedbytheearlyindustrializeswassuitedtohesecountries,akeyfactorintheir是國際wassuitedto這些國家，明明就是反了！！

internaionalcommerce,whichhadnotoriousfluctuations;butitalsomeanthighreturnstothosefactorsofproductionthatwerefortunateenoughtobewellcedintimesofprosperity.InSwedenexportsaccountedfor18percentofhenational ein1870,andin1913,22percentofamuchlarger e.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,Denmarkexported63percentofitsagriculturalproduction:butter,porkproducts,andeggs.Itexported80percentofitsbutter,almostalltoGreatBritain,whereitaccountedfor40percentofBritishbutterimports.句子簡化題。錯誤原因：因為原文hhctdtot是在括號里，所有就被我跳過了，以為不是重要信息，所以在判斷b，c時，由于其關鍵信息都與icyes有關，所以直接忽視了。然后看了下a不對，就選了d。記住句子簡化題一定要把原句好好的讀！！一字不漏！！關鍵還是仔細Accordingtoparagraph6,amajorproblemwithdependingheavilyoninternationalmarketswasthatheylackedwerenotwellsuitedtoagriculturalwerelargelycontrolledbytheearlyledtoslowergrowthoflocalAccordingtoparagraph6.whatadvantagecouldacountrygainfrombeingheavilyinvolvedininternationalcommerce?Asteadilyrising GreatercontrolovermarketHighreturnswhenthingswentAreducedneedfor細節題。錯誤原因首先，詞匯！還是詞匯！return是收益！！不是！！是recall！受豐田影響太深了。。所以c就不是的東西了！！ 關鍵還是看仔WhilesomeEuropeancountries,suchasEnglandandGermany,begantoindustrializeintheeighteenthcentury,theNetherlandsandtheScandinaviancountriesofDenmarkNorway,andSwedendevelopedlater.Allfourofthesecountrieslaggedconsiderablybehindinheearlynineteenthcentury.■However,heyindustrializedrapidlyinhesecondhalfofhecentury,especiallyinhelasttwoorthreedecades■Inviewoftheirlaterstartandtheirlackofcoal—undoubtedlyhemainreasontheywerenotamongheearlyindustrializers—itisimportanttounderstandthesourcesofheirsuccess.■此處直接跟下文了Lookathefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencebeaddedtopassageDuringthisperiod,SwedenhadthehighestrateofgrowthoutputpercapitaofanycountryinEurope,andDenmarkwasWherewouldhesentencebest1234Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingheTHERRanswerchoiceshatexpressthemostimportantideasinhepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecauseheyexpressideashatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.AlthoughtheNetherlandsandScandinaviabegantoindustrializerelativelylate,theydidsoverysuccessfullyAlthoughthesecountriesallstartedwithsmall,uneducatedpopulationsindustrializaionledtosignificantpopulaiongrowhandhigherlicyrates.錯了吧Becauseheyallstartedwihgoodharborsfor ships,hesecountriesstartedwithanimportantadvantageinthecompetiionfortransittrade.錯了吧Thesecountriesweresuccessfulprimarilybecausetheirhighlicyrateshelpedthemfillspecializedmarketniches.Thankstotheirreadyaccesstohesea,thesecountriesenjoyedadvantagesinmercanileship,fishing,andshipbuilding.Thesecountrieswerehelpedbyhefactthatheirernmentswererelativelystableandhonestandgenerallysupportedliberaltradepolicies.Becauseheywereneverfullydependentoninternaionalcommerce,hesecountrieswereabletosurvivenotoriousfluctuaionsininternaionalmarkets.無關了參考答案BDDDAABCBBACCThankstoThesecountrieswerehelpedb?.Thesecountriesweresccessl?Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessenialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinhepassage?IncorrectchoiceschangehemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessenialinformationItistheconventionaltheorythatwhenpeopleareboredorsleepy,heyoftenexperienceadropinbloodoxygenlevelsduetoheirshallowbreathing。把原文信息亂湊在了一起。Theconvenionaltheoryisthatpeopleyawnwhenboredorsleepybecauseyawningraisesbloodoxygenlevels,whichinturnraisesAccordingtoconvenionalheory,yawningismorelikelytooccurwhenpeopleareboredorsleepythanwhenheyarealertandbreahingdeeply。完全錯。Yawningaccordingtotheconventionaltheory,iscausedbyboredomorlackofsleepandcanbeavoidedthroughdeeperbreahing。完全錯。

ThemysteryofAccordingtoconventionaltheory,yawningtakescewhenpeopleareboredorsleepyandservesthefunctionofincreasingalertnessbyreversing,throughdeeperbreathing,thedropinbloodoxygenlevelsthatarecausedbytheshallowbreathingthat panieslackofsleeporboredom.Unfortunay,thefewscienificinvestigationsofyawninghavefailedtofindanyconnectionbetweenhowoftensomeoneyawnsandhowmuchsleeptheyhavehadorhowiredheyare.Abouttheclosestanyresearchhascometosupportinghetirednesstheoryistoconfirmhatadultsyawnmoreoftenonweekdaysthanatweekends,andthatschoolchildrenyawnmorefrequenlyintheirfirstyearatprimaryschoolthanheydoin句子簡化題。錯誤原因：沒有看出來原句有兩層意思，一是哈欠發生在在人們無聊和想睡覺時（并沒有說這兩者引起了哈欠），能（哈欠通過深呼吸，反轉了的ldxgenleel，這個是由于少眠引起的淺呼吸，最終提高了aleess。）前，會遺失大量關鍵信息。日。。然后我們說說b。傳統觀點認為，哈欠發生在無聊和想睡覺時，這是因為哈欠提高了ldygenlevel，這個轉而調高alertnes。呵呵。文章哪選。【特注】其實讓我們來仔細理解下原句“哈欠有提高aleess是通過反轉已經下降的血中氧氣完成的。這個反轉是通過深呼吸。這個血氧下降是由于少眠和無聊”。如此的話，我們就說得通了。因為血氧下降是由于少眠，哈欠的功能又是提高血氧。所以就形成了“因為哈欠可以提高血氧（這個血氧變化與少眠有關），所以哈欠發生在少眠和無聊時”關鍵是把原句看完整，看仔細。同時選也要看仔細inparagragh1,whatpointdoesheauhormakeaboutheevidenceforhetirednessheoryofyawning？ThereisnoscientificevidencelinkingyawningwithTheevidenceiswide-rangingbecauseitcoversmultipleage-Theevidenceisreliablebecauseitwascollectedoveralongperiodofime.Theevidenceisquestionablebecauseheyawningpatternsofchildrenandadultsshouldbedifferent完全無關內容heword”flaw”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningintheparagraph2whydoestheauthornotehatherewerephysiologicalchangeswhensubjectsopenedtheirmouthsorbreahedTopresentanargumentinsupportofhetirednessTocastdoubtonthereliabilityoftheteststhatmeasurementheartrate,muscletensionandskinconductance.Toargueagainstthehypothesisthatyawningprovidesaspecialwaytoimprovealertnessorraisephysiologicalactivity.Tosupportheideahatopeningthemouhorbreathingdeeplycanaffectbloodoxygenlevels.

做簡化題看來還是要用排除法Anotherflawoftheirednessheoryishatyawningdoesnotraisealertnessorphysiologicalactivity,ashetheorywouldpredict.1）Whenresearchersmeasuredtheheartrate,muscletensionandskinconductanceofpeoplebefore,duringandafteryawning,heydiddetectsomechangesinskinconductancefollowingyawning,indicaingaslightincreaseinphysiologicalacivity.However,similarchangesoccurredwhenhesubjectswereaskedsimplytoopenheirmouthsortobreahedeeply.Yawningdidnohingspecialtoheirstateofphysiologicalactivity.3）Experimentshavealsocastseriousdoubtonhebeliefthatyawningistriggeredbyadropinbloodoxygenorariseinbloodcarbondioxide.Volunteersweretoldtothinkaboutyawningwhiletheybreahedeihernormalair,pureoxygen,oranairmixturewithanabove-normallevelofcarbondioxide.Iftheheorywascorrect,breahingairwihextracarbondioxideshouldhaveyawning,whilebreahingpureoxygenshouldhavesuppressedyawning.Infact,neitherconditionmadeanydifferencetothefrequencyofyawning,whichremainedconstantatabout24yawnsperhour4）Anoherexperimentdemonstratedthatphysicalexercise,whichwassufficienlyvigoroustodoubleherateofbreahing,hadnoeffectonthefrequencyofyawningAgaintheimplicaionishatyawninghaslittleornohingtodowithoxygen.目的是tirednessheory，而非對這個實驗的可靠性做否定，且bTheword“triggered”inhepassageisclosestinmeaningparagraph2answersallofhefollowingquesionsaboutyawningdoesthinkingaboutyawningincreaseyawningovernotthinkingaboutyawning?Doestheamountofcarbondioxideandoxygenintheairaffecttherateatwhichpeopleyawn?Doestherateofbreathingaffecttherateatwhichpeople

Acompleydifferenttheoryholdsthatyawningassistsinhephysicaldevelopmentofhelungsearlyinlife,buthasnoremainingbiologicalfuncioninadults.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthatyawningand mightservetoclearouthefetus'sairways.Thelungsofafetussecretealiquidhatmixeswithitsmother'samnioicfluid.Babieswihcongenitalblockagesthatpreventthisfluidfromescafromheirlungsaresometimesbornwihdeformedlungs.Itmightbethatyawninghelpstoclearoutthelungsbyperiodicallyloweringthepressureinhem.Accordingtohistheory,yawninginadultsisjustadevelopmentalfossilwithnobiologicalfuncion.But,whileacceptinghatnoteverythinginlifecanbeexinedbyDarwinianevoluion,thereareTheword“periodically”inhepassageisclosestinhemeaning reasonsforbeingskepticalofheorieslikehisone,

heissueofwhatyawningdoesforadults.Yawningis ing,consumesenergyandtakestime.Itisalmost ngsomehingsignificantinadultsaswellasin Whatcoulditdaccordingtothedevelopmentaltheoryofyawningpresentedinparagraph3.Whatistheroleofyawning?ItcausedhiccupswhichaidinthedevelopmentofheItcontrolsheamountofpressurethelungsceonoherdeveloorgans原文那個them就是lungs，所以沒有其他的IpreventsamnioticfluidfromenteringtheItremovesapotentiallyharmfulfluidfromhe原文多次提到clearParagraph3supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouthedevelopmenttheoryofyawning?exintheThetheoryisattractivebecauseitexinsyawningfromexintheThetheoryisunsaisfactorybecauseitcannotdeformitiesofinfants.ThetheoryisquestionablebecauseitdoesnotexinwhyauselessandinconvenientbehaviorwouldconinueintoadulhoodThetheoryis pletebecauseitdoesnotexinalltheevolutionarystagesinhedevelopmentofyawning.

Theempiricalevidence,suchasitis,suggestsanaltogeherdifferentfunctionforyawning—namely,thatyawningpreparesusforachangeinacivitylevel.Supportforthistheorycamefromastudyofyawningbehaviorineverydaylife.Volunteersworewrist-mounteddeviceshatautomaticallyrecordedheirphysicalacivityforuptotwoweeks:thevolunteersalso

細節題。2nd首先可以排除理論有所懷疑，然后用了限制性定從，“這個理論回避了解釋哈欠對成年人的作用”。所以如果用對應的話也可以找出答案！！c沒有給寫出continue前有沒有什么時間，所以continueintoadult行為繼續存在于adult（可能意思就是，從進化論上來講，一個無用的東西會，但這個無用的東西卻繼續存在于成年期）關鍵還是仔細Theword“empirical”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningBasedoncommonBasedon

recordedtheiryawnsbypressingabuttononhedeviceeachtimetheyyawned.Thedatashowedhatyawningtendedtooccurabout15minutesbeforeaperiodofincreasedbehavioralactivity.Yawningborenorelationshiptosleeppatterns,howeverThisaccordswihanecdotalevidencehatpeopleoftenyawninsituationswhereheyareneiherirednorbored,butarepreparingforimpendingmentalandphysicalacivity.Suchyawningisoftenreferredtoas"incongruous"becauseitseemsoutofce,atleastonthetirednessview:soldiersyawningbeforecombat,musiciansyawningbeforeperforming,andathletesyawningbeforecompeting.Theiryawningseemstohavenothingtodowithsleepinessorboredom—quitethereverse—butitdoesprecedeachangeinacivitylevel.observationorexperiment。這里不人理解的經驗主義。。Thestudyofyawningbehaviordiscussedinparagraph4supportswhichofhefollowingconclusions?YawningisassociatedwihanexpectaionofincreasedphysicalacivityYawningoccursmorefrequentlywhenpeopleareaskedtorecordheiryawningPeopletendtoyawnaboutfifteenminutesbeforehey iredorboredMentalorphysicalstresstendstomakepeoplewhydoestheauthormenion“soldiersyawningbeforecombat,musiciansyawningbeforeperforming,andahletesyawningbeforeToarguethatjusttheexpectationofphysicalactivitycanmakesomepeoplefeeltiredToexnhowtheviewthatpeopleyawnbecausetheyareiredaccountsforyawningbeforestressfulsituaionsTosupportheviewhatyawninghelpsprepareaformentalorphysicalexertionToprovideanecdotalevidencehatswihtheexperienceofhevolunteersinthestudy段落主旨

Anotherflawofthetirednessheoryisthatyawningdoesnotraisealertnessorphysiologicalactivity,asheheorywouldpredict.Whenresearchersmeasuredtheheartrate,muscletensionandskinconductanceofpeoplebefore,duringandafteryawning,theydiddetectsomechangesinskinconductancefollowingyawning,indicaingaslightincreaseinphysiologicalactivity.However,similarchangesoccurredwhenthesubjectswereaskedsimplytoopenheirmouhsortobreathedeeply.Yawningdidnothingspecialtoheirstateofphysiologicalacivity.Experimentshavealsocastseriousdoubtonhebeliefthatyawningistriggeredbyadropinbloodoxygenorariseinbloodcarbondioxide.■Volunteersweretoldtothinkaboutyawningwhileheybreathedeithernormalair,pureoxygen,oranairmixturewithanabove-normallevelofcarbondioxide.■Ifheheorywascorrect,breahingairwihextracarbondioxideshouldhavetriggeredyawning,whilebreathingpureoxygenshouldhavesuppressedyawning■Infact,neithercondiionmadeanydifferencetohefrequencyofyawning,whichremainedconstantatabout24yawnsperhour.■Anotherexperimentdemonstratedthatphysicalexercise,whichwassufficientlyvigoroustodoubletherateofbreahing,hadnoeffectonhefrequencyofyawningAgainheimplicationishatyawninghaslitleornothingtodowihoxygen.lookathefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentenceshouldbeaddedtothepassageThis,however,wasnotthe

句子插入題錯誤原因：大概是3周沒做題目了，有點不會了。題干明明就是轉折，a啊？？？a前有expeient，a后就是整個expeient的內容了。1234Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingheTHERRanswerchoiceshatexpressthemostimportantideasinhepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Thetirednesstheoryofyawningdoesnotseemtoexinwhyyawningoccurs.

1424Althoughearlierscientificstudiesstronglysupportedhetirednessheorynewhascastdoubtonthese原文說的是Accordingtoconventionaltheory，似乎不能和earlier對應吧。stronglysupported好像也是原文沒有先關支撐的內容吧。原文只是提到了下。Somehaveproposedhatyawningysaroleinthedevelopmentofhelungsbeforebirthbutthatitservesnopurposeinadult。p3Newstudies,alongwithanecdotalevidence,haveshownthathefrequencyofyawningincreasesduringextendedperiodsofEvidencehasshownthatyawningisalmostcompleyunrelatedtoamountofoxygeninhebloodandisunrelatedtosleepFluidsinthelungsofthefetuspreventyawningfromoccurring,whichdisproveshedevelopmentalheoryofyawning.亂七八糟Thereissomeevidencethatsuggeststhatyawningpreparesthebodyandmindforachangeinactivitylevelp4參考答案BAACDBCDCDACCSomehaveproposeat?.Thereissomeeidece?.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingtakeceinthedevelopmentofaflashoflighteningexceptGreattensionbetweentwoopposiychargedAnincreaseinnegativelychargedpariclesoverposiivelychargedOpposiychargedparticlescomingThereleaseofelectricalenergyintheformofvisibleTheword“tremendous”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph2,whatcausesicecrystalto CollisionswithiceCollisionswithnegativelychargedicecrystalsatthebaseofheingconcentratedinthecentralregionoftheFormingatatemperaturegreaterthan15℃Theword【acquireinthepassageisclosestinmeaning

Lightningisabrilliantflashoflightproducedbyanelectricaldischargefromastormcloud.Theelectricaldischargetakescewhentheattractivetension1）betweenaregionofnegativelychargedparticlesandaregionofpositivelycharged essogreatthathechargedparticlessuddenlyrushtogeher.3）Thecomingtogetherofheopposiychargedparticlesneutralizesheelectricaltensionand4）releasesatremendousamountofenergy,whichweseeaslightning.TheseparationofposiivelyandnegaivelychargedparticlestakesceduringhedevelopmentofthestormTheseparationofchargedparticlesthatformsinastormcloudhasasandwich-likestructure.Concentraionsofposiivelychargedparticlesdevelopatthetopandbottomofhecloud,butthemiddleregion esnegaivelycharged.Recentmeasurementsmadeinhefieldtogeherwithlaboratorysimulationsofferapromisingexnationofhowhisstructureofchargedpariclesforms.Whathappensishatsmall(millimeter-tocentimeter-size)pelletsoficeforminhecoldupperregionsofhecloud.Whentheseicepelletsfall,someofthemstrikemuchsmallericecrystalsinthecenterofthecloud.4）Thetemperatureatthecenterofthecloudisabout-15℃orlower.Atsuchtemperatures,thecollisionbetweentheiceAccordingtoparagraph2,whyarepositivelychargedicepelletsproducedinhelowerpartofhecloud?increaseinCollisionsbetweenicecrystalsandincreasein（無中生有）inhelowerpartoftheThelowerpartofthecloudissmaller（比較！！）hantheregionaboveitMoreicepellets（無中生有的比較）hanicecrystalsreachthelowerpartofthecloudTemperatureinhelowerpartofthecloudarewarmerthan-

pelletsandheicecrystalscauseselectricalchargestoshiftsothatheicepelletsacquireanegativechargeandtheice epositivelycharged.1）Thenupdraftwindcurrentscarrythelight,positivelychargedicecrystalsuptohetopofthecloud.2）Theheaviernegativelychargedicepelletsarelefttoconcentrateinhecenter.Thisprocessexinswhythetopofthecloud espositivelycharged,whilethe esnegativelycharged.Thenegativelychargedregionislarge:severalhundredmetersthickandseveralkilometersindiameter.Belowthislarge,cold,negaivelychargedregion,thecloudiswarmerthan-15℃,andathesetemperatures,collisionsbetweenicecrystalsandfallingicepelletsproducepositivelychargedicepelletshatthenpopulateasmallregionatthebaseofhecloud.好好定位Accordingtoparagraph2,themiddleregionofacloud negativelychargedduetoallofhefollowingexceptAshiftofelectricalchargedbetweenicepelletsandiceNegativelychargedicepelletshatremainintheAtemperatureof-15℃orThedevelopmentofapositivechargeatthebaseoftheTheauthorremarkshat【Lightningthatstrikesthegroundisthemostlikelytobedestructive】inordertoexinwhyThisformoflightninghasbeeninvestigatedsoThisformoflightningisnotascommonaslightningwithoutaScientificunderstandingofthisformoflightningisThebuildupofpositivechargeonthegroundbeneahastormcloudcanhaveseriousconsequences.

Mostlightningtakescewihinacloudwhenthechargeseparaionwihinthecloudcollapses.However,ashestormclouddevelops,thegroundbeneaththecloud posiivelychargedandlightningcantakeceintheformanelectricaldischargebetweenhenegaivechargeofthecloudandheposiivelychargedground.Lightningthatstrikesthegroundisthemostlikelytobedestructive,soeventhoughitrepresentsonly20percentofalllightningithasreceivedalotofscienificattenUsinghigh-speedphotography,scientistshavedeterminedhattherearetwostepstotheoccurrenceoflightningfromacloudtotheground.First,achannel,orpath,isformedthatconnectsthecloudandthegroundThenastrongcurrentofelectronsfollowsthatpathfromthecloudtoheground,anditishatcurrentthatilluminateshechannelasthelightningwesee.beeninvestigated。回到原文中的話，somuch和alotof也完全對應了仔細看原文！！不 臆斷！！找最緊密的句子好好對應Theword仔細看原文！！不 臆斷！！找最緊密的句子好好對應

Theformaionofthechannelisinitiatedwhenelectronssurgefromthecloudbasetowardtheground.WhenastreamofAccordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueofhestreamofchargedparticlesfromhegroundItpreventsstreamsofelectronsfromthecloudfromstrikingheItcompletesachannelhatconnectsthestormcloudwithheItproducesastreamofelectronsfromtheIwidensthepathmadebytheinitialstreamofelectronsfromheWhichofthefollowingclaimsaboutlightningstrikescanbeinferredfromparagraph5?DuringalightningstrikethediameterofthechannelheelectronsfollowisconsiderablyenlargedbeyondafewcentimetersAbuildingisunlikelytobehitbylightningunlessitisatleast100meterstail。亂拼湊的信息。AbuildingishitbyalightningstrikebecausethebuildingitselfhasfirstdeterminedhepahthelighteningthentakestoitThelightofalightningstrikefirst無中生有appearsatthepointwherethestreamsofnegativeandposiiveparticlesmeet。

thesenegaivelychargedelectronscomeswithin100metersofthegrounditismetbyastreamofpositivelychargedparticlesthatcomesupfromtheground.Whenhenegativelyandposiivelychargedstreamsmeet,acompletechannelconnectinghecloudandthegroundisformed.Thechannelisonlyafewcenimetersindiameter,buthatiswideenoughforelectronstofollowthechanneltohegroundinthevisibleformofaflashoflightning.Thestreamofpositiveparicleshatmeetshesurgeofelectronsfromthecloudoftenarisesfromatallpointedstructuresuchasametalflagpoleoratower.Thatiswhythesubsequentlightninghatfollowsthecompletedchanneloftenstrikesatallstructure.Onceachannelhasbeenformed,itisusuallyusedbyseverallightningdischarges,eachofthemconsistingofastreamofelectronsfromhecloudmeetingastr