單位（學校）：作者（教師或學生）：電話QQ郵箱微信絕密★啟用并使用完畢前2012年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試（山東卷）英語本試卷分第I卷和第II卷兩部分，共12頁，滿分150分。考試用時120分鐘。考試結束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。注意事項:答題前，考生務必用0.5毫米黑色簽字筆將自己的姓名、座號、考生號、縣區和科類填寫在答題卡和試卷規定的位置上。第I卷每小題選出答案后，用2B鉛筆在答題卡上對應題目的答案標號涂黑，如需要改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標號。第II卷必須用0.5毫米黑色簽字筆作答，答案必須寫在答題卡各題目指定區域內相應的位置，不能寫在試卷上；如需改動，先劃掉原來的答案然后再寫上新的答案；不能使用涂改液、臍帶紙、修正帶。不按以上要求作答的答案無效。第I卷（共105分）第一部分：聽力（共兩節，滿分30分）第一節（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項，并標在試卷的相應位置。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。例：Howmuchistheshirt?￡19.5B.￡9.15C.￡9.18答案是B。Wheredoesthisconversationprobablytakeplace?Inabookstore.B.Inaclassroom.C.Inalibrary.Atwhattimewillthefilmbegin?7:20B.7:15C.7:00whatarethetwospeakersmainlytalkingaobut?TheirfriendJaneB.Aweekendtrip.C.Aradioprogramme.Whatwillthewomanprobablydo?Catchatrain.B.SeethemanoffC.Goshopping.whydidthewomanapologize?ShemadealatedeliveryB.ShewenttothewrongplaceC.Shecouldn'ttakethecakeback第二節（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項，并標在試卷的相應位置。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話讀兩遍。聽下面一段材料，回答第6和第7兩個小題。WhoseCDisbroken?A.Kathy'sB.Mum'sC.Jack'sWhatdoestheboypromisetodoforthegirl?BuyheranewCD.B.Dosomecleaning.C.Givehere10dollars.聽一面一段對話，回答第8和第9兩個小題。Whatdidthemanthinkofthemeal?Justso-so.B.QuitesatisfactoryC.Abitdisappointing.whatwasthe15%onthebillpaidfor?Thefood.B.ThedrinksC.Theservice.聽一面一段對話，回答第10和第12三個小題。Whyisthemanattheshop?ToorderacameraforhiswifeB.TohaveacamerarepairedC.TogetacamerachangedWhatcolourdoesthemanwant?Pink.B.Black.C.Orange.Whatwillthemandoafterwards?.MakeaphonecallB.WaituntilfurthernoticeC.Comeagainthenextday.聽一面一段對話，回答第13和第16兩個小題。WhatwouldJoeprobablydoduringtheThanksgivingholiday?Gotoaplay.B.Stayathome.C.VisitKingston.WhatisArielgoingtodoinToronto?Attendaparty.B.Meetheraunt.C.Seeacarshow.WhyisArielinahurrytoleave?TocallupBettyB.TobuysomeDVDs.C.TopickupDanielWhatmightbetherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?Classmates.B.FellowworkersC.Guideandtourist聽一面一段對話，回答第17至第20四個小題。WheredoesThomasManningwork?IntheGuinnessCompanyB.Ataradiostation.C.Inamuseum.Wheredidtheideaofabookofrecordscomefrom?abird-shootingtripB.AvisittoEuropeC.Atelevisiontalkshow.19.WhendidSirHugh'sfirstbookofrecordsappear?In1875B.In1950C.In195520.Whatarethetwospeakersgoingtotalkaboutnext?MorerecordsofunusualfactsB.ThefounderofthecompanyC.Theoldestpersonintheworld.第二部分：英語知識運用（共兩節,滿分35分）第一節語法和詞匯知識運用（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）從A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑21.Whenyouaredonewiththebook,justgiveittoLucyorHelenor.A.whoeverB.whereverC.whateverD.however22.—SorryI'mlate.Igotstuckintraffic.—.You'reherenow.Comeinandsitdown.A.YouarewelcomeB.That'srightC.IhavenoideaD.Nevermind23.Mariahaswrittentwonovels,bothofhavebeenmadeintotelevisionseries.A.themB.thatC.whichD.what24.Myfirstofhimwasthathewasakindandthoughtfulyoungman.A.expressionB.attentionC.satisfactionD.impression25.Itdoesn'tmatteryoupaybycashorcreditcardinthisstore.A.howB.whetherC.whatD.whyGeorgereturnedafterthewar,onlythathiswifehadlefthim.A.tobetoldB.tellingC.beingtoldD.toldHesmiledpolitelyMaryapologizedforherdrunkenfriends.A.asB.ifC.unlessD.thoughAfterJackhadsentsomee-mails,heworkingonhisproject.A.hadstartedB.hasstartedC.startedD.startsBeingabletoafforddrinkwouldbecomfortinthosetoughtimes.A.the;theB.a;aC.a;不填D.不填；a30.Ifweadequatepreparations,theconferencewouldn'thavebeensosuccessful.A.haven'tmadeB.wouldn'tmakeC.didn'tmakeD.hadn'tmade31.—Idon'tknowaboutyou,butI'msickandtiredofthisweather.—.Ican'tstandallthisrain.A.Idon'tcareB.It'shardtosayC.SoamIIhopesoAnumberofhighbuildingshavearisentherewasnothingayearagobutruins.

A.whenB.whereC.beforeD.untilBe—youcan'texpectmetofinishallthisworkinsolittletime.A.reasonableB.confidentC.creativeD.gratefulThemanagerwasconcernedtohearthattwoofhistrustedworkers.A.willleaveB.areleavingC.haveleftD.wereleavingAftercompletingandsigningit,pleasereturntheformtousintheenvelope.A.providingB.providedC.havingprovidedD.provide第二節：完形填空（共20小題；每小題1分，滿分20分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后所給各題的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡將該項涂黑。Wheneverwehearabout“thehomeless,”,mostofusthinkoftheDevelopingWorld.Butthe36isthathomelessnessiseverywhere.Forexample,howmanyofuswouldexpecttoseepeoplelivingonthestreetsofa37countrylikeGermany?KurtMullerandhiswifeRitahavespentelevenyearsmaking38forthehomelessofBerlin,Germany'scapital.Theyfirst39onelonghotsummerwhenmostGermanswere40onholiday.Kurtandhiswifestayedathome,madesandwiches,41atableinthestreetandgavefoodtothehomeless.TheMullerssoonrealizedthatfoodandclothingweren't42.“Whatthesepeoplealsoneediswarmthand43，”saysRita.TheMullersdidn't44togivetheirphonenumbertothestreetpeopleandtoldthemtophoneanytime.Rita45therewassomebodyathometoanswerthephoneandtheirhomewasalways46toanyonewhocouldn'tfaceanothernightonthestreet.Thecoupleweresoon47alltheirtimeandmoney,soKurtvisitedfoodandclothingcompaniesto4^donations.Today,overthirtycompanies49donatefoodandothergoodstothecauseandvolunteershelpto50themtothehomeless.Thepublicalsogiveclothesandmoneyandashoeproducer51newshoes.KurtandRitareceiveno52fortheirhardwork.“Wefeellikeparents,"saysRita,“andparentsshouldn't53moneyforhelpingtheirchildren.Thelovewegetonthestreetsisoursalary."ThoughRitaadmitssheoftengets54.shesaysshewillcontinuewithherworkbecauseshelikesthefeelingofhavingmadea55intheworld.A.resultB.truthC.reasonD.idea5.A.traditionalA.preparationsA.beganA.asleepA.broughtupA.enoughA.fameA.hesitateA.makesenseB.developingB.housesC.mealsB.metC.calledB.aloneC.acrossD.awayB.setupC.putasideC.typicalD.wealthy

D.suggestionsD.leftD.gaveawayB.necessaryC.helpfulD.expensiveB.freedomC.courageD.caringB.agreeC.pretendD.intendB.foundoutC.makesureD.workedoutA.openA.costingA.openA.costingA.payforA.completelyA.advertiseA.donatesA.permissionA.borrowA.surprisedA.profitcrowdedC.noisyD.nearwastingC.takingD.spendingaskforC.lookintoD.carryoutcalmlyC.regularlyD.roughlysellC.deliverD.lendproducesC.designsD.collectspaymentC.directionD.supportraiseC.saveD.expectexcitedC.tiredD.amuseddifferenceC.decisionD.rule第三部分：閱讀理解（共20小題；每小題2分，滿分40分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。ThePacificislandnationofNauruusedtobeabeautifulplace.Nowitisanecologicaldisasterarea.Nauru'sheartbreakingstorycouldhaveonegoodconsequence—othercountriesmightlearnfromitsmistakes.Forthousandsofyears,PolynesianpeoplelivedontheremoteislandofNauru,farfromwesterncivilization.ThefirstEuropeantoarrivewasJohnFearnin1798.HewastheBritishcaptainoftheHunter,awhalingship.HecalledtheislandPleasantIsland.However,becauseitwasveryremote,NauruhadlittlecommunicationwithEuropeansatfirst.Thewhalingshipsandothertradersbegantovisit,bringinggunsandalcohol.Theseelementsdestroyedthesocialbalanceofthetwelvefamilygroupsontheisland.Aten-yearcivilwarstarted,whichreducedthepopulationfrom1,400to900.Nauru'srealtroublesbeganin1899whenaBritishminingcompanydiscoveredphosphate（磷酸鹽）ontheisland.Infact,itfoundthattheislandofNauruwasnearlyallphosphate,whichisaveryimportantfertilizerforfarming.Thecompanybeganminingthephosphate.Aphosphatemineisnotaholeintheground;itisastripmine.Whenacompanystrip-mines,itremovesthetoplayerofsoil.Thenittakesawaythematerialitwants.Stripminingtotallydestroystheland.Gradually,thelovelyislandofNaurustartedtolooklikethemoon.In1968,Naurubecameoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.Everyyearthegovernmentreceivedmillionsandmillionsofdollarsforitsphosphate.Unfortunately,theleadersinvestedthemoneyunwiselyandlostmillionsofdollars.Inaddition,theyusedmillionsmoredollarsforpersonalexpenses.Soonpeoplerealizedthattheyhadaterribleproblem—theirphosphatewasrunningout.Ninetypercentoftheirislandwasdestroyedandtheyhadnothing.By2000,Nauruwasfinanciallyruined.Expertssaythatitwouldtakeapproximately$433,600,000andmorethan20yearstorepairtheisland.Thiswillprobablyneverhappen.56.Whatmightbetheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A.ToseekhelpforNauru'sproblems.TogiveawarningtoothercountriesToshowtheimportanceofmoneyTotellaheartbreakingstoryofawar.WhatwasNaurulikebeforetheEuropeanscame?A.RichandpowerfulB.ModernandopenPeacefulandattractiveD.GreedyandaggressiveTheecologicaldisasterinNaururesultedfrom.A.soilpollutionB.phosphateoverminingfarmingactivityD.whalehuntingWhichofthefollowingwasacauseofNauru'sfinancialproblem?A.ItsleadersmisusedthemoneyB.ItspenttoomuchrepairingtheislandItsphosphateminingcostmuchmoneyD.Itlostmillionsofdollarsinthecivilwar.60.WhatcanwelearnaboutNaurufromthelastparagraph?Theecologicaldamageisdifficulttorepair.Theleaderswilltaketheexperts'wordsseriously.TheislandwasabandonedbytheNauruansThephosphateminesweredestroyedBOneofthegreatestcontributionstothefirstOxfordEnglishDictionarywasalsooneofitsmostunusual.In1879,OxfordUniversityinEnglandaskedProf.JamesMurraytoserveaseditorforwhatwastobethemostambitiousdictionaryinthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.ItwouldincludeeveryEnglishwordpossibleandwouldgivenotonlythedefinitionbutalsothehistoryofthewordandquotations（引文）showinghowitwasused.Thiswasahugetask.,soMurraryhadtofindvolunteersfromBritain,theUnitedStates,andtheBritishcoloniestosearcheverynewspaper,magazine,andbookeverwritteninEnglish.Hundredsofvolunteersresponded,includingWilliamChesterMinor.Dr.MinorwasanAmericansurgeonwhohadservedintheCivilWarandwasnowlivinginEngland.Hegavehisaddressas“Broadmoor,Crowthorne,Berkshire,””50milesfromOxford.MinorjoinedthearmyofvolunteerssendingwordsandquotationstoMurray.Overthenext17years,hebecameoneofthestaff'smostvaluedcontributors.Buthewasalsoamystery.Inspiteofmanyinvitations,hewouldalwaysdeclinetovisitOxford.Soin1897，MurrayfinallydecidedtotraveltoCrowthornehimself.Whenhearrived,hefoundMinorlockedinabook-linedcellattheBroadmoorAsylum（精神病院）fortheCriminallyinsane.MurrayandMinorbecamefriends,sharingtheirloveofwords.Minorcontinuedcontributingtothedictionary,sendinginmorethan10,000submissionsin20years.MurraycontinuedtovisitMinorregularly,sometimestakingwalkswithhimaroundtheasylumgrounds.In1910,MinorleftBroadmoorforanasyluminhisnativeAmerica.Murraywasattheporttowavegoodbyetohisremarkablefriend.Minordiedin1920,sevenyearsbeforethefirsteditionoftheOxfordEnglishDictionarywascompleted.The12volumesdefined414,825words,andthousandsofthemwerecontributionsfromaveryscholarlyanddevotedasylumpatient.61.Accordingtothetext,thefirstOxfordEnglishDictionary.A.cameoutbeforeminordiedwaseditedbyanAmericanvolunteerincludedtheEnglishwordsinventedbyMurraywasintendedtobethemostambitiousEnglishdictionaryHowdidDr.Minorcontributedtothedictionary?A.HehelpedMurraytofindhundredsofvolunteers.Hesentnewspapers,magazinesandbookstoMurray.HeprovidedagreatnumberofwordsandquotationshewenttoEnglandtoworkwithMurray.WhydidDr.MinorrefusetovisitOxford?A.HewasshutinanasylumB.HelivedfarfromOxfordHewasbusywritingabookD.HedislikedtravelingProf.MurrayandDr.Minorbecamefriendsmainlybecause.A.theybothservedintheCivilWar.TheyhadacommoninterestinwordsMinorrecoveredwiththehelpofMurrayMurraywenttoAmericaregularlytovisitMinorWhichofthefollowingbestdescribeDr.Minor?A.BraveanddeterminedB.CautiousandfriendlyConsiderateandoptimisticD.UnusualandscholarlyWhatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.ThefriendshipbetweenMurrayandMinorMinorandthefirstOxfordEnglishDictionaryBroadmoorAsylumandispatientsCSanFranciscohasitscablecars.SeattlehasitsSpaceNeedle.And,Longviewhasitssquirrelbridge.Thebridge,whichhasattractedinternationalattention,isnowalocallandmark.TheNuttyNarrowsBridgewasbuiltin1963byalocalbuilder,AmosPeters,togivesquirrelsawaytocrossthebusyroadwithoutgettingflattenedbypassingcars.TheoriginalbridgewasbuiltoverOlympiaWayonthewestedgeofthelibrarygrounds.Beforethebridgewasbuilt,squirrelshadtoavoidtraffictoandfromtheParkPlazaofficebuildingwhereofficestaffputoutanuttyfeastforthesquirrels.Manytimes,PetersandotherswhoworkedinandnearParkPlazawitnessedsquirrelsbeingrunover.OnedayPetersfoundadeadsquirrelwithanutstillinitsmouth,andthatday'scoffeebreakdiscussionturnedintosquirrelsafety.ThegroupofbusinessmencookedupthesquirrelbridgeideaandformedacommitteetoasktheblessingoftheCityCounci市政會）.TheCouncilapproved,andCouncilwomanBessLaRivierenamedthebridge“NuttyNarrows.”Afterarchitectsdesignedthebridge,AmosPetersandBillHutchstartedConstruction,Theybuiltthe60-footbridgefromaluminumandlengthsoffirehose（消防水帶）.Itcost1,000.Itdidn'ttakelongbeforereportsofsquirrelsusingthebridgestarted.Squirrelswereevenseenguidingtheiryoungandteachingthemtheropes.Thestorywaspickedupbythemedia,andNuttyNarrowsbecameknowinnewspapersallovertheworld.In1983,after20yearsofuse,Peterstookdowntheworn-outbridge.Repairsweremadeandcrosspieceswerereplaced.ThefadedsignwasrepaintedandinJuly1983,hundredsofanimalloversattendedthecompletionceremonyofthenewbridge.Petersdiedin1984,andaten-footwoodensquirrelsculpturewasplacednearthebridgeinmemoryofitsbuilderandhisdevotiontotheproject.TheNuttyNarrowsBridgewasbuiltinorderto.A.offersquirrelsaplacetoeatnutssetupalocallandmarkhelpimprovetrafficprotectsquirrelsWhathappenedoverthecoffeebreakdiscussion?A.ThecommitteegottheCouncil'sblessing.ThesquirrelbridgeideawasbornAcouncilwomannamedthebridgeAsquirrelwasfounddead.69.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“teachingthemtheropes”probablymeansinthetext?A.passingthemaropeB.DirectingthemtostorefoodforwinterTeachingthemalessonD.Showingthemhowtousethebridge.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthesquirrelbridge?A.Itwasreplacedbyalongerone.B.ItwasbuiltfromwoodandmetalitwasrebuiltafteryearsofuseD.ItwasdesignedbyBillHutch.WhatcanwelearnaboutAmosPeters?A.Heisrememberedforhisloveofanimals.Hedonated$1,000tobuildthebridgeHewasamemberoftheCityCouncilHewasawardedamedalforbuildingthebridge.DForthosewhoaretireddoingthelaundry,Samsunghasfoundananswer:awashingmachinethatcantellyouwhenyourlaundryisdoneviaasmartphoneapp(application).Strangethoughitmayseem—“mywifealreadydoesthat”wasacommonresponseamongattendeesviewingthedevicewhenitwasintroducedattheConsumerElectronicsShow(CES)thisweek—Samsungisjustoneofmanyappliancemakersracingtoinstall(安裝)alargenumberofinternet-connectedfeaturesinmachinesinanefforttomakethem“smart”.Lastyear,itwasarefrigeratorthattweeted.Thisyear,it'sW-Fii-enabledlaundrymachinesandfridgesthatcantellyouwhenyourgroceriesaregoingbad.Thewashersanddryers,availablestartinginthespring,connecttoanysmartphonethroughadownloadableapplication.Thephonecanthenbeusedasaremotecontrol,sothemachinescanbeturnedonandoffwhiletheirownersisatworkoronthebus.Samsungsaysit'snotjustsomethingnew—theappconnectionactuallyhassomepracticaluses.“Ifyoustartedtodryclothesinthemorningandforgottotakethemout,youcangotoyourphoneandrestartyourdryerforthetimewhencomehome,soyourclothesarerefreshedandreadytogo,”saidspokespersonAmySchmidt.Thecompanyalsosaysthatwithelectricityrate(電價)varyingdependingonthetimeofday,morecontroloverwhenthemachinesareusedcanhelpsavemoney.Perhaps,butwhattheywillprobablyreallyaccomplishiswhatallgoodtechnologiesdo—enablelaziness.Ratherthangettinguptocheckonwhetherthelaundryisdone,userswillinsteadmonitoritontheirphoneswhilewatchingTV.WhatcanbeinferredfromthecommonresponseoftheattendeesattheCES?Themachinewillbeabigsuccess.theirwiveslikedoingthelaundry.Themachineisunrelatedtotheirlife.Thiskindoftechnologyisfamiliartothem.Whatcanwelearnaboutthenewlaundrymachines?TheycantellyouwhenyourclothesneedwashingTheycanbecontrolledwithasmartphoneTheyaredifficulttooperateTheyaresoldatalowpriceWecanconcludeformSamsung'sstatementsthat.theappconnectionmakeslifeeasieritisbettertodryclothesinthemorningsmartphonecanshortenthedryingtimeweshouldrefreshclothesbackathomeWhatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A.ThelaundryshouldbefrequentlycheckedB.LazypeoplelikeusingsuchmachinesGoodtechnologiesalsocauseproblemsTelevisionmayhelpdothelaundry.第II卷(共45分)第四部分書面表達(共兩節，滿分45分)第一節閱讀表達(共5小題，每小題3分，滿分15分)閱讀下面短文并回答問題，然后將答案寫到答案卡相應的位置上(請注意76至79四個小題后面的詞數要求)。[1]AshleyPower'smotherboughtacomputerforherwhenshewaseight.Whenshewasthirteen,shewassurfingtheInternetregularly,butshecouldn'tfindanywhereforteenagerstomeetandtalk.Andonedayshethought,“IfIhadmyownwebsite,I'dmakeitareallyinterestingsiteforteenagers.”So,whenAshleywassixteen,shelaunchedherownwebsite,calledGoosehead.Shehadnoideahowbigasuccessitwouldbe,butthreeyearslater,thesitewasthemostsuccessfulteensiteintheUSA!Itwasgetting100,000hitseveryday,andAshleyhadabout30employees.Afterafewyears,thewebsitecloseddown.ThenAshley,wholivesinLosAngeles,wasaskedtowriteabookcalledTheGooseheadGuidetoLife.Thebookisabouthowtodesignawebsiteandstartabusiness.Itbeginswithasectioncalled“AllAboutAshley,”whereAshleytellsreaderswhatitisliketobethebossofacompanywhenyouareonlysixteen.“Iwassohappy.Butitwascrazyinalotofways.Igotverystressed.Imean,Iwasonlysixteen—Ididn'tevenhaveacar!Ifyouweresixteenandyouhadyourowncompany,you'dbestressed,too！“InaninterviewAshleygaveadvicetoteenagerswhowantedtostarttheirownbusiness,“Justbestrongandhaveyourdreamsandworkhardatthem.Anddon'tlistenwhen,becauseIheard‘no'alot.Justkeepgoinguntilyouhear‘yes'!”ForwhatpurposedidAshleycreateGooseHead?(nomorethan10words)WhatisthemainideaofParagraph2？(nomorethan6words)Accordingtoparagraph3,whatdidAshleydoafterGooseHeadcloseddown?(nomorethan10words)HowdidAshleyfeelasayoungbossofacompany?(nomorethan5words)FillintheblankinParagraph4withproperwords.第二節寫作(滿分30分)假設你是新華中學的學生李華，不久前在學校舉辦的英語競賽中獲得一等獎。校報請你寫一篇稿件刊登在英文版面上，介紹你課外學習英語的經驗。請根據以下提示用英語寫一篇短文：參加英語角的益處；堅持寫英語日記的作用；3.英文閱讀網站(EnjoyReading)對你的幫助。注意：1.詞數：120-150；2.可適當增加細節，以使行文連貫。英語試題參考答案第I卷第一、二、三部分1-5CABCA6-10CBBCC11-15ABBAC16-20BAACA21-25ADCDB26-30AACBD31-35CBADB36-40BDCAD41-45BADAC46-50ADBCC51-55ABDCB56-60BCBAA61-65DCABD66-70CDBDC71-75ADBAC第II卷第四部分參考答案76.Shewantedtocreateaninterestingwebsiteforteenagers.77.Ashley'sGooseHeadwasabigsuccess.78.ShewroteabookcalledTheGooseHeadGuidetoL.ife79.Shefelthappybutstressed.80.Peopletellyouthatyoucan'tdoit.第二節寫作MyexperienceoflearningEnglishafterclassI'mgladihavewonthefirstprizeintheEnglishContest,whichcompletelycontributestomyafter-classEnglishlearning.IoftentakepartintheEnglishCornerandpracticespeakingEnglish.TherearemanyparticipantsinthecornerandwecantalkaboutanytopicsinEnglish.Bydoingthis,Ihaveimprovedmypronunciationandintonation.Mostimportantofall,Ihaveconqueredmyshynessandtimidness.IcantalktoanybodyboldlyinEnglish.SoIdidn'tfeelnervousinthecontestatall.AtthesametimeIinsistonkeepingdiariesinEnglisheveryday.IwilltrymybesttobringwhatIhavelearnttouse.Thusmyknowledgehasbeenreviewedandenlarged.IalsovisitEnglishreadingwebsitestoreadmuch.LearningEnglishdependsonreadingwidelyandlargely.ThosesitesprovidemanyEnglisharticlesofalllevelsandIcanfindappropriateonestoread.Thedictionaryinthecomputercanhelpmedealwiththenewvocabularyquickly.ThereforeIbenefitmuchfromthereading.AbovearemythreemainlearningmethodsoflearningEnglishafterclass.Theyarehelpfulandconvenienttome.Ihopetheyarealsobeneficialforyou作文素材1.沒有競爭，就沒有生存，也就沒有發展。有競爭才有壓力和動力。競爭能讓人奮起直追，不斷超越自我。羚羊的故事一位動物學家在對生活在非洲奧蘭治河兩岸的動物進行考察時，發現一個奇怪的現象：生活在河東岸的羚羊與河西岸的羚羊相比，不僅繁殖能力強，而且奔跑的能力也強。這位動物學家百思不得其解。于是，他做了一項試驗：從河的兩岸各捉10只羚羊，彼此交換。一年后，送到西岸的羚羊繁殖到了14只，而送到東岸的羚羊僅剩下3只，其余的都成了狼的囊中物。動物學家揭開了謎底：東岸的羚羊之所以強健，是因為它們附近生活著一群狼。它們為了活命，必須同狼進行“競爭”，因此，它們越活越有戰斗力;而西岸的羚羊則相反，它們缺少天敵，沒有生存能力，所以越活越弱小。2.虎與豹子之間的競爭是一種“叢林法則”。在競爭的作用下，美洲虎的非凡生命力、生存能力被激發，提高了自己生命力。生存的競爭是提升能力的主要外在條件，競爭與壓力是動物進化的基礎。由于動物發展具有相對被動的特征，生存環境的競爭與壓力往往是促進其發展的關鍵因素。競爭提高生命力美洲虎是一種瀕臨滅絕的動物，有一對美洲虎生活在秘魯的國家動物園。為了保護它，人們從大自然中單獨規劃出1500畝山地修了虎園，里面有山有水，房間里還裝有空調，還有成群的牛羊兔供老虎食用，真是虎的天堂。奇怪的是，沒有人見過老虎捕捉獵物，它只吃管理員送來的肉食，它經常躺在裝有空調的房子里，吃了睡，睡了吃，身體發胖，經常生病。后來一位市民說：“虎是森林之王，不能只放一群吃草的小動物，至少也得放一只豹子吧?”虎園領導覺得很有道理，就捉了三只豹子投進虎園。這一招果然靈驗，豹子不僅跟美洲虎爭搶食物，而且還經常威脅到美洲虎的安全，美洲虎不再睡懶覺，時不時沖到豹子面前放肆地挑釁，沒多久美洲虎就恢復了活力，恢復了健康，還讓雌虎生下一只小虎崽。要想成就一番大的事業，就要具備“永遠爭做第一”的競爭意識。這樣才能更好地激發自己斗志，攀上事業的頂峰。撒切爾夫人，永遠爭做第一20世紀30年代，英國一個不出名的小鎮上，有一個叫瑪格麗特的小姑娘，自小就受到嚴格的家庭教育。父親對她的教育很嚴格，經常向她灌輸這樣的觀點：無論做什么事情都要力爭一流，永遠做在別人前面，而不落后于人。即使是坐公共汽車，也要永遠坐在第一排。父親從來不允許她說“我不能”或“太難了”之類的話。父親的“殘酷”教育培養了瑪格麗特積極向上的決心和信心。在以后的學習、生活和工作中，她時時牢記父親的教導，總是抱著一往無前的精神和必勝的信念，盡自己最大努力克服一切困難，事事必爭一流，以自己的行動實踐著“永遠坐在第一排”。瑪格麗特上大學時，學校要求學生們上5年的拉丁文課程，她憑著自己頑強的毅力和拼搏精神，硬是在一年內全部學完了。瑪格麗特不光在學業上出類拔萃，她在體育、音樂、演講及學校的其他活動方面也都一直走在前列，是學生中的佼佼者之一。40年后，英國乃至整個歐洲政壇上出現了一顆耀眼的明星，她就是1979年成為英國第一位女首相、雄踞政壇長達11年之久、被世界政壇譽為“鐵娘子”的瑪格麗特?撒切爾夫人。只有不斷的競爭，才會有生機和活力，才能不斷地克服困難，一直向前。可樂的百年恩怨百事可樂與可口可樂都盯死了對方，只要對方一有新動作，另一方肯定也會有新花樣。可口可樂早在20世紀20年代便在古巴用飛機在空中噴出煙霧，畫出“COCA-COLA”字樣，可惜因為缺少經驗而失敗，百事可樂在1940年更是一下租了8架飛機，飛了14.5萬公里，在東西兩海岸城市，以機尾噴霧，寫下百事可樂的廣告。可口可樂當然要及時反擊，為強化國民第一飲料的形象，可口可樂贊助了1939年的紐約世界博覽會，并請名人啜飲，將其照片刊在雜志封面。但相比之下，百事可樂的宣傳廣告方式更有創意。他們專門設計了一套卡通片，而且還創作了一首看似極普通卻風靡全美的廣告歌曲。兩大巨頭在競爭中可謂不遺余力，使出渾身解數來擊敗對手，但結果卻是二者都有了長足的發展。接受對手的存在并善待競爭對手，能夠促進自身的發展。雙方都是贏家“神州”和“萬家樂”是旗鼓相當的兩家大型熱水器生產廠家。“神州”的廣告語為“款款神州，萬家追求”，而“萬家樂”的廣告語為“萬家樂崛起于神州”。他們各自的廣告語中都包含了對方的產品品牌。這樣雙方都能揚名獲利。你把客戶送到我這里，我把客戶送到你那里。兩種熱水器迅速走進千家萬戶，為兩家企業帶來豐厚利潤。他們在競爭中合作，實現了雙贏。競爭中需要合作。競爭本身并不是目的，而是達到更高目標的手段。在競爭中合作應體現“雙贏”原則。競爭對手不能相互排斥，造成兩敗敗俱傷，而要相互促進、共同提高。情同手足的競爭對手劉國粱和孔令輝，既是實力相當，又是的合作伙伴。他們師從同門，同時披上國字號戰袍。在那個鮮花遍開的五月，“六載朝思暮想，一夜春華秋實”，喜捧斯韋思林杯（男子團體冠軍杯）后，兩個要好的朋友又一起打進男子單打決賽。可是，當男子單打冠軍杯真的擺在面前時，這對好朋友突然意識到結局的殘酷：自己的勝利就意味著好友的失敗。可貴的是，在賽場上，他們完全展示出自己的智慧和才藝。劉國梁以奇制勝，孔令輝穩中帶兇，激烈的比賽戰至決勝局。最終，左右開弓的孔令輝成為男單新科狀元。沒有想像中的欣喜若狂，我們看到的是異常平靜的孔令輝，還有他臉上那甚至有些不好意思的笑容。劉國梁的臉上曾掠過一絲失望，但畢竟是自己最好的朋友奪得了冠軍，他的祝賀是發自心底的。這場比賽讓兩個好朋友懂得了怎樣面對競爭與合作。在后來的比賽中，他們又攜手奪得男子雙打冠軍。福特向通用百年祝福的那束燈光，穿透重重的黑暗，組成商業競爭中最溫馨的一幅畫面，溫暖且溫情。事實上，它更應成為一種文化和精神的源泉，為那些有長遠目標的企業吸納和傳承。從福特“—束燈光”看企業競爭溫情2008年9月16日，“通用汽車百年慶典日慶祝活動”在通用汽車全球總部——底特律文藝復興中心正式啟動。讓人訝異的是，同屬“百年俱樂部”的福特汽車，也為它的老朋友帶去了一份特殊的祝福：利用福特的辦公大樓以及樓內的燈光，打造出了堆APPY100GM”的字樣。這份特殊的祝福，讓我們看到了百年福特的恢宏氣度，也讓我們看到了良性競爭的溫情。通用和福特是一對相互競爭也相互尊敬的對手。在通用公司開始起步的時候，早其5年成立的福特公司于1908年研發生產出第一輛屬于普通老百姓的T型車。而通用也不甘落后，于1928年一舉超越福特。一百年來，這兩個公司互相競爭、互相借鑒的過程，有力推動了世界汽車工業的發展，同時也為人類文明和國際經濟的發展做出了突出的貢獻。自然界具有它自己的弱肉強食的規律，競爭的市場也有其殘酷的競爭規律。我們要順應規律，學會在競爭中發展自我。雛鷹的競爭每年春季，鷹都會產卵育子，一般一次生兩個蛋。雛鷹從破殼而出就開始了競爭，只要爸爸媽媽帶回食物，它們立刻張開嘴巴，大聲地叫喚，希望將食物塞進自己的嘴里，而每次大鷹都會給頭仰得最高、叫聲最大的孩子喂食。但是，每次都是體格健壯、身體素質好的幼鷹吃到食物，因為它的頭仰得更高。沒幾天，那只弱一點的幼鷹就會活活餓死。這就是大自然優勝劣汰的法則。競爭力的提高在于政府、企業的共同努力，在于提高科技、知識的含量和資金的有效利用率。法國：打造“競爭力集群”為了增強創新能力、將科技成果更有效地轉化為生產力，從2005年起，法國政府斥資15億歐元在各地扶持了60多個不同產業的科技園區，也稱“競爭力集群”。如今，這種企業+實驗室的模式，正在得到越來越多人的認可，它不但提高了科技轉化的效率，節省了資金，還使得企業自主創新的熱情空前高漲。法國的“競爭力集群”由多個層次組成，既包括實力雄厚的跨國企業，也有中小創新型企業、大學和科研機構，各合作伙伴組成常務理事會，負責園區的管理工作，并代為向政府申請資金，統一調配資金的使用。沒有競爭，就沒有生存，也就沒有發展。其實人生到處都存在著競爭，球場、賽場、戰場、考場等。有競爭才有壓力和動力。競爭能讓人奮起直追，不斷超越自我。狼與羊的競爭一位動物學家在對生活在非洲奧蘭治河兩岸的動物進行考察時，發現一個奇怪的現象：生活在河東岸的羚羊與河西岸的羚羊相比，不僅繁殖能力強，而且奔跑的能力也強。這位動物學家百思不得其解。于是，他做了一項試驗：從河的兩岸各捉10只羚羊，彼此交換。一年后，送到西岸的羚羊繁殖到了14只，而送到東岸的羚羊僅剩下3只，其余的都成了狼的囊中物。動物學家揭開了謎底：東岸的羚羊之所以強健，是因為它們附近生活著一群狼。它們為了活命，必須同狼進行“競爭”，因此，它們越活越有戰斗力;而西岸的羚羊則相反，它們缺少天敵，沒有生存能力，所以越活越弱小。有人說：“哈佛，競爭殘酷的大學。”這所高等商業學府不僅淘汰制度異常殘酷，而且連學習節奏也是很折磨人的。哈佛大學的競爭在哈佛大學，對高級管理人才的培養可謂精心之至。這所高等商業學府不僅淘汰制度異常殘酷，而且連學習節奏也是很折磨人的。如果一位才能平庸的人進入了這所學府，同那些才華橫溢、刻苦頑強的人在一起學習，他就會感到力不從心。為了適應這里的學習節奏，所有的人都必須以優異的成績畢業于這所著名的私立大學（這所大學的教育水平通常比國立學院要高得多），不惜任何代價在所有方面任何地方都爭當第一名，“在運動中當第一，在學習上爭第一，在社會政治生活中成為第一”，這就是哈佛大學的口號，只有第一名才無愧于生活，才有資格享受美好的生活。難怪有人說：“哈佛，競爭殘酷的大學。”幫助別人就是幫助自己。競爭也要遵守游戲規則，競爭也要考慮社會效益，唯有如此，競爭才更具意義。哈默的競爭原則某一年世界原油價格大漲，哈默的對手對東歐國家的石油輸出量都略有增加，唯獨哈默石油輸出量明顯減少，這讓許多人非常不解。黑人記者杰西克?庫思千方百計找到了哈默，就這個問題請教他。哈默說了一段讓他終生難忘的話：“關照別人就是關照自己。那些總想在競爭中出人頭地的人如果知道，關照別人需要的只是一點點的理解和大度，卻能贏來意想不到的收獲，那他一定會后悔不迭。關照是一種