ComputerEnglish

(FourthEdition)Unit2ComputerArchitectureSectionAComputerHardware廈門理工學院陳丹波ComputerHardware—IntroductionMonitor監(jiān)視器，顯示器Floppydisk軟盤Laser激光Speaker揚聲器ComputerHardware—IntroductionI.Introduction

Computerhardwareistheequipmentinvolvedinthefunctionofacomputerandconsistsofthecomponentsthatcanbephysicallyhandled.Thefunctionofthesecomponentsistypicallydividedintothreemaincategories:input,output,andstorage.Componentsinthesecategoriesconnecttomicroprocessors,specifically,thecomputer’scentralprocessingunit(CPU),theelectroniccircuitrythatprovidesthecomputational

abilityandcontrolofthecomputer,viawiresorcircuitrycalledabus.Consistof由…組成typically一般地Category種類computational計算的Via:通過，經(jīng)過I.引言計算機硬件是計算機運行所需要的設備，由可進行物理處理的元件組成。這些元件的功能一般分為3個主要類別：輸入、輸出和存儲。這些類別的元件與微處理器相連接，特別是與計算機的中央處理器相連接，而后者是通過被稱之為總線的線路或電路來提供計算能力和對計算機進行控制的電子電路。ComputerHardware—IntroductionSoftware,ontheotherhand,isthesetofinstructionsacomputerusestomanipulatedata,suchasaword-processingprogramoravideogame.Theseprogramsareusuallystoredandtransferredviathecomputer’shardwaretoandfromtheCPU.Softwarealsogovernshowthehardwareisutilized;forexample,howinformationisretrieved

fromastoragedevice.TheinteractionbetweentheinputandoutputhardwareiscontrolledbysoftwarecalledtheBasicInput/OuthputSystem(BIOS)software.Video視頻Govern控制Retrieve檢索，找回Interation交互，互動

另一方面，軟件是計算機用來處理數(shù)據(jù)的一套指令，如文字處理程序或者電子(視頻)游戲。這些程序通常被存儲起來，并由計算機硬件調(diào)入和調(diào)出中央處理器。軟件也控制著硬件如何使用；例如，如何從存儲設備中檢索信息。輸入與輸出硬件的交互作用是由基本輸入/輸出系統(tǒng)（BIOS）軟件控制的。ComputerHardware—IntroductionAlthoughmicroprocessorsarestilltechnicallyconsideredtobehardware,portionsoftheirfunctionarealsoassociatedwithcomputersoftware.Sincemicroprocessorshavebothhardwareandsoftwareaspectstheyarethereforeoftenreferredtoasfirmware.Portions部分Refer涉及，指Firmware固件盡管微處理器在技術上仍被認為是硬件，其部分功能也與計算機軟件有關系。既然微處理器同時具有硬件與軟件方面的特征，它們因此經(jīng)常被稱作固件ComputerHardware—InputHardwareII.InputHardwareInputhardwareconsistsofexternaldevices—thatis,componentsoutsideofthecomputer’sCPU—thatprovideinformationandinstructionstothecomputer.定語從句II.輸入硬件輸入硬件由給計算機提供信息和指令的外部設備——亦即計算機中央處理器以外的元件——組成。Alightpen

isastylus

withalightsensitivetipthatisusedtodrawdirectlyonacomputer’svideoscreenortoselectinformationonthescreenbypressingaclipinthelightpenorbypressingthelightpenagainstthesurfaceofthescreen.Thepencontainslightsensors

thatidentifywhichportionofthescreenitispassedover.Lightpen光stylus輸入筆Clip夾子sensor傳感器Passover經(jīng)過，路過

光筆是具有光敏端頭的輸入筆，用來在計算機屏幕上直接寫畫，或者通過按光筆上的夾子或用光筆接觸屏幕來在屏幕上選擇信息。這種筆含有光傳感器，能夠識別屏幕上筆經(jīng)過的部分。ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAmouseisapointingdevicedesignedtobegrippedbyonehand.Ithasadetectiondevice(usuallyaball)onthebottomthatenablestheusertocontrolthemotionofanon-screenpointer,orcursor,bymovingthemouseonaflatsurface.Asthedevicemovesacrossthesurface,thecursormovesacrossthescreen.Toselectitemsorchoosecommandsonthescreen,theuserpressesabuttononthemouse.Grip抓握Pointer指針Cursor光標Flat平的，平坦鼠標是為一只手抓握而設計的指示設備。它在底部有一個檢測裝置（通常是一個圓球），使用戶通過在一個平面上移動鼠標能夠控制屏幕上指針或光標的運動。當鼠標滑過平面的時候，光標隨著在屏幕上移動。要在屏幕上選擇項目或命令，用戶就點擊鼠標上的按鈕。ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAjoystick

isapointingdevicecomposedofalever

thatmovesinmultipledirectionstonavigateacursororothergraphical

objectonacomputerscreen.Joystick操縱桿lever桿子，直桿Navigate操縱，導航graphical圖形的操縱桿是由一根桿子組成的指示設備，該桿以向多個方向移動來操縱計算機屏幕上的光標或者其他圖形對象。ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAkeyboardisatypewriter-likedevicethatallowstheusertotypeintextandcommandstothecomputer.Somekeyboardshavespecialfunctionkeysorintegratedpointingdevices,suchasatrackballortouch-sensitive

regionsthatlettheuser’sfingermotionsmoveanon-screencursor.Keyboard鍵盤Typewriter打字機Trackball軌跡球Touch-sensitive觸敏的鍵盤是一個像打字機的設備，它使用戶得以向計算機鍵入文本和命令。有些鍵盤有特殊功能鍵或集成的指示設備，如軌跡球或者可以讓用戶通過手指的移動來移動屏幕上光標的觸敏區(qū)。ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAnopticalscanner

useslight-sensingequipmenttoconvertimagessuchasapictureortextintoelectronicsignalsthatcanbemanipulatedbyacomputer.Forexample,aphotographcanbescannedintoacomputerandthenincludedinatextdocumentcreatedonthatcomputer.Thetwomostcommonscannertypesaretheflatbedscanner,whichissimilartoanofficephotocopier,andthehand-heldscanner,whichispassedmanuallyacrosstheimagetobeprocessed.Scanner掃描儀Convertinto轉變成Flatbed平板式Hand-held手持式Photocopy復印機光掃描儀利用光感應設備將圖片或文本等形式的圖像轉換成計算機能夠處理的電子信號。例如，一張照片能夠被掃入一臺計算機，然后包括在該計算機建立的文本文件中。最常見的兩種掃描儀類型是平板式掃描儀和手持式掃描儀，前者類似一臺辦公復印機，后者用手動的方式從要處理的圖像上掃過。ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAmicrophoneisadeviceforconvertingsoundintosignalsthatcanthenbestored,manipulated,andplayedbackbythecomputer.Avoicerecognitionmoduleisadevicethatconvertsspokenwordsintoinformationthatthecomputercanrecognizeandprocess.Playback回放Module模塊麥克風是將聲音轉換成可被計算機存儲、處理和回放的信號的設備。語音識別模塊是將說的話轉換成計算機能夠識別和處理的信號的設備。ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAmodem,whichstandsfor

modulator-demodulator,isadevicethatconnectsacomputertoatelephonelineandallowsinformationtobetransmittedtoorreceivedfromanothercomputer.Eachcomputerthatsendsorreceivesinformationmustbeconnectedtoamodem.調(diào)制解調(diào)器代表調(diào)制器―解調(diào)器，是將計算機與電話線連接、允許信息傳給或接自另一臺計算機的設備。每臺發(fā)送或接收信息的計算機都必須與調(diào)制解調(diào)器相連接。Modem調(diào)制解調(diào)器Standfor代表Modulator調(diào)制器

Demodulator解調(diào)器ComputerHardware—InputHardwareTheinformationsentfromonecomputerisconvertedbythemodemintoanaudiosignal,whichisthentransmittedbytelephonelinestothereceivingmodem,whichconvertsthesignalintoinformationthatthereceivingcomputercanunderstand.Audio音頻，聲音計算機發(fā)送的信息由調(diào)制解調(diào)器轉換成音頻信號，然后通過電話線傳送到接收調(diào)制解調(diào)器上，由其將信號轉換成接收計算機能夠理解的信息。ComputerHardware—OutputHardwareIII.OutputHardwareOutputhardwareconsistsofexternaldevicesthattransferinformationfromthecomputer’sCPUtothecomputeruser.Avideodisplay,orscreen,convertsinformationgeneratedbythecomputerintovisualinformation.Transfer…into傳送給Display顯示器Visual可見，可視的III.輸出硬件輸出硬件由將信息從計算機中央處理器傳給計算機用戶的外部設備構成。視頻顯示器或屏幕將計算機生成的信息轉換成可視信息。ComputerHardware—OutputHardwareDisplayscommonlytakeoneoftwoforms:avideoscreenwithacathoderaytube

(CRT)oravideoscreenwithaliquidcrystaldisplay

(LCD).ACRT-basedscreen,ormonitor,lookssimilartoatelevisionset.InformationfromtheCPUisdisplayedusingabeamofelectronsthatscansaphosphorescentsurfacethatemitslightandcreatesimages.Cathoderaytube陰極射線管Liquidcrystaldisplay液晶顯示Beam束，扎Phosphorescen發(fā)磷光的顯示器一般有兩種形式：陰極射線管視頻屏幕和液晶顯示視頻屏幕.基于陰極射線管的屏幕或監(jiān)視器看起來就像一臺電視機。從中央處理器輸出的信息，使用電子束顯示出來，其過程是電子束掃描熒光屏，而熒光屏則發(fā)出光并產(chǎn)生圖像。ComputerHardware—OutputHardwareAnLCD-basedscreendisplaysvisualinformationonaflatterandsmallerscreenthanaCRT-basedvideomonitor.LCDsarefrequentlyusedinlaptop

computers.Monitor監(jiān)視器Laptop膝上型基于液晶顯示器的屏幕將可視信息顯示在比基于陰極射線管的視頻監(jiān)視器更平、更小的屏幕上。液晶顯示器常常用于膝上型計算機。ComputerHardware—OutputHardwarePrinterstaketextandimagefromacomputerandprintthemonpaper.Dot-matrix

printersusetinywirestoimpactuponaninkedribbontoformcharacters.Laserprintersemploybeamsoflighttodrawimagesonadrum

thatthenpicksupfineblackparticlescalledtoner.Thetonerisfused

toapagetoproduceanimage.Inkjet

printersfiredroplets

ofinkontoapagetoformcharactersandpictures.Dot-matrix點陣Impactupon打擊，沖擊Ribbon帶drum鼓，Toner色粉fuse熔化，保險絲Inkjet噴墨droplet小墨滴打印機將計算機輸出的文本和圖像打印在紙上。點陣打印機使用細小的金屬絲打擊色帶，從而形成字符。激光打印機使用光束在磁鼓上畫圖像，然后由磁鼓吸起被稱之為色粉的微小黑粒。色粉熔凝到紙上，形成圖像。噴墨打印機將小墨滴噴射到紙上，形成字符和圖像。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareIV.StoragehardwareStoragehardwareprovidespermanentstorageofinformationandprogramsforretrievalbythecomputer.Thetwomaintypesofstoragedevicesaredisk

drives

andmemory.Thereareseveraltypesofdiskdrives:hard,floppy,magneto-optical,andcompact.Diskdrive磁盤驅動器Floppy軟的Magneto-optical磁光的Compact緊密的IV.存儲硬件存儲硬件為計算機檢索提供信息和程序的永久性存儲。兩種主要的存儲設備是磁盤驅動器和存儲器。磁盤驅動器有幾種類型：硬盤、軟盤、磁光盤和光(緊密)盤。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareHarddiskdrivesstoreinformationinmagneticparticlesembeddedinadisk.Usuallyapermanentpartofthecomputer,harddiskdrivescanstorelargeamountsofinformationandretrievethatinformationveryquickly.Permanent永久的，固定的Largeamountsof大量的硬盤驅動器將信息存儲在盤中嵌入的磁性顆粒中。硬盤驅動器通常是計算機的固定部分，能存儲大量的信息并對其進行快速的檢索。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareFloppydiskdrivesalsostoreinformationinmagneticparticlesembeddedinremovabledisksthatmaybefloppyorrigid.Floppydisksstorelessinformationthanaharddiskdriveandretrievetheinformationatamuchslowerrate.Floppydiskdrive軟盤驅動器Rigid硬的，堅固的軟盤驅動器也將信息存儲在磁性顆粒中，但這些顆粒是嵌入在可移動的盤中，而這些盤既可能是軟的也可能是硬的。軟盤比硬盤存儲的信息少，檢索該信息的速度也慢得多。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareMagneto-opticaldiscdrivesstoreinformationonremovablediscsthataresensitivetobothlaserlightandmagneticfields.Theycantypicallystoreasmuchinformationasharddisksbuthaveslightlyslowerretrievalspeeds.Magneticfield磁場磁光盤驅動器將信息存儲在對激光和磁場都敏感的可移動盤上。它們可存儲的信息通常與硬盤一樣多，但檢索速度稍微慢一點。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareCompactdiscdrives(CD-ROM)storeinformationonpits

burnedintothesurfaceofadiscofreflectivematerial.Theinformationstoredon

CD-ROMscannotbeerased

oroverwritten

withnewinformation.Theycanstoreaboutasmuchinformationasaharddrivebuthaveaslowerrateofinformationretrieval.Compactdisk高密盤，光盤Pit坑，深洼reflective反射的Erase擦除Overwrite改寫，重寫harddisk硬盤由反射材料制成的光盤，其表面燒蝕出凹陷區(qū)。光驅（CD-ROM）就是將信息存儲于此。存儲在光盤上的信息不能擦除或用新信息改寫。它們能夠存儲和硬盤差不多的信息量，但信息檢索速度比其慢。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareMemoryreferstothecomputerchipsthatstoreinformationforquickretrievalbytheCPU.Random

accessmemory(RAM)isusedtostoretheinformationandinstructionsthatoperatethecomputer’sprograms.Typically,programsaretransferredfromstorageonadiskdrivetoRAM.RAMisalsoknownasvolatilememory

becausetheinformationwithinthecomputerchipsislostwhenpowertothecomputeristurnedoff.Ramdom隨機的Volatile揮發(fā)，易失的Turnoff關閉存儲器是指存儲信息供中央處理器快速檢索的計算機芯片。隨機訪問存儲器（RAM）用來存儲操作計算機程序的信息和指令。通常，程序由磁盤驅動器的存儲區(qū)調(diào)到隨機訪問存儲器中。隨機訪問存儲器也稱作易失性存儲器，因為當計算機的電源關閉時，計算機芯片中的信息隨著丟失。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareRead-onlymemory(ROM)containscriticalinformationandsoftwarethatmustbepermanentlyavailableforcomputeroperation,suchastheoperatingsystemthatdirectsthecomputer’sactionsfromstartuptoshutdown.ROMiscallednonvolatilememory

becausethememorychipsdonotlosetheirinformationwhenpowertothecomputeristurnedoff.Read-only只讀的Startup開始，開機Nonvolatilememory非易失性存儲器只讀存儲器（ROM）包含必須永久可供計算機操作使用的關鍵信息和軟件，如從開機到關機一直指揮計算機的運行的操作系統(tǒng)。只讀存儲器稱之為非易失性存儲器，因為當計算機的電源關閉時，存儲芯片中的信息不會丟失。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareSomedevicesservemorethanonepurpose.Forexample,floppydisksmayalsobeusedasinputdevicesiftheycontaininformationtobeusedandprocessedbythecomputeruser.Inaddition,theycanbeusedasoutputdevicesiftheuserwantstostoretheresultsofcomputations

onthem.Computation計算有些設備有不止一種用途。例如，軟盤也可用作輸入設備，如果它們含有計算機用戶要使用和處理的信息的話。此外，它們也可用作輸出設備，如果用戶想將計算結果存儲在它們上面的話。ComputerHardware—HardwareConnectionsV.HardwareConnectionsTo

function,hardwarerequiresphysicalconnectionsthatallowcomponentstocommunicateandinteract.Abusprovidesacommoninterconnectedsystemcomposedofagroupofwiresorcircuitrythatcoordinatesandmovesinformationbetweentheinternalpartsofacomputer.Function運轉Bus總線Interconnect互連V.硬件連接要想運轉，硬件需要物理連接，使元件之間能夠交流和相互作用。總線提供了一種常見的互連系統(tǒng)，它由一組導線或電路組成，在計算機的內(nèi)部組成部分之間協(xié)調(diào)和移動信息。ComputerHardware—HardwareConnectionsAcomputerbusconsistsoftwochannels:onethattheCPUusestolocatedata,calledtheaddress

bus