INTRODUCTIONTOTRENCHLESSTECHNOLOGY非開挖技術的介紹BySamuelT.Ariaratnam,Ph.D.,P.E.ArizonaStateUniversity,USATraditionalMethods傳統的方法Firstsuitedfor“greenfield”適用于未發展區域Lowtech–littlechangeoverpast50yrs.技術含量低，近50年沒有多大改進Levelofplanning&implementationbasic對計劃與實施手段的要求低“Non-greenfield”–surfacedisruptions,undergroundutilities在市區施工，對地面上的物景產生損壞，對地下的管網產生威脅TrenchlessTechnologies

無開挖技術ThrustBoring&PipeJacking(pre-1900’s)頂管法AugerBoring(1940)螺旋鉆進法ImpactMoling(1962)沖擊矛法DirectionalDrilling(1971)水平定向鉆進法ImpactRamming(1980)夯管法PipeBursting(1980’s)爆(裂)管法Definitionof

TrenchlessTechnologies無開挖技術的定義“Afamilyofmethods,materials,andequipmentcapableofbeingusedfortheinstallationofneworreplacementorrehabilitationofexistingundergroundinfrastructurewithminimaldisruptiontosurfacetraffic,business,andotheractivities.”無開挖技術就是采用各種方法，材料，設備來鋪設，更換或修復地下公用設施而能做到最小限度地擾民礙市 -NorthAmericanSocietyforTrenchlessTechnology北美無開挖技術協會WhyTrenchless?為什么要無開挖？

Minimaldisruptionoftraffic最小的交通干擾

Yearroundconstruction

全年可以施工

Improvedsafety安全性改善

Reducedlandscapedamage減少對周圍物景的損壞

Minimaldisturbancetolocalbusiness對周圍的商業環境影響少

Improvedconstructionproductivity改善施工的效率

Canaccessotherwiseinaccessibleareas在難以進入的區域也可施工CostsofOpenCutPipeReplacement開溝更換管道的成本Pavementsaw-cutting開鑿路面Excavation挖溝Truckingspoilanddumpfees運土費和倒土費用Backfillandtransport回填和運輸費用Compaction壓實Concreteorasphalt重鋪水泥和瀝青Trafficcontrol交通管制NewConstructionTechniques新技術PipeBursting爆(裂)管法Microtunneling

微型隧道法AugerBoring螺旋鉆進法PipeJacking頂管法H.D.D.水平定向鉆進法HorizontalDirectionalDrilling水平定向鉆進法Lengthsof15-1800m施工長度：15－1800米Diametersof25-1200mm管徑25－1200毫米Applications:應用utilityconduits市政工程Pipelines管道設施gravitysewers下水管道forcemains壓力管道horizontalremediationwells治理污染的水平管群geotechnicalinvestigations地質調查HDDProcess水平定向鉆進過程HDDProcess水平鉆進定進過程PipeBursting

爆(裂)管法Lengthsof100-900m施工長度：100－900米Diametersof75-1060mm管道直徑：70－1060毫米Applications:應用replacementofforcemains壓力管的更換replacementofgravitysewers下水道的更換StaticHead固定式裂管頭PneumaticHead氣動式裂管頭HydraulicHead液壓式裂管頭PipeBurstingProcess(Static)爆管法的過程（固定裂管工藝)PipeBurstingProcess(Static

Cont.)爆管法的過程（固定裂管工藝)續PipeBurstingProcess(Pneumatic)爆管法的過程（氣動工法)Microtunneling微型隧道法Lengthsof25-225m施工長度：25－225米Diametersof250-3050mm管徑：250－3050毫米Applications:應用gravitysewerinstallations

下水管道的安裝MicrotunnelingProcess微型隧道法施工過程PipeJacking頂管法Lengthsofupto490mhavebeenachieved施工長度可達490米Diametersof1060-3050mm管徑介于1060－3050毫米Applications:應用largediametergravitysewersandforcemains大型下水管道和壓力管道PipeJackingProcess頂管法施工過程AugerBoring螺旋橫鉆孔機Lengthsof12-150m施工長度：12－150米Diametersof200-1500mm管徑：200－1500毫米Applications:應用relativelyshortcrossingsofpipesandconduits短距離的管道施工RehabilitationTechniques管道修復技術RoboticSpotRepair機器人現場修復PipeScanning&Eval.管道掃描和評估LiningofPipe內襯法LiningofPipe內襯法Lengthsofupto1000m施工長度可達1000米Diametersof100-1500mm管徑介于100－1500毫米Costvariesbymethod成本因方法而異Applications:應用reliningofwater,sewer,andnaturalgaslines供水管，下水管和天然氣管道的內襯LiningofPipe內襯法Cured-In-Place軟襯法FoldandForm折疊內襯法SegmentalSliplining分段插管法CIPPLiningofPipe軟襯法RoboticSpotRepair機器人現場修復

(Internal/ExternalGrouting)內部/外部注漿Applications:應用-Repairofsewer/water/productlineswhere“localized”structuralenhancementisrequired修復位于地層局部結構復雜的下水管，供水管和其它管道PipeScanning&Evaluation管道掃描和評估Methodsinclude:方法有：Closed-circuittelevision(CCTV)閉路電視Radar雷達Sonar聲納Eddycurrents渦流Applications:應用inspectionofinfrastructuresystemstogaina“snap-shot”ofpipecondition檢查基礎管道設施的狀況SewerScanning&EvaluationTechnology(SSET)下水管道掃描和評估技術TWOCASEHISTORIES

兩個例子PipeBursting爆管法HorizontalDirectionalDrilling水平定向鉆進法PipeBurstingoftheMillstoneSanitaryTrunkSewer爆管法的里程碑Alternatives方案比較Paralleltheexistinggravitytrunksewerwithanewgravitytrunksewer將新下水管與舊下水管平行安放Constructaseriesof5newpumpingstationsandpumptoadjacentseweragearea需要設置5個新泵站，把污水泵送到鄰近排污系統ParallelTrunkSewer平行管道方案Advantages優點Maintainsgravityflow維持重力流動Disadvantages缺點Constructioninsiltysandtoclayeymaterial3to6metresdeepwithhighgroundwaterincloseproximitytoMillstoneRiver,ahighlysensitiveCohosalmonhabitatstream.在3-6米的粘沙土層施工難度大；地下水位高；會影響三文魚棲息地的生態Additionalright-of-waywouldberequired

需要額外的管位CostEstimatedat$5.1million

成本估算約5.1百萬美元PumpedOption泵站方案Advantages優點Minimizesenvironmentalimpactsaspumpstationsandforcemainsforthemostpartwouldbeconstructedinexistingright-of-ways.對環境擾動小Disadvantages缺點AddedundesirablelongtermoperationalcoststotheCityofNanaimo給這個城市增加了一些額外的長期營運成本CostEstimatedat$5.2million

成本估算約5.2百萬美元

PipeBurstingResearchedasaPossibleAlternative

爆管法作為可能的另一選擇Advantages優點Lessenvironmentalimpactasexcavationisminimized由于極少動土，對環境影響小Gravityflowmaintained保持重力流動Noadditionalright-of-waysrequired無需額外的管位Nolongtermoperationalandmaintenancecostsassociatedwithpumpstations無需象泵站方案那樣需要長期的營運和維護成本Morecosteffectivethanalternatives

最經濟的工法Disadvantages缺點UpsizerequiredattheupperlimitofPBtechnologyinNorthAmerica;however,therehadbeenlimitedsuccess擴徑要求已達北美的爆管的上限；但也有一些成功的實例Lengths100mto175m長度為100米至175米LimitedavailabilityofcontractorsinNorthAmericawithcapabilitytoperformupsizeofthisnature能做這樣的擴徑工程的承包商有限ProjectApproach項目過程Pre-qualificationofcontractorsthroughoutNorthAmerica對北美的工程商進行資格審核ContractUndertakenInTwoStages合同分兩步Demonstrationsectionconsistingof570mlength570米的演示工程Remaining3350mwouldbeawardeduponsuccessfulcompletionofdemonstrationsection剩余的3350米將授與演示成功者ContractawardedtoTerracoExcavatingLtd.for$3.9million合同授與T.E.公司。工價3.9百萬美元ResearchundertakenwithNRC-IRAPandtheUniversityofAlberta研究工作由NRC-IRAPandthe