書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-北京化工大學考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Agoodteachermustknowhowto_____hisideas.

問題1選項

A.convey

B.display

C.consult

D.confront

【答案】A

【解析】convey傳達，表達；display顯示，陳列；consult查閱，商量；confront面對，遭遇。句意：一個好老師必須知道如何表達他的想法。選項A符合句意。

2.單選題

Theseeffectsresultinnutrientimbalancesinplants,______reducingplantgrowth.

問題1選項

A.consecutively

B.subsequently

C.consequently

D.consistently

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A項consecutively“連續地”，B項subsequently“隨后，其后”，C項consequently“因此，結果”，D項consistently“一貫地”。根據關鍵詞nutrientimbalancesinplants（植物的營養失衡）和reducingplantgrowth（減少了植物的生長）可知，前后是因果關系，所以C項符合。句意：這些影響導致植物營養失衡，從而降低植物生長。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

3.不定項選擇題

Whathappensifpeopledonottakeintoaccountthecultureofthecountriestheyaredealingwith?Herearesomeexamples.

Mr.Byrdwashiredbyawell-knownAmericancorporationtobeits“maninRiyadh”,SaudiArabia.HewenttothehomeofaSaudi,Mr.Fouad,totrytointeresthiminparticipatinginalocaljointventurewithhiscompany.Asthiswasafirstmeeting,themen’sconversationbeganwith“Howareyoudoing?How’syourfamily?Andhowisyourfather?”thatmadeMr.Byrdalittleimpatient.Mr.Byrd,familiarwiththeseobligatoryformalitiesofgreeting,answered“Fine,myfather,yes,well,heisfine.IsawhimafewmonthsagoduringChristmaswhenwetookhimoutofthenursinghomeforafewdays.”

Fromthatpointeverythingfrozeup.Mr.Byrd’smissionwascompletelyderailedbecausewhileMr.Fouadremainedgraciousenough,hewasobviouslyuninterestedindoinganybusinesswithMr.Byrd.

TheAmericanwasatalossanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.Infacttheproblemwithhimisthathedidnotunderstandthefamilycultureinthispartoftheworld.ItwouldhavebeeninconceivablefortheSauditohaveplacedhisfatherinthecareofstrangers.Mr.FouadthusfeltthathecouldnottrustMr.Byrdasabusinesspartner.

Anotherexample,JimTurnerwasattendingaconferenceinLyon.ThiswasnothisfirsttriptoFrance,andhewaspleasedsomeoftheFrenchcolleagueshe’dmetpreviouslyrememberedhim.Oneeveningtheyinvitedhimalongfordinner.Shortlyafterthefoodwasserved,theybeganjokingaboutthequalityofthefood.Thatsurprisedhim.Hethoughtthefoodwasreallyrathergoodandsaidso,expectingthediscussiontocontinue.Buttohisgreatdiscomfort,theythenmadesomejokeabout“foodandAmericans”andchangedthesubject.Hefeltsomewhatexcludedanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.

Interpretation:TheFrenchtakegreatprideintheirfoodandwineandforeignersshouldbeveryprudentaboutpassingjudgmentonthequalityofthefood.Inthiscase,theFrenchmenobviouslythoughtthatthefoodattherestaurantdidnotwarrantsuchpraise,andintheirview,theAmericanrevealedhislackoftaste.

1.Mr.ByrdtriedtopersuadeMr.Fouadto________.

2.TheconversationbetweenMr.ByrdandMr.Fouad________.

3.Mr.Byrd’sproblemliesinthathe________.

4.JimTurnerpraisedthefoodbecause________.

5.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethatwhendoingbusinessabroad________.

問題1選項

A.joinhiscompanyasthelegaladviser

B.investinhiscompanyasalocalpartner

C.workinhiscompanyasthelocalmanager

D.cooperatewithhiscompanyasthelocaldealer

問題2選項

A.beganwithsmalltalk

B.wentdirectlytobusiness

C.deepenedtheirfriendship

D.endedupinaquarrel

問題3選項

A.wasnotfamiliarwithSaudiArabianwayoftalking

B.wasnotgoodattheartoftalkingwithastranger

C.didnotknowMr.Fouad’spersonalityandinterests

D.didnotrealizetheimportanceoffamilyinSaudiArabia

問題4選項

A.hetriedtopleasethehosts

B.itwassociallynecessary

C.hetrulyenjoyedthefood

D.itwaspartofthetablemanners

問題5選項

A.sincerityisthekeytosuccess

B.itisessentialtounderstandculturaldifferences

C.oneshouldbecarefulinmakingjudgment

D.itisnecessarytocreateawin-winsituation

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:事實細節題。由題干人名Mr.Byrd和Mr.Fouad定位到文章第二段第二句HewenttothehomeofaSaudi,Mr.Fouad,totrytointeresthiminparticipatinginalocaljointventurewithhiscompany.（他（指Mr.Byrd）到一個叫Mr.Fouad的沙特人的家里，試圖吸引他，讓他對與自己公司一起在當地建立一家合資公司產生興趣）。由此可知Mr.Byrd去的目的是讓Mr.Fouad成為自己公司的地區合伙人，所以答案選B選項“投資自己公司成為地區合伙人”，而不是A選項“做該公司地區法律顧問”，C選項“成為該公司地區經理”或者D選項“與他合作，說服他成為地區經銷商”。

第2題:事實細節題。由conversation我們可以對應到文中提到的兩個人之間的談話內容，即第二段第三句Asthiswasafirstmeeting,themen’sconversationbeganwith“Howareyoudoing?How’syourfamily?Andhowisyourfather?”thatmadeMr.Byrdalittleimpatient.（在第一次會面的時候，兩人之間的談話是以“你最近怎么樣？你家人怎么樣？你爸爸近來可好？”，這些對話使得拜德先生變得有點不耐煩。）從這句話可知，兩人的對話沒有開門見山直接談生意而是從一些日常小事開始的，所以B選項“直入主題”錯誤，A選項“從無關緊要的對話開始”正確。我們再定位到第三段第二句話Mr.Byrd’smissionwascompletelyderailedbecausewhileMr.Fouadremainedgraciousenough,hewasobviouslyuninterestedindoinganybusinesswithMr.Byrd.（拜德先生的任務完全失敗了因為盡管福德先生仍然保持著風度，但是很顯然他對和拜德先生做生意這件事已經沒有任何興趣了）。從這句話我們可以知道這次談話失敗了，福德先生對拜德先生不是很滿意，所以并沒有增加他們之間的友誼，因而C選項“加深了他們之間的友誼”排除，而且從remaingracious這個短語來看，福德先生保持著風度的，所以D選項“以爭吵結束”錯誤。

第3題:事實細節題。根據題干我們定位到第三段第三、四句話TheAmericanwasatalossanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.Infacttheproblemwithhimisthathedidnotunderstandthefamilycultureinthispartoftheworld.（這個美國人非常迷茫，不知道那里做錯了。事實上問題在于他并不理解這個地區的家庭文化），由此我們答案選D選項“沒有意識到家庭對于沙特人的重要性”。A選項“不熟悉沙特阿拉伯人的談話方式”；B選項“不善于和陌生人談話”；C選項“不知道福德先生的性格和興趣”；這三點文章中都沒有提及，所以答案選D。

第4題:事實細節題。由題干我們可以定位到第四段第六句話Hethoughtthefoodwasreallyrathergoodandsaidso（他覺得食物非常不錯而且也是這樣說的），由此可知Jim夸贊食物的原因是因為他真心覺得好吃，并不是A選項“為了取悅主人”；B選項“為了社交需求”；D選項“或者是出于餐桌禮儀”。所以答案應該選C選項“他真的覺得食物好吃”。

第5題:主旨大意題。從conclude（總結）這個詞可知，這道題是選貼近文章主題的。A選項“真誠是成功的關鍵”，B選項“了解文化差異是必要的”，C選項“一個人應該謹慎地作出判斷”，D選項“營造雙贏環境是非常必要的”。整篇文章主要是講了兩個例子，都是關于主人公因為沒有注意到文化差異，一個造成生意沒談成，一個造成不能融入集體。和真誠、謹慎，還有雙贏這三個話題沒有關系，所以答案要選擇B。

4.翻譯題

Whilebankstrytoavoiddrowningintroubledassets—badloans—borrowersandlendersalikearequestioninghowbankgotintothecurrentfinancialmess.Manyobserversblamesubprimemortgagelending.Unlikeprimemortgagesubprimeloansaremadetohigh-riskborrowers—thosewithbadcredithistories,excessivedebt,inadequateincomeorotherindicatorsthattheywillnotrepaythelender.Inreturnforriskierloans,borrowerspayhigherinterestrates.1.Asthehousingmarkettumbled,delinquenciesskyrocketedonmillionsofsubprimeloans.Whereasabout6percentofmortgagewereuncollectablefrom2000to2005,thereafterdelinquenciesincreasednearing30percentby2008.Lendersextendedtoomuchcredittoweakborrowers.

Reportsindicatethatthesubprimecrisiscanbetracedtooverlyrelaxedcreditstandards.Onestudyfoundthatmanyloanapplicationslistedfraudulentinformation.Someborrowers,takingadvantageoflaxlendingpracticestolivebeyondtheirmeans,liedabouttheirincomeandassetsinordertosecureloans.2.Othermisinformationcanbeattributedtomortgagebrokerseagertogetotherwiseunqualifiedborrowersapprovedforloans.Somelenderswentsofarastohavearelativeposeasaborrower’sfakeemployerandfalsityW-2formstogainapproval.3.Theseproblemswerecompoundedfurtherbythosewithinthebankingandfinancesystemwhoknewthatrampantfraudwasoccurringbutlookedtheotherway,aslongasprofitskeptrollingin.

4.Nowstuckwithuncollectableloans,unsellableforeclosedpropertiesandbigfinanciallosses,theindustryistighteningcreditstandardsandlendingpractices.Federalbankexaminers,forexample,areinsistingthatloanofficersusegreatercautionandjudgmenttoidentifycredit-worthyborrowersandavoidweakloans.Lendersareswitchingtoindependentrealestateappraiserswhohavenodirectcontactwithloanofficers,togetaccurateratherthaninflatedpropertyappraisals.5.Alongwitheliminatingloanswithzeroorverylowdownpayments,homeequitylendingisshrinkingashomevaluescontinuetofall.Lendersarealsoreducingcreditcardlimit.Withadirelessonlearned,itappearsthattighterstandardsareherefortheforeseeablefuture.

【答案】1.隨著房地產市場的暴跌，數百萬次級貸款的拖欠率飆升。從2000年到2005年，約有6%的抵押貸款無法收回，而此后到2008年，拖欠率上升了近30個百分點。

2.其他的虛假信息可以歸因于抵押貸款經紀人急于讓不合格的借款人獲得貸款。一些貸款機構，甚至讓親戚冒充借款人的假雇主并提供虛假的報稅表格，以獲得貸款批準。

3.銀行和金融系統內部的人知道存在著猖獗的欺詐行為，但只要利潤源源不斷地涌入，他們就視而不見，而這進一步加劇了這些問題。

4.現在，由于無法收回的貸款、無法出售的止贖房產和巨大的金融損失，銀行業正在收緊信貸標準和放貸操作。

5.隨著零首付或極低首付貸款的取消，房屋凈值貸款隨著房屋價值的繼續下跌而萎縮。

5.單選題

Ifyouwanttogetintothattunnel,youfirsthaveto______awayalltherocks.

問題1選項

A.haul

B.transfer

C.repel

D.dispose

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項haul“（用力）拖，拉；費力前進；強迫（某人）接受申斥；（用卡車）運；（帆船）突然改變航道”；B選項transfer“轉讓；轉接；移交；轉移（地方）；（使）換乘；轉存，轉錄；調動（工作）；傳染，傳播；使（運動員）轉隊；把（錢）轉到另一賬戶，機構上”；C選項repel“擊退；抵制；使厭惡；使不愉快”；D選項dispose“處理；安排；決定；擊敗；殺死”。haulaway“搬運開；拖走；駛開；拽開”句意：如果你想進入隧道，你首先得把所有的巖石都拖走。因此A選項正確。

6.翻譯題

WhatIwishforallstudentsissomereleasefromthegrimgripofthefuture.Iwishthemachancetoenjoyeachsegmentoftheireducationasanexperienceinitselfandnotasatiresomerequirementinpreparationforthenextstep.Iwishthemtherighttoexperiment,totripandfall,tolearnthatdefeatisaseducationalasvictoryandisnottheendoftheworld.

Mywish,ofcourse,isnative.OneofthefewrightsthatAmericadoesnotproclaimistherighttofail.Achievementisthenationalgod,worshippedinourmedia—themillion-dollarathlete,thewealthyexecutiveandglorifiedinourpraiseofpossessions.Inthepresenceofsuchapotentstatereligion,theyoungaregrowingupold.

【答案】我希望所有的學生稍微擺脫未來的無情控制。我希望他們有機會把自己每一階段的教育純粹當成一種經歷來享受，而不是作為一種為下一步做準備的令人厭倦的需要。我希望他們有權利去嘗試、跌倒、懂得失敗如同勝利一樣具有教育意義和失敗并不是世界的末日。

當然，我的希望是天真的。失敗的權利是美國人不贊揚的幾個權利之一。成就是民族之神，在我們的媒體中受到崇拜——如身價百萬的運動員，富有的主管人員一樣——在我們對財富的贊美中得到榮耀。年輕人就是在這樣一種強有力的民族信仰熏陶下長大的。

7.單選題

Language,cultureandpersonalitymaybeconsidered（

）ofeachotherIthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.

問題1選項

A.indistinctly

B.separately

C.irrelevantly

D.independently

【答案】D

【解析】考察副詞詞義辨析。indistinctly“不清楚地，模糊地”；separately“分開地，與from”；irrelevantly“不恰當地，不相關地”;independently“獨立地，分開地”。句意：語言、文化、性格彼此都是獨立的，實際上他們之間密不可分。選項D符合題意。

8.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingEnglishintoChinese.

Historically,economistshavesaidthatwell-beingisasimplefunctionofincome.However,ithasbeanfoundthatoncewealthreachesasubsistencelevel,itseffectivenessasageneratorofwell-beingisgreatlydiminished.ThisparadoxhasbeenreferredtoastheEasterinparadox.Thismeansthataspirationsincreasewithincome;afterbasicneedsaremet;relativeratherthanabsoluteincomelevelsinfluencewell-being.Happinesseconomistshopetochangethewaygovernmentsviewwell-beingandhowtomosteffectivelygovernandallocateresourcesgiventhisparadox.However,otherresearchsuggeststhatnoparadoxexists,andhappinessislinearlyrelatedtothelogarithmofabsolute(real,PPP-adjusted)income,withlittleornorelativeincomecomponent.

Moneycorrelateswithhappiness,buttheratediminisheswithmoremoney.In2010,twoeconomistsfoundthathigherearnersgenerallyreportedbetterlifesatisfaction,butpeople’sday-to-dayemotionalwell-beingonlyrosewithearningsuntilathresholdannualincomeof$75,000.Otherfactorshavebeensuggestedasmakingpeoplehappierthanmoney.Onestudy,whencorrectedforsocialstatus,showednocorrelationbetweenincomeandhappiness.

【答案】從歷史上看，經濟學家曾說過經濟收入能影響幸福指數。然而有研究發現，當財富達到基本的生活水平，它對幸福指數的影響力就會極大地減少。這個悖論被稱為伊斯特林悖論。這意味著愿望隨著收入而增加；在基本需求得到滿足之后；收入水平對幸福的影響是相對的，而不是絕對的了。鑒于這一悖論，幸福經濟學家希望改變政府看待幸福的方式，以及如何最有效地管理和分配資源。然而，其他研究表明這種悖論不存在，幸福指數與絕對（實際的，根據購買力平價調整后的）收入的對數成線性相關，與收入的構成沒有什么關系。

金錢與幸福相關，但隨著金錢的增加，這一比率會下降。2010年，兩位經濟學家發現，高收入者總體上表現出更好的生活滿意度，但是只有當年收入達到75000美元后，人們日常的情感幸福才會隨著收入的增加而增加。其他因素比金錢更能使人快樂。一項針對社會地位的研究表明，收入和幸福之間沒有相關性。

9.問答題

Wheneveryouseeanoldfilm,youcan'thelpbeingstruckbytheappearanceofthewomentakingpart.

Theirhairstylesandmake-uplookdate:theirskirtslookeithertoolongortooshort;

A

B

theirgeneralappearanceis,infact,slightlyludicrous.

C

D

【答案】試題答案：B;dated

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。由“theirskirtslookeithertoolongortooshort”可知此處指的是不好的，look表示“看起來”的意思，后面接形容詞，dated意為“過時的”。

10.填空題

TheFoodandDrugAdministrationonFridayproposedtwoimportantrules_1_atpreventingthecontaminationofproduceandprocessedfoods.The_2_rulerepresentaseachangeinthewaytheagencypolicesfood,aprocessthatcurrently_3_takingactionaftercontaminationhasbeenidentified.

Changesincluderequirementsforbetterrecordkeeping,contingency（應急的）plansforhandlingoutbreaksandmeasuresthatwouldpreventthespreadofcontaminationinthefirstplace.Whilefoodproducerswouldhavelatitudein4howtoexecutetherules,farmerswouldhavetoensurethatwaterusedinirrigationmeetcertainstandardsandfood_5_needtofindwaystokeepfreshthatmaycontainbacteriafromcominginto_6_withfoodthathasbeencooked.Newsafetymeasuresmightincluderequiringthatfarmworkerswashtheirhands,_7__portabletoiletsinfieldsandensuringthatfoodsshouldbecookedattemperatureshighenoughtokillbacteria.

Whetherconsumerswill_8_bearsomeoftheexpensesofthenewruleswasunclear,theagencyestimatedthattheproposalswouldcostfoodproducerstensofthousandsofdollarsayear.PresidentObamarequested$220millioninhis2013_9_,butDr.MargaretHamburg,commissioneroftheF.D.A,said“resourcesremainanongoingconcern.”Nonetheless,agencyofficialswere_10_thatthenewruleswouldprotectconsumersbetter.

【答案】1.A2.N3.H4.F5.M6.D7.G8.O9.C10.I

【解析】1.根據句意和句子結構可以分析空格處填入動詞。句意為：美國食品和藥物管理局在周五提出了兩項重要規定，__防止生產和加工食品的污染。從選項中的動詞可以判斷aim針對、目的在于符合句意，aimat為固定搭配。

2.根據句意和句子結構可以分析空格處填入形容詞。由上文內容“proposedtwoimportantrules”可判斷空格部分“The__rule”。從選項中的形容詞可以判斷proposed被提議的、建議的符合句意。

3.根據句意和句子結構可以分析空格處填入動詞。句意為：這項規定標志著該機構監管食品的方式發生了巨大變化，目前這一過程__在確定污染后采取行動。從選項中的動詞可以判斷involve包含符合句意，involvedoingsth包含。

4.根據句意和句子結構可以分析空格處填入動詞。句意為：食品生產商可以自由__如何執行這些規定。從選項中的動詞可以判斷determine決定符合句意。

5.根據句意和句子結構可以分析空格處填入名詞。由上文內容“Whilefoodproducerswouldhave……”可判斷空格部分“food__”。句意為：食品__需要找到保持新鮮的方法。從選項中的名詞可以判斷producers生產者、制造者符合句意。

6.根據句意和句子結構可以分析空格處填入動詞。句意為：食品生產商需要找到保持新鮮的方法，防止可能含有細菌的食品__煮熟的食品。從選項中的動詞可以判斷contact接觸符合題意，comeintocontactwith和……接觸、接觸到。

7.根據句意和句子結構可以分析空格處填入動詞。句意為：新的安全措施可能包括要求農場工人洗手，在田地里__便攜的洗手間，確保食物在足夠高的溫度下烹飪以殺死細菌。從選項中的動詞可以判斷install安裝符合句意。

8.根據句意和句子結構可以分析空格處填入副詞。句意為：消費者__是否會承擔新規定的部分費用尚不清楚。從選項中的動詞可以判斷ultimately最后、最終符合句意。

9.根據句意和句子結構可以分析空格處填入名詞。句意為：奧巴馬總統在2013年的__中要求2.2億美元。這里提到金額，因此從選項中的名詞可以判斷budget預算符合句意。

10.根據句意和句子結構可以分析空格處填入形容詞。由Nonetheless盡管如此可以判斷空格部分需要填入一個與前文相反的態度，從選項中的動詞可以判斷optimistic樂觀的符合句意。

11.單選題

Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫學家)MarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshockstiog24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock

Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.

Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon’tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.

Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成條件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtoskillthem.

1.Laudenslager'sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnoffthe

electricity（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto（）.

33.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat（）.

4.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder'sexperiment

wasthat（）.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals（）.

問題1選項

A.wasstrengthened

B.wasnotaffected

C.wasaltered

D.wasweakened

問題2選項

A.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

B.turnofftheelectricity

C.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations

D.becomeabnormallysuspicious

問題3選項

A.theydislikeditstaste

B.itaffectedtheirimmunesystem

C.itledtostomachpains

D.theyassociateditwithstomachaches

問題4選項

A.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharin

B.thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothem

C.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind

D.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning

問題5選項

A.canbeweakenedbyconditioning

B.canbesuppressedbydruginfections

C.canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharin

D.canbealteredbyelectricshocks

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.細節事實題。第一段倒數第二句指出:Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity(Laudenslager發現，無助老鼠（不能關掉電流的老鼠）的免疫功能被削弱至低于正常水平，但是，對于那些能切斷電流的老鼠的免疫功能則不會受到影響)。因此B項“不受影響”正確。

2.細節事實題。第二段第三句指出:Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol(但是，如果動物有（老鼠）面對過控制不了的情況，那么，以后即使在自己能夠控制的情況下，其反應也是消極的)，因此C項“在可控制的情況下，表現得消極”正確。

3.細節事實題。第三段指出:Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener(將糖精與胃疼關聯后，老鼠很快學會避免糖精)。因此，選D項“他們與胃疼有關聯”。

4.判斷推理題。第三段舉例是為了證明該段中心句，即:...howthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponse...(思想是如何改變/影響免疫系統)，故選C項“它們的免疫系統被其思想改變了”。

5.判斷推理題。第三段中Ader的實驗說明通過各種具體手段使動物形成某

種條件反射就能削弱其免疫功能。因此，A項“條件反射可能減弱免疫系統”正確。

12.單選題

Insomewaystheyareamarketers’dream.Theyhavebillionsofdollarsindiscretionaryincome—andspendmostofit.Althoughtheirindividualpurchasesaresmall，theybuyregularly,oftenresponsetopeerpressure.Theyareheavilyinfluencedbythehoursoftelevisionadvertisingtheyseeeachweek.And，asaresultoftoday’ssmallerfamilies,andtheincreaseinthenumberoftwo-incomehouseholds,theyhavemoretosayaboutfamilydecisionsthaneverbefore.

“They”arechildren,ofcourse,agroupwhosespendinghabitsareattractingtheattentionofmoreandmoremarketers.Onerecentstudyestimatesthat:thethirtymillionU.S.children4to12yearsoldreceiveabout$4.7billionannuallyfromallowances,giftsandoddjobs.Ofthatamount,theyspendatotalof$4.2billioneachyearonsnacks($1.4billion),toysandgames($1.1billion),moviesandsports($771million),videogames($766million),andgifts($164million),engaginginsome280independentpurchasestransactionsannually.Childrenthirteentonineteenaccountforevengreateryearlyexpenditures:$30.5billionoftheirownmoney.

Butchildren’sfinancialmuscledoesnotendthere.Researchersestimatethatchildrendirectlyinfluencemore-than$40billioninadultpurchaseseachyear.ANickeldeonUSAToday/YankelovichYouthMonitorstudyfoundthatchildrenareextremelyawareofbrandandhaveconsiderableinputintotheirparents，selectionofapparel,cereal,snacks,cars,televisionsandpersonalcomputers.Manychildrenareinvolvedinactualhouseholdpurchasing,especiallyfood；inarecentTeenageResearchstudy,halftheteengirlssurveyedreportedshoppingforgroceriesatleastonceaweek.Recognizingthisindirectpurchasingpowerthatchildrenhave，agrowingnumberofmarketersareapproachingtheyouthdirectly.TheNationalDairyBoard,forexample,nowairsmilkcommercialswithyouthappeal,andProcter&GamblehasdevelopedCrestforKidstoothpaste.

Howdidchildrenacquiresuchbuyingclout?Researcherspointtoseveralfactors.Asthenumberofworkingcouplesandsingle-parenthouseholdsincreased,manyparentsshiftedcertainhouseholdresponsibilitiesontochildren’sshoulders.Thrustintoadultroles,childrenhaveendedupwithmoreinfluenceoverthefamily’spurchases,andtheyalsotendtospendincreasedamountsofmoneythemselves.Inaddition,manyolder,professionalcoupleshavefewerchildren.Theseparentscanaffordtolavishmoreontheirchildren,includingextraspendingmoneyforsuchitemsasFisher-PriceToys’$225children’scamcorderandtheMyFirstSonylineofelectronicsgearforchildren.Thebandwagoneffectisyetanotherfactor.Whenonemarketerbeginstofocusonchildren,competitorsfollowsuit,encouragingevenmorechildren’spurchases.McDonald’sCorp.,forexample,hasaimedadvertisementsforitshamburgers,mealkits,andpartiesatchildrenforyears；nowHardee’sFoodSystems,Inc,andWendy’sInternationalInc,aredoingthesame.

Astutemarketersrealizethatchildrenactuallyrepresentthreemarkets:currentconsumers,influentialconsumers,andfuturebuyers.Becausechildrenaresteadilydevelopingbrandawareness,andproductpreferencesthatsomedaywilltranslateintopurchasingdecisions,evencompaniesnotsellingyouthproductspersearebeginningtopayattentiontoselldirectlytochildren,realizingthat,outtheresomewhere,tomorrow’sbig-ticketcustomerisplayingvideogamestoday.

1.Thetopicofthisselectionis（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthisselection?

3.Fromthestatementthatchildren“havebillionsofdollarsindiscretionaryincome—andspendmostofit”，wecaninferthatchildren（）.

4.Abouttheirbuyingbehaviors,wecaninferthatchildrenare（）.

5.Wecaninferthatmarketersbelievechildrenwhodevelop“brandawareness”whentheyareyoungwill（）.

問題1選項

A.marketingproducts

B.children’sspendingpatterns

C.doingsurveysofchildren

D.thebandwagoneffect

問題2選項

A.Childrenhavemoretosayaboutfamilypurchasedecisionsthaneverbefore.

B.Childrenareimportantmembersofsociety.

C.Childrenhaveagooddealofpowerasbuyersandconsumers.

D.Marketersareovercomingtheirlackofinterestinsellingtochildren.

問題3選項

A.havenosenseofvalueregardingmoney

B.shouldnotbegivensomuchmoneybytheirparents

C.misusethefinancialpowerplacedintheirhands

D.donotsavemuchoftheirownmoney

問題4選項

A.notinfluencedmuchbyadvertising

B.verymuchinfluencedbytheirfriends

C.notinfluencedbymilkcommercialswithyouthappeal

D.carefulaboutspendingonhamburgersandotherfastfoods

問題5選項

A.rejectthosebrandswhenbecomeadults

B.purchasevideogamesfortheirchildren

C.remainloyaltothosebrandsintoadulthood

D.spendtheirmoneywiselyandthoughtfullyasadults

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:文章第一二段提到兒童群體雖然不大，但是他們有一定的購買能力；之后引用了一些兒童帶來的花費的數據來進一步說明兒童是個很大的消費群體。最后提到兒童代表著三個市場。從這些可知全文都是在講兒童的消費問題。所以選項B符合題意。

第2題:文章主要探討兒童消費問題。出于很多原因，兒童已經是一個具有很強購買力的消費者。選項C符合題意。

第3題:文章第一段提到孩子們有很多零花錢自己處理，但是他們容易受到電視廣告的影響（Theyareheavilyinfluencedbythehoursoftelevisionadvertisingtheyseeeachweek），說明他們的錢被亂用了，選項C符合題意。

第4題:文章第一段提到雖然兒童的購買力不強，但是他們會受同伴的影響（Althoughtheirindividualpurchasesaresmall，theybuyregularly,oftenresponsetopeerpressure）。選項B符合題意。

第5題:文章最后一段提到商家們認為兒童代表三個市場：currentconsumers,influentialconsumers,andfuturebuyers。孩子們的品牌意識和產品偏好正穩定發展，總有一天會形成購買力。選項C符合題意。

13.單選題

______isthecenterofourplanetarysystemwasadifficultconcepttograspintheMiddleAges.

問題1選項

A.Thatthesunandnottheearth

B.Beingthesunandnottheearth

C.Itisthesunandnottheearth

D.Thesunandnottheearth

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查主語從句。句意：在中世紀，行星系的中心是太陽而不是地球，這是一個很難理解的概念。句子開頭到planetarysystem是主語從句，意思是“行星系的中心是太陽而不是地球”，其中橫線部分充當主語從句的主語。that引導的主語從句在句首時，that不能省略，A選項Thatthesunandnottheearth符合題意，其余選項用法錯誤。因此A選項正確。

14.單選題

China,theeconomicpowerhousewithapopulationofmorethanonebillionpeople,isoftenatthe（）ofthenewsagenda.

問題1選項

A.forefront

B.edge

C.brink

D.border

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項forefront“前沿；最前線”；B選項edge“邊緣”；C選項brink“邊緣”；D選項border“邊界；邊境”。句意：中國，這個擁有超過10億人口的經濟強國，經常出現在新聞議程的……。B選項edge一般是用來形容比較窄的邊緣。C選項brink一般是指懸崖峭壁的邊緣。D選項border邊界通常用來形容兩國之間的邊界線與臨界點。而根據關鍵詞newsagenda“新聞議程”，中國經常能夠占據新聞議程的最前沿。因此A選項符合題意。

15.單選題

Theovercrowdedlivingconditions（）aheavystrainonthefamily.

問題1選項

A.set

B.put

C.made

D.pressed

【答案】B

【解析】putaheavystrainonsb.為慣用搭配,指對某人來說是一個沉重的負擔。這里指：過度擁擠的生活條件給這個家庭造成了沉重的負擔。

16.單選題

Thisisadifficultjob,ifyoutryyourbest,youwilllearnhowtodoit（）.

問題1選項

A.ontime

B.behindtime

C.attimes

D.intime

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。ontime“準時”；behindtime“遲到”；attimes“有時偶爾”；intime“及時”。本句意為“這是一份困難的工作，但只要你盡力，你就能很快學會的”，intime符合句意，表達“及時”的意思。因此選項D正確。

17.翻譯題

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese.

Anaestheticsense,aninstinctforbeauty,isoneoftheuniversalattributesofhumanbeings.

（1）Whileatitslowestlevelaestheticappreciationismerelyofanthropologicalorsociologicalinterest,atitshighestlevel,perhaps,itduplicatesartisticcreationandexistsonthesameplane.Butcertainlythat“plane”ismulti-dimensional.

Manypossiblereasonswhyhumanbeingsareresponsivetobeautyandneedartintheirlivescanandhavebeenadduced.（2）

Myowntheoryisthatartconcentratesandchannelsemotionsandexperiencesthatwouldotherwisebeinchoateandunformedinthepsyche;thatistosay,itbringsintosharpfocusandgivesformtoshadowypromptings,conflictingemotions,