大學英語四級-語法篇王穎大學英語四級-語法篇王穎1時態復習時態復習2時態

時態3大學英語四級課件：語法4時間狀語從句當中的時態： 一般過去時 所有的過去用 一般現在時表示 現在和將來 現在完成時 現在完成和將來完成大學英語四級課件：語法5非謂語動詞非謂語動詞6非謂語動詞-不定式

1)形式主動形式被動形式

一般式todotobedone

完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone

進行式tobedoing

完成進行式tohavebeendoing

非謂語動詞-不定式1)形式7a)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的動作,通常與主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)同時(或幾乎同時)發生,或是在它之后發生.假如不定式所表示的動作,在謂語所表示的動作(狀態)之前發生,就要用不定式的完成式.

Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).

(比較:Iamgladtoseeyou.)

Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.

Hepretendednottohaveseenme.a)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的動作,通常與主要謂8

b)進行式:如果主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)發生時,不定式表示的動作正在進行,這時要用不定式的進行式.

Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.

Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.

Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.

b)進行式:如果主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)發生時,不9c)完成進行式:在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進行的動作,就要用不定式的完成進行式.

Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.

Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.c)完成進行式:在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進行的動作,10d)被動式:當不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式.

Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.

Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.

Thisisboundtobefoundout.

Therearealotofthingstobedone.

Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.d)被動式:當不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的112)功用:不定式可以作主語(a),賓語(b),表語(c),定語(d)或是狀語(e).

a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.

b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.

c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.

d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?

e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.2)功用:不定式可以作主語(a),賓語(b),表123)不帶to的不定式:a)在“動詞+賓語+不定式”結構中,如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意義的have,make,let等,其后的不定式結構不帶to.

Johnmadehertellhimeverything.這類結構轉換為被動語態時,后面的不帶to的不定式一般還原為帶to的不定式.

Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.3)不帶to的不定式:13b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,動詞不定式也不帶to.

I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.

Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wou14c)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不帶to的動詞不定式.

Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.

（一頓咒罵）I’veheardtellofhim.（聽說、聽到）c)在makedo,makebelieve,let15d)在動詞help(或help+賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式,也可用帶to的不定式.

CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?

e)在介詞except,but之后,如果其前有動詞do的某種形式,不定式一般不帶to,反之帶to.

Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.

Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.

There’snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.d)在動詞help(或help+賓語)之后可用不帶to的16f)連詞ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首時,其后的不定式不帶to.

Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.出現在句中其他位置時,其后的不定式有時帶to,有時不帶to.

Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.

Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.f)連詞ratherthan,soonerthan17g)用作補語的動詞不定式,如果主語是由“all+關系分句”，“thing+關系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式結構”等構成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時，作為主語補語的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.

Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.

Allyoudonowiscompletetheform

TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.

Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.

TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.g)用作補語的動詞不定式,如果主語是由“all+關系184)不定式的其他用法a)too…to結構通常表示否定意義:

Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.enough…to結構則表示肯定意義:

Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式連用時,不定式一般不表示否定意義:

He’sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.so…as(to)這種結構也可用不定式作狀語:

Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.4)不定式的其他用法19b)如果要說明不定是表示的動作是誰做的,可以在不定式前加一個for引起的短語:

Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.

Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.在以某些形容詞(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表語時,不定式前可加一個of引起的短語,來說明不定式指的是誰的情況:

It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.

(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.

It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.

It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.b)如果要說明不定是表示的動作是誰做的,可以在不定式前加20動名詞具有動作性特征的名詞1)是名詞seeingisbelieving2)具有動詞性特征可以帶賓語動名詞具有動作性特征的名詞21

一)動名詞的形式:

一般形式：Idon'tlikeyousmoking.完成形式：Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.被動形式：Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.

一)動名詞的形式:

一般形式：Idon'tlik22二)動名詞常考的點1)動名詞做主語謂語動詞為單數2)在動名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語是動名詞3)動名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語.Iwouldappreciate_______backthisafternoon．A．youtocallB．youcallC．youcallingD．you'recalling（Key：Cyourcalling也對）Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.二)動名詞常考的點1)動名詞做主語謂語動詞為單數23

4)有些詞后只能接動名詞

admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;can'thelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand...

4)有些詞后只能接動名詞

admit;appre24另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法it'snogood;it'sno/little/hardlyany/use;it'snot/hardly/scarcelyuse;it'sworthwhile;spendmoney/time;there'sno;there'snopointin;there'snothingworsethan;what'stheuse/point...另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法25

5有些詞后加不定式和動名詞均可

remember,forget,try,stop,goon,cease,mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。Irememberedtoposttheletters.(指未來/過去未來的動作)Irememberedposting/havingpostingtheletters(我記得這個動作)forgot與remember的用法類似。Iregrettoinformyouthat…我很遺憾地通知你…Iregrettedhavingleftthefirmaftertwentyyears.為了"二十年前的離開"而遺憾。

5有些詞后加不定式和動名詞均可

remember,fo26tryto努力Youreallymusttrytoovercomeyourshyness.try–ing試驗Trypracticingfivehoursaday.

Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.[打算、想]我想去，但我父親不讓我去。Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.[意味著]贈加工資意味著增加購買力。tryto努力Youreallymusttry27

prefer的用法：

我寧愿在這里等。Iprefertowaithere.（所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）Ipreferwaitinghere.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）Ipreferswimmingtocycling.（這個句子里面就不能用不定式了。）

prefer的用法：

我寧愿在這里等。28分詞3.分詞1)意義:過去分詞通常來自及物動詞,帶有被動意義和完成意義;而現在分詞有的來自及物動詞,有的來自不及物動詞,通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義.

frozenfoodafreezingwind

aboredtravelleraboringjourney

alostcausealosingbattle

aconqueredarmyaconqueringarmy

afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch

thespokenwordaspeakingbird

aclosedshoptheclosinghour

arecordedtalkarecordingmachine分詞3.分詞29來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨用作前置修飾語,能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個詞,僅表示完成意義,不表示被動意義.

therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分,在意義上相當于關系分句.

Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨用作前置修飾語,能作這樣302)句法作用a)作定語:distinguishedguest貴賓,unknownheroes無名英雄,armedforces武裝部隊,cannedfood罐頭食品,boiledwater開水,steamedbread饅頭,strickenarea災區分詞還可構成合成詞作定語:simply-furnishedroom陳設簡單的房間,clear-cutanswer明確的答復,highly-developedindustry高度發展的工業,heartfeltthanks衷心的感謝,hand-madegoods手工制品,man-madesatellite人造衛星2)句法作用31b)作補足語:可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有:

see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感覺和心理狀態的動詞.

Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.

Wefoundhergreatlychanged.make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意義的動詞:

Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.

Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.

Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意義的動詞:

Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.

Hewon’tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.b)作補足語:可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有:

se32c)過去分詞短語常用作狀語,修飾謂語,很多都說明動作發生的背景或情況.

Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,

Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.過去分詞短語也可作狀語表示原因,相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句.

Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.有時也可說明動作發生的時間,相當于一個表示時間的狀語從句.

Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.間或也可表示一個假設的情況,相當于一個條件從句.

Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.偶爾也可用來代替一個“讓步”狀語從句.

Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.c)過去分詞短語常用作狀語,修飾謂語,很多都說明動作發33虛擬語氣條件句11/17/2022虛擬語氣條件句11/10/202234三種基本形式IfIhadabike,Iwouldlendittoyou.(if從句用過去時,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)Ifhehadbeenhere,hewouldhavehelpedyou.(從句過去完成時,主句should/would/could/might+不定式完成時)IfIshould/weretodotheexperiment,Iwoulddoitsomeotherway.(從句用should/wereto,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)三種基本形式IfIhadabike,Iwould35if的省略1.Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.2.Hadhecomeearlier,hewouldhaveseenher.3.Shouldtheyattackus,wewouldwipethemoutcompletely.if的省略1.Wereyouinmypositio36IfonlyIfonlyyouwouldlistentoreason.IfonlyIweretenyearsyounger.IFonlyhedidn’tdrivesofast.Ifonlyhehadaskedsomeone’sadvice.IfIcouldonlygototheconcert.IfIcouldonly/but/justexplain.IfonlyIfonlyyouwouldliste37IwishIwishIknewtheanswer.IwishIhadknowntheaddress.IwishIwereyoung.Iwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions.IwishedIknewhisaddress.(發生在過去=IwassorryIdidn’tknowhisaddress.)IwishedIwereyoung.(=IwassorryIwasnotyoung.)IwishIwishIknewtheanswer38WouldratherIwouldratheryoutoldherthetruth.I’dratheryoucametomorrow.I’drather(that)hepainteditblue.Iwould(just)assoonthatJohnhadnotspokenrudelytome.WouldratherIwouldratheryou39Itis(high)timethat…...Itistimewe____(leave).Itistimewe____(go)tobed.It’shightimethatyouwereinbed.It’sabouttimeweleft.Itis(high)timethat…...40It’simportantthat…...Itisimportantthatwe____(speak)politely.Itisimperativethatwe____(practice)criticismandself-criticismstrange,advisable,anxious,crucial,appropriatecompulsory,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(絕對必要的),impossible,improper,natural,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,willingIt’simportantthat…...41IinsistthatIinsistthatwe____(go)therebybus.Hesuggestedthatwe___(leave)early.Thejudgeorderedthattheprisoner___(be)sentencedto30daysinjail.Iinsistthat42這些動詞和名詞后的從句為should+Vadvise(advice),agree(agreement),decide(decision),decree,demand,determine(determination),grant,indicate(indication),insist,move(insistence),order,request,requireprefer(preference),urge,vote,ask,propose(proposal),(requirement),resolve(resolution),stipulate,desire(stipulation),,allow,arrange,beg,concede,demonstrate,ensure,pray,intend,move,pledge,command 這些動詞和名詞后的從句為should+Vadvise(adv43Mysuggestion…...Mysuggestionisthatweshould

tellhim.Ouronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbesettledassoonaspossible.requestcommand necessity importancemotion proposalresolution recommendationunderstandingMysuggestion…...Mysuggestion44butfor,otherwise,withoutThestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.Iusedmycalculator;otherwiseI’dhavetakenmuchlonger.SupposingIacceptedthisoffer,whatwouldyousay?Withoutyoutimelyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.butfor,otherwise,withoutThe45情態動詞情態動詞（modelverb）用來表示能力、允許、可能、必須、勸告、意愿等概念或態度。主要的情態動詞有can（could），may（might），shall（should），will（would），must，oughtto，need，dare等。情態動詞沒有人稱和數的變化，其后常跟不帶to的不定式。情態動詞情態動詞（modelverb）用來表示能力、允許、461.情態動詞的一般用法：

(1)

表示能力:can,could,beabletoHeisover80butstillcanreadwithoutglasses.Shecouldn'tcomeyesterday.Hecan’tcometomorrow.1.情態動詞的一般用法：(1)

表示能力:can47

can/could與beableto用法比較1）beableto除有一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時外，還可有現在完成時、不定式、動詞-ing形式等。ThisistheinformationI’vebeenabletogetsofar.Tobeabletorideabike,shepracticedalot.Justbeingabletodriveahorse,acartisn’tmuchhelptous.2)could表示過去總的、經常性的能力；was/wereableto表示過去具體情況下具有的能力，并且做了某動作。HecouldspeakFrench,sohewasabletoshowtheFrenchladytheway.3)表示將來的能力常用willbeableto.Whenwillyoubeabletotakeustotown?

can/could與beableto用法比較48(2)

表示許可：can/could,may/might;can’t,maynot,mustn’t,mustnot1)征詢“許可”或給予“許可”可用can/could或may/might表示。May用于正式場合，can用于非正式場合，could用于客氣的詢問，might極少用。Youcangoatfouro’clock.CouldIborrowyourpen?Studentsmaytake3bookseach.MightIaskwhetheryouareusingthetypewriter?2)表示“不允許”用can’t,maynot,mustn’t；mustnot語氣重。Youcan’tleavethetableunlessyoufinishyourmeal.Putthatcigaretteout.Youmustnotsmokenearapetrolpump!3)表示過去“許可”不用could，might，要用其他表達方式。Wehadbeen/weregivenpermissiontospeaktothepatient.但在間接引語中表達過去“許可”，可用could，might。Thenursesaidthatwecould/mightspeaktothepatientforjustafewminutes.(2)

表示許可：can/could,may/mig49(3)

表示可能性：may/might,can/could,must;can’t

1）may,might用來推測現在“可能”；may比might表示的可能性大些。Whyisn’tJohninclass?Hemay/mightbesick.

maybe是副詞，不是情態動詞。Maybeheissick.

2)在日常口語中常用can/could表示“可能”。Youcan/couldwalkformilesinthecountrywithoutmeetinganyone.Canthenewsbetrue?No,itcan’tbetrue.3)must表示可能性最大，“必定”；否定形式用can’t表示“肯定不”、“必定不會”。Youmustbehungryafteralongwalk.Thephoneisringing,butthereisnoanswer.Shecan’tbeathome.(3)

表示可能性：may/might,can/co50（4）表示必須和需要：must,haveto,need

1）must表示說話人認為“必須”；否定回答時用needn’t“不必”。Youmustbehereatnineo’clock.Mustyougosoon?No,Ineedn’tgoyet.2)haveto表示他人或客觀情況要求“必須”。Ihavetobebackatschoolbyeight.Ihavealotofworktodotonight.Wedon’thavetowearuniformsinschool.l

口語中常用havegotto表示“必須”。Ihavegottoleavenow.Ihaveameetingintenminutes.（4）表示必須和需要：must,haveto,need513)need表示動作者“需要”、“有必要”，用于否定句或疑問句；肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn’t。Needhegonow?Yes,hemust.Noheneedn’t.l

need常用作實義動詞。Youneedtolearnthevalueoftime.Youdidn’tneedtotellhimthenews.Doessheneedtogo?

3)need表示動作者“需要”、“有必要”，用于否定句或52（5）表示責任和勸告:should,oughtto,must,hadbetter

1)

用should和oughtto表示責任和勸告，后者的語氣重些Youshould/oughttodoasyouaretold.Suchthingsshouldn't/oughtnottobeallowed.2)

有時也用must表示責任和勸告。Youmustseethemovie.It’swonderful.3)

口語中也常用hadbetter表示勸告，意為“最好做/不做某事”。Youhadbettertakecareofyourself.You’dbetternotmakeamistakenexttime.Hadn’tyoubetterseewhoisatthedoor?（5）表示責任和勸告:should,oughtto,53（6）表示建議：shall，may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell

1)

“shallI/we…”表示征求對方對建議的看法。Shallwecarrytheboxesintothehouse?Let’sgo,shallwe?2)

may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell表示推薦更佳方案，建議另一種做法，意為“倒不如……”，“……不也一樣嗎？”。Wemayaswellstayheretonight.Youmightjustaswelltellthetruth.（6）表示建議：shall，may/mightaswel54(7)

表示許諾：shall

shall用于第二、三人稱，表示說話人的許諾。Youshallhaveyourmoneybacknextweek.Ifhepassestheexam,heshallhaveaholiday.(7)

表示許諾：shall

shall用于第二、三55(8)

表示意愿：shall,will/would

1)

you/he/theyshall表示說話人的強烈意愿，甚至威脅。Youshallpayforthis.TheyshalldowhatItellthemtodo.l

在法律條文、規章制度中，shall表示“必須”。Eachcompetitorshallwearanumber.(8)

表示意愿：shall,will/would

562)

will/would表示動作者愿意。Iwilllendyouthebookifyouneedit.Iwon’tdoitagain.Ihavebeentryingtoopenthedoor,butthekeywon’tturn.l

“willyou/wouldyou…”在下列句中表示客氣的建議、詢問。Willyoupleasehaveadrink?Wouldyoupleasepassmethesalt?Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?WouldyoumindifIopenedthewindow?Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?l

would還表示過去的習慣。等于usedtoOnSundayshewouldgetupearlyandgofishing.

2)

will/would表示動作者愿意。57(9)表示勇敢：dare

dare表示“敢于”，用于否定句、疑問句或條件句。Hedarenottry.Howdareyouopentheletter?Ifyoudaresayaword,I’llstrikeyoudown.l

dare還常用作實義動詞。Hedaretosurfinheavywaters.l

daresay或daresay，表示probably,Isuppose.Idaresayhewillcomehomelate.(9)表示勇敢：daredare表示“敢于”，用于否定句582.情態動詞的特殊用法

（1）

情態動詞+不定式完成時1）

can/could,may/might,must+have+動詞的過去分詞用于肯定句：表示對過去事件的主觀判斷，推測過去某動作“可能”、“也許”、“一定”已發生。Tomcouldhavetakenthedictionary.IsawhimusingitlastSunday.Ican’tfindmysunglasses.Imay/mighthaveleftthemattherestaurantyesterday.Youscreamedinyoursleeplastnight.Youmusthavehadaterribledream.用于否定句：表示推測過去某動作“可能”、“也許”、“一定”沒有發生。Shecouldn'thavefinishedherworksosoon.Shemaynothaveseenyou.Dadmustn'thavewashedthedisheslastnight.2.情態動詞的特殊用法

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情態動詞+不定592)should/oughtto+have+動詞的過去分詞。用于肯定句：評論過去“應該做”而實際并未做的動作，意為“本應該”。Ididn'taskher.It’sapity.Youshouldhaveaskedher.Yououghttohaveaskedeveryone.用于否定句：評論過去“不應該做”而實際做了的動作，意為“本不應該”。IonlytoldMike.Youshouldn'thavetoldanyone.Yououghtnottohavetoldanyone.2)should/oughtto+have+動詞603)needn’t+have+動詞的過去分詞對過去已經發生的動作進行評論，認為“無須發生”，“不必做”。Ineedn’thaveputonmybestsuittogototheparty;mostoftheguestswerewearingjeans.Wewenttothemeeting,butithadbeencancelled.Oh,soyouneedn’thavegone.3)needn’t+have+動詞的過去分詞61(2)情態動詞+不定式進行時

表示推測或評論某動作現在是否正在進行。Shemaybewashingherclothes.Hecan’tbeworkingnow.Hemustbestudyinginthelibrary.Theyshouldn'tbewatchingTVnow.Theyshouldbedoinghomework.(2)情態動詞+不定式進行時表示推測或評論某動作現在62(3)情態動詞+不定式完成進行時情態動詞+havebeen+動詞的現在分詞，表示推測或評論過去某動作是否正在進行或一直在進行。Hemayhavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawhim.Shemusthavebeenworkingthen.Sheshouldhavebeenattendingameetingyesterdaymorning.Theyshouldn'thavebeenchattingwhileworking(3)情態動詞+不定式完成進行時情態動詞+have63一致關系一致關系64在Therebe句型中Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.Thereseemstobelittletimeleft.There,here結構中,如果主語有好幾個,謂語動詞與最鄰近的主語一致。TherewasaTVset,aportraitandseveralalbumsontheshelf.Hereareafewenvelops,apenandsomepaperinthedrawer.在Therebe句型中65在倒裝結構中IneveryprovinceofChinaarefoundrichnaturalresources.Herecomethefivenoisychildrenfromnextdoor.在倒裝結構中IneveryprovinceofChi66.

‘aswellas,nottomention,alongwith+名詞’句子中

Unemploymentaswellastaxesinfluencesvotes.

Taxes,nottomentionunemployment,influencevotes.

Thismanalongwithhissonsalwayscatchesthelargestfish.主語后若跟有accompaniedby,asmuchas,besides,except(but),inadditionto,including,insteadof,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith＋名詞，不影響其與謂語動詞的關系。.

‘aswellas,nottomenti67下列不定代詞或限定詞作主語或修飾主語時，謂語動詞永遠是單數Manyacollegestudentwishestoreturntotheeasydaysofhighschool.Neither(one)issatisfactory.Iseitherofthesingersreadingnow?Everysilverknife,fork,andspoonhastobecounted.Eachofthestudentshasaschedule.下列不定代詞或限定詞作主語或修飾主語時，謂語動詞永遠是單數68帶有量詞的主語與謂語動詞的一致Allofthefruitlooksripe.Hasanyofthisevidencebeenpresented?Haveanyofmyfriendscalledme?Mostofthebookwasinteresting.Someofthebooksareinteresting.Noneoftheevidencepointstohisguilt.Noneofourstudentswereinvolved.帶有量詞的主語與謂語動詞的一致Allofthefrui69帶有量詞的主語與謂語動詞的一致Thenumberofstudentsintheclassis40.Anumberofstudentswerelate.Morethanonepersonisinvolvedinthiscase.Morethanonehundredmenandwomenareworkinginthisworkshop.Themajoritywere/wasinfavoroftheproposal.Themajorityofboyslikefootball.帶有量詞的主語與謂語動詞的一致Thenumberofs70andMaryandJanecompetewitheachotherforthefirstprize.BothJohnandAnnareready.Icecreamandcakeismyfavoritedessert.Theeditorandthepublisherofthismagazineareveryablemen.Theeditorandpublisherofthismagazineisaveryableman.但是形容詞+and+形容詞+名詞指兩類不同的人或物時,謂語動詞用復數Socialandpoliticalfreedomarelimitedthere.andMaryandJanecompetewith71or,either…or.Neither…nor,notonly,butalso,謂語動詞取決最接近它的名詞或代詞的數 Neithercriticismnorpraiseaffectsthem.Patoryouweresupposedtocall.Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.Doesn’theorIdeserveit?Don’tyouorhedeserveit?or,either…or.Neither…nor,72Oneof…和theonlyoneof…Thatisoneofthoseremarksthatareintendedtostartarguments.Janeisoneofthosepersonswhoalwaysthinktheyareright.Sheistheonlyoneofthosegirlswhoiswillingtotakeamake-upexam.Oneof…和theonlyoneof…Th73倒裝倒裝74倒裝(全部倒裝和部分倒裝)1.全部倒裝(FullInversion),又稱主謂倒裝(Subject-verbInversion)。例如:Herearesomelettersforyou.Downpouredtherain.Intothecoachscrambledthechildren.2.部分倒裝(PartialInversion),又稱主語與助動詞/晴態動詞倒裝(Subject-operatorInversion)。例如：NeverhaveIheardsuchnonsense.OnlytodaydidIlearnthedreadfulnews..倒裝(全部倒裝和部分倒裝)1.全部倒裝(FullIn75全部倒裝句的具體用法1.用于由here,there,now,then等副詞引導的句子，通常稱作把時間狀語或地點狀語提前的倒裝句，其謂語動詞通常跟在時間狀語或地點狀語之后。例如：Thencameanewdevelopmentthathadafar-reachingeffects.Onceuponatime,therelivedamanknownbythenameofJoeBeef.Nowcomesyourturn.全部倒裝句的具體用法1.用于由here,there,no76全部倒裝句的具體用法2.在帶有助動詞“be”的句子中，動詞-ing和-ed形式可移至句首，主語移至“be”后面，形成全部倒裝。例如：Runningacrossitisastream.Buriedinthesandswasanancientvillage.Picturedhereisawoodentubusedforgatheringwaterchestnuts.全部倒裝句的具體用法2.在帶有助動詞“be”的句子中，動77全部倒裝句的具體用法3.為了使描寫的景象更生動,常把擬聲詞或away,in,out,up等狀語放在句首,從而引起主謂全部倒裝。例如：Downitfellfromtheappletree.Thedooropened.Inrushedthecrowd.全部倒裝句的具體用法3.為了使描寫的景象更生動,常把擬聲詞或78全部倒裝句的具體用法4.當句子的主語較長而謂語較短時，常將狀語放在句首，主謂全部倒裝使句子結構平衡，避免頭重腳輕。例如：Faintgrowthesoundofthebell.Attheendofthekaleidoscopearetwoplates,onemadeoftheglassandtheotherofgroundglass.全部倒裝句的具體用法4.當句子的主語較長而謂語較短時，常將狀79全部倒裝句的具體用法5.用于表示祝愿的句型。例如：Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!全部倒裝句的具體用法5.用于表示祝愿的句型。80部分倒裝句的具體用法1.句首是否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語時，常用部分倒裝。例如：Notasinglebookhereadthatmonth.Undernocircumstancesshallwecanceltheparty.常用于這一結構的詞或短語有：atno/othertime,bynomeans,undernocircumstances,hardly,scarcely,seldom,innoway,invain,little,never,rarely,few,nosooner…than,hardly…when,nowhere,notuntil,notonly…butalso,notasingleword,notfrequently部分倒裝句的具體用法1.句首是否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語時，81部分倒裝句的具體用法2.句首是only引導的狀語時,需要部分倒裝。例如：Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.常用短語還有：onlybychance,onlythen,onlywithdifficulty,onlyonarareoccasion等等。部分倒裝句的具體用法2.句首是only引導的狀語時,82部分倒裝句的具體用法3.so…that結構中的so置于句首時，需要部分倒裝。例如：Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.句首是manyatime,tosuchadegree/extent,tosuchaextremes,tosuchalengths,tosuchapoint,witheveryjustification,withgoodreason等狀語時，句子需要部分倒裝。例如：Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tgotosleepthatnight.部分倒裝句的具體用法83部分倒裝句的具體用法4.用于以neither,nor開始的省略句，表示“也不”；用于以so開始的省略句，表示“也如此”。例如：Idon’tcareforsweet.NeitherdoI.I’mnotveryfondofcarrots.NoramI.Ienjoyedtheplayandsodidmysisters.部分倒裝句的具體用法4.用于以neither,nor開84部分倒裝句的具體用法5.在虛擬語氣中，條件從句的if省略時，had,were,should,could需與主語倒裝。例如：WereIyou,Iwouldn’tasksuchasillyquestion.HadIbeenthere,Ishouldhaveknownwhathadhappened.部分倒裝句的具體用法5.在虛擬語氣中，條件從句的if省略85部分倒裝句的具體用法6.在比較和方式狀語從句中，如果主語不是人稱代詞，常在主語前加助動詞do/did代替前面已出現過的動詞。例如：Ispendmorethandomyfriends.Shetraveledagreatdealasdidmostofherfriends.部分倒裝句的具體用法6.在比較和方式狀語從句中，如果主語不是86倒裝句的特殊用法1.在全部倒裝句中，主語是人稱代詞時，不能將謂語動詞前移。例如：Awaytheygo.Hereitis.2.在以開始的省略句中，表示對別人所說的情況加以肯定時，不必用倒裝句倒裝句。例如：It’scoldtoday.Soitis.YouhaveacolorTVset.SoIhave.倒裝句的特殊用法1.在全部倒裝句中，主語是人稱代詞時，不能將87介詞介詞88由兩個介詞構成的雙重介詞：

tillafter,frombehind,exceptin…Westayedtheretillafterthesunset.Hepickedupthegunfrombehindthecounter.Theweatherhasbeenfineexceptinthenorth.由兩個介詞構成的雙重介詞：

tillafter,from89beneath/underneath

表示“在……下面（兩物接觸）”，underneath有時用于表示抽象含義。Theearthisbeneathourfeet.Underneaththatsternexteriorwasaheartofgold.beneath/underneath

表示“在……下面（90beside,beyondbeside表示“在……旁邊”，beyond表示“在……的那一邊”Isatbesidethedriver.TheyliveinasmallvillagebeyondtheGreatWall.beside,beyondbeside表示“在……旁邊”，91besides,except,exceptfor,

except(that),but都表示“除了……”，但用法有區別BesidesJohn,allofuspassedtheexam.（John也及格了）AllofuspassedtheexamexceptJohn.（John不及格）Youcanallgo

exceptTom.Wehadaverygoodtimeexceptfortheweather.

在句首須用exceptfor.eg.ExceptforTom,youcanallgo.Except(that)表示“只是……”，后面連接從句。Iwouldwillinglygoexceptthatitistoofar.

besides,except,exceptfor,

92besides,except,exceptfor,

except(that),butBut用作介詞時，常用于all,no,nobody,who,where等詞后面；but不用于句首。Thereisnooneherebutme.Who

butTomwouldhavedonesuchathing?All

but/exceptthecaptainwererescued.besides,except,exceptfor,

93dueto/owingto

dueto用作表語，owingto用作狀語，但現在也常見dueto用作狀語Hisabsencewasduetothestorm.Hearrivedlateowingto/duetothestorm.dueto/owingto

dueto用作表語，o94With引導的獨立結構with+名詞/代詞+不定式Heknewthatwithhimtohelpher,shecouldandwouldsucceed.with+名詞/代詞+動詞-ing形式

Withhissatcheltrailingbehindhim,thesmallboyranpast.with+名詞/代詞+動詞-ed形式

Withthequestionsettled,theywerehappyandrelaxed.

With引導的獨立結構with+名詞/代詞+不95With引導的獨立結構with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語

Withchalkinonehandandatextbookintheother,theprofessorrestedagainsttheblackboard.with+名詞/代詞+形容詞

Althoughtheysat

withdoorsandwindowsopen,theywereoverpoweredbyheat.with+名詞/代詞+副詞

Hewentout

withnohaton.With引導的獨