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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-麗水職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Amywaselectedchairmanofthecommitteebya(

)vote.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ambiguous

B.synonymous

C.simultaneous

D.unanimous

【答案】D

【解析】ambiguous模糊不清的;synonymous同義的;simultaneous同時(shí)發(fā)生的;unanimous全體一致的。句意:艾米經(jīng)全體一致投票當(dāng)選為委員會(huì)主席。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

2.單選題

Hewas()whenheheardtheunexpectednews,butIfinallyconvincedhim.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.incredible

B.inevitable

C.incredulous

D.indifferent

【答案】C

【解析】形近詞詞義辨析。incredible“難以置信的,驚人的”;inevitable“必然的,不可避免的”;incredulous“懷疑的,不輕信的”;indifferent“漠不關(guān)心的,中立的”。句意:他聽到這個(gè)意外的消息時(shí)很不相信,但我最終還是讓他相信了。選項(xiàng)C符合語(yǔ)境。

3.單選題

Acidrainleadstofishmortality.ManyspeciesoffishcannotsurviveinaquaticenvironmentswherethePHisbelow5.0.Ifthewateristooacid,thegillsystemsofmanykindsoffishcanbedamaged.(1),theacidaltersthebloodchemistryofallfish.Asaresult,thefishpopulationinanacidicenvironmentdecreases(2)becomesextinct.Approximately20percentofthelakesinScandinaviaarewithoutfish.Moreover,inNovaScotiathe(3)salmonindustrymaybethreatenedbythedecreaseofsalmoninriversandstreams.Theimpactisalso(4)inthewatersofOntarioandQuebec,wherefishpopulationsare(5)thedecline.

Whatpotentialremediesexistfortheacidrain(6)?Theexpertsdisagree.Somesaynewenvironmentallawsshouldbe(7)tocontroltheemissionofpollutantsintheatmosphere.Somesaythatifwehadknownhowseriousacidrainwas,wewouldhaveplanned(8)topreventit.(9),allagreethatiftheconsumptionoffossilfuelwerereduced,wewouldhavelessofaproblem.Another(10)isthatspecialscrubberscouldbeinstalledinsmokestackstoremoveagood(11)ofthepollutantsbeforetheygetintotheatmosphere.Otherideasevenincludebreedingmore(12)fish.Andresearchsuggeststhatspreadinglimeintolakesmaybeeffectivein(13)acidity.Inconclusion,itisclearthatifwetrulywanttoreducetheimpactofacidrain,a(14)ofremediesandinternationalcooperationmustbeexplored.Itisasadfactthatacidrainprobablycouldhavebeenavoidedifwe(15)whatweknownow.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Likewise

B.Besides

C.Thus

D.Otherwise

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.and

B.then

C.hence

D.or

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.entire

B.complete

C.total

D.all

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.imaginable

B.unaccountable

C.considerable

D.understandable

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.on

B.with

C.to

D.at

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.affair

B.issue

C.matter

D.question

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.announced

B.ordered

C.imposed

D.enacted

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.faster

B.more

C.better

D.harder

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.Furthermore

B.Conversely

C.Accordingly

D.Nevertheless

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.possibility

B.perspective

C.occurrence

D.opportunity

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.piece

B.portion

C.section

D.segment

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.tolerated

B.tolerant

C.tolerable

D.intolerant

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.descending

B.declining

C.reducing

D.relieving

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.combination

B.alliance

C.mixture

D.union

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.know

B.knew

C.hadknown

D.haveknown

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:A

第6題:B

第7題:D

第8題:C

第9題:D

第10題:A

第11題:B

第12題:B

第13題:C

第14題:A

第15題:C

【解析】(1)上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)上下文可知,本句是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明過(guò)酸性水質(zhì)給魚類帶來(lái)的危害,只有選項(xiàng)B符合。

(2)連詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意:因此,在酸性環(huán)境中,魚類數(shù)量會(huì)減少或滅絕。選項(xiàng)D符合原文語(yǔ)境。

(3)近義詞詞義辨析。句意:河流和小溪中鮭魚的減少可能威脅到整個(gè)鮭魚產(chǎn)業(yè)。entire“全部的,整個(gè)的,全體的”;total“全部的,完全的,一般指數(shù)量的全部”;complete“完整的,徹底的”;all“全部的”,強(qiáng)調(diào)整體中的個(gè)體。所以選項(xiàng)A最恰當(dāng)。

(4)形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意可知,這里指上文提到的情況在安大略和魁北克兩大水域的影響也是相當(dāng)大的。imaginable“可能的,可想象的”;unaccountable“莫名其妙的,不可理解的”;considerable“相當(dāng)大的,重要的”;understandable“可以理解的,可以了解的”。所以選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

(5)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。onthedecline為固定搭配,表示“在走下坡路,在衰退中”。這里指魚類數(shù)量減少,所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

(6)名詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)上文的描述可知,酸雨很顯然已經(jīng)成為了一個(gè)很嚴(yán)峻的問題,所以選項(xiàng)B最恰當(dāng)。

(7)動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。與法律搭配的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是頒布法律或制定法律。因此只有選項(xiàng)D符合。

(8)語(yǔ)法知識(shí),副詞的比較級(jí)。根據(jù)句意:有人說(shuō),如果我們?cè)缰浪嵊暧羞@么嚴(yán)重,我們就會(huì)更好地計(jì)劃預(yù)防酸雨。選項(xiàng)C符合原文語(yǔ)境。

(9)上下文語(yǔ)義。Furthermore此外,而且,表遞進(jìn);Conversely相反地;Accordingly相應(yīng)地,表遞進(jìn);Nevertheless然而。前后兩個(gè)句子沒有遞進(jìn)或者相反的情況,所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

(10)上下文語(yǔ)義。本段主要是講專家們針對(duì)酸雨問題給出的不同建議措施,這里指另一種可能性的措施,所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文語(yǔ)境。

(11)量詞的用法。根據(jù)句意可知,這里指通過(guò)在煙囪里安裝特殊的洗滌器來(lái)清除大部分污染物。piece“塊,件”,適用于平展的東西;portion“部分,比例,常指食物的份或抽象的量”;section“截面,部分”,指由切斷、分割、分類等所產(chǎn)生的一部分,常指比較小的事物;segment“段,部分”,多指整體的局部。所以選項(xiàng)B更恰當(dāng)。

(12)近義詞辨析。tolerated“可接納的”;tolerant“寬容的,有耐藥力的”;tolerable“可容忍的”;intolerant“無(wú)法容忍的”。根據(jù)原文可知,這里指培育抗酸性耐藥性的魚類,所以選項(xiàng)B符合原文語(yǔ)境。

(13)上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)常識(shí)可知,石灰是堿性的,可以中和酸雨,降低湖水的酸性,所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

(14)名詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意:如果我們真正想減少酸雨的影響,就必須將補(bǔ)救辦法和國(guó)際合作相結(jié)合起來(lái)。將二者結(jié)合起來(lái)用combination最為恰當(dāng),所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

(15)語(yǔ)法理解題。根據(jù)句意可知本句表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,主句為現(xiàn)在完成式,從句用過(guò)去完成式,所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

4.單選題

Canyouexplainthis()oftenyearsinyourjobhistorywhichyouhavenotaccountedfor?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.interruption

B.gap

C.split

D.paring

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析題。interruption"中斷,干擾";gap"缺口,差距,間隔";split"劈裂,裂縫;paring"削皮"。選項(xiàng)中只有g(shù)ap可以表示時(shí)間的間隔。句意:你能解釋一下在你的工作經(jīng)歷中你沒有解釋的十年空白期嗎?選項(xiàng)B正確。

5.單選題

FossilsofplantthathavebeenextinctforfiftymillionyearshavebeenfoundinlargedepositsofamberneartheBalticSea.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.plant

B.beenextinct

C.fiftymillionyear

D.near

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)題中的“havebeen”可知,plant應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù),句意:已經(jīng)滅絕了五千萬(wàn)年的化石植物在靠近波羅的海的大型湖泊沉積物中發(fā)現(xiàn)了。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

6.單選題

Whichissafer-stayingathome,travelingtoworkonpublictransport,orworkingintheoffice?Surprisingly,eachofthesecarriesthesamerisk,whichisverylow.However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!Infact,theaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome.

Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthiswhichmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy.Fortunately,theyareextremelyrare.ThemostfamousoneshappenedatTexasCity(1947),Flixborough(1974),Seveso(1976),Pemex(1984)andBhopal(1984).

Someofthesearealwaysinthemindsofthepeopleeventhoughthelossoflifewassmall.NoonediedatSeveso,andonly28workersatFlixborough.TheworstaccidentofallwasBhopal,whereupto3,000werekilled.TheTexasCityexplosionoffertilizerkilled552.ThePemexfireatastorageplantfornaturalgasinthesuburbsofMexicoCitytook542lives,justamonthbeforetheunfortunateeventatBhopal.

Someexpertshavediscussedtheseaccidentsandusedeachaccidenttoillustrateaparticulardanger.ThustheTexasCityexplosionwascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate(硝酸銨),whichissafeunlessstoredingreatquantity.TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep.Whenthepoisonousgasdriftedoverthetown,localleaderswereincapableoftakingeffectiveaction.ThePemexfirewasmadeworsebyanoverloadedsiteinanovercrowdedsuburb.Thefiresetoffachainreactiononexplodingstoragetanks.Yet,byamiracle,thetwolargesttanksdidnotexplode.Hadthesecaughtfire,then3,000strongrescueteamandfirefighterswouldallhavedied.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Chemicalaccidentsareusuallyimportantenoughtobereportedasnewsbecause().

3.Accordingtopassage,thechemicalaccidentthatcausedbythefaultofmanagementhappenedat().

4.Fromthepassageweknowthatammoniumnitrateisakindof().

5.Fromthediscussionamongsomeexpertswemayconcludethat().

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Workingattheofficeissaferthanstayingathome.

B.Travellingtoworkonpublictransportissaferthanworkingattheoffice.

C.Stayingathomeissaferthanworkinginthechemicalindustry.

D.Workinginthechemicalindustryissaferthantravelingbyair.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theyareveryrare

B.theyoftencauselossoflife

C.theyalwaysoccurinbigcities

D.theyarousetheinterestofallthereaders

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Texascity

B.Flixborough

C.Seveso

D.MexicoCity

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.naturalgas,whichcaneasilycatchfire

B.fertilizer,whichcan’tbestoredinagreatquantity

C.poisonoussubstance,whichcan’tbeusedinovercrowdedareas

D.fuel,whichisstoredinlargetanks

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.toavoidanyaccidentsweshouldnotrepairthefacilitiesinchemicalindustry

B.thelocalauthoritiesshouldnotbeconcernedwiththeproductionofthechemicalindustry

C.alltheseaccidentscouldhavebeenavoidedorcontrolledifeffectivemeasurehadbeentaken

D.naturalgasstoredinverylargetanksisalwayssafe

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由D選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞“chemicalindustry”可以定位到文章第一段第三、四句However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!(然而,坐飛機(jī)和在化工行業(yè)工作相比怎么樣呢?不幸的是,前者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是后者的55倍!),說(shuō)明在化工行業(yè)工作比坐飛機(jī)更安全。因此D選項(xiàng)“在化工行業(yè)工作比坐飛機(jī)更安全。”正確。A選項(xiàng)“在辦公室工作比待在家里更安全”,B選項(xiàng)“乘公共交通工具去上班比在辦公室工作更安全”,由原文可知待在家里、乘坐公共交通工具上班和在辦公室工作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是相同的,沒有誰(shuí)比誰(shuí)更安全,所以A,B錯(cuò)誤。由第一段最后一句theaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome(化工行業(yè)工人的事故率比幾乎任何人類活動(dòng)都要低,幾乎和待在家里一樣安全),說(shuō)明化工行業(yè)和待在家里一樣安全,所以C選項(xiàng)“待在家里比在化工行業(yè)工作更安全”錯(cuò)誤。

2.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“reportedasnews”可以定位到文章第二段第一、二句Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthiswhichmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy.(化工行業(yè)的問題是,一旦出現(xiàn)問題,往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致附近居民死亡。這也使得化學(xué)事故具有新聞價(jià)值。),說(shuō)明新聞報(bào)道化學(xué)事故是因?yàn)樗鼈儠?huì)導(dǎo)致人員死亡。因此B選項(xiàng)“它們經(jīng)常造成生命損失”正確。A選項(xiàng)“它們非常罕見”,C選項(xiàng)“它們總是發(fā)生在大城市”和D選項(xiàng)“它們引起了所有讀者的興趣”在文中均沒有提及,所以A,C,D錯(cuò)誤。

3.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“faultofmanagement”可以定位到文章第四段第三句TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.(弗利克斯伯勒的火災(zāi)是管理層的失誤造成的,因?yàn)樗麄兠爸L(fēng)險(xiǎn)在重要維修期間繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)。),說(shuō)明由管理失誤造成的化學(xué)事故發(fā)生在弗利克斯伯勒。因此B選項(xiàng)“弗利克斯伯勒”正確。A選項(xiàng)“得克薩斯城”,C選項(xiàng)“塞維索”和D選項(xiàng)“墨西哥城”的事故不是因?yàn)楣芾硎д`造成的,所以A,C,D錯(cuò)誤。

4.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“ammoniumnitrate”可以定位到文章第四段第二句ThustheTexasCityexplosionwascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate,whichissafeunlessstoredingreatquantity.(因此,得克薩斯城的爆炸是由數(shù)噸硝酸銨引起的,大量?jī)?chǔ)存硝酸銨是不安全的。),說(shuō)明硝酸銨不能大量?jī)?chǔ)存,另外文章第三段第四句TheTexasCityexplosionoffertilizerkilled552.(得克薩斯城的肥料爆炸造成552人死亡。)說(shuō)明造成得克薩斯城爆炸事故的硝酸銨是一種肥料。因此B選項(xiàng)“不能大量?jī)?chǔ)存的化學(xué)肥料”正確。A選項(xiàng)“天然氣,很容易著火”是墨西哥城火災(zāi)事故的原因,C選項(xiàng)“有毒物質(zhì),不能在人滿為患地區(qū)使用”,由文章可知塞維索的事故是毒氣造成的,D選項(xiàng)“燃料,它被儲(chǔ)存在大的油箱里”在文中沒有提及,所以A,C,D錯(cuò)誤。

5.推理判斷題。由A選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞“repair”可以定位到文章第四段第三句TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.(弗利克斯伯勒的火災(zāi)是管理層的失誤造成的,因?yàn)樗麄兠爸L(fēng)險(xiǎn)在重要維修期間繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)。),說(shuō)明維修設(shè)備很重要,不能冒著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在維修設(shè)備時(shí)繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)。因此A選項(xiàng)“為了避免事故,我們不應(yīng)該維修化工設(shè)施”錯(cuò)誤。由B選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞“l(fā)ocalauthorities”可以定位到文章第四段第四、五句TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep.Whenthepoisonousgasdriftedoverthetown,localleaderswereincapableoftakingeffectiveaction.(塞維索事故表明,如果地方當(dāng)局對(duì)其家門口的危險(xiǎn)缺乏了解,將會(huì)發(fā)生什么。當(dāng)毒氣飄過(guò)城鎮(zhèn)上空時(shí),當(dāng)?shù)仡I(lǐng)導(dǎo)無(wú)法采取有效行動(dòng)。),說(shuō)明地方當(dāng)局需要了解當(dāng)?shù)鼗どa(chǎn)的情況。因此B選項(xiàng)“地方當(dāng)局不應(yīng)關(guān)心化學(xué)工業(yè)的生產(chǎn)”錯(cuò)誤。由D選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞“tanks”可以定位到第四段倒數(shù)第三句Thefiresetoffachainreactiononexplodingstoragetanks.(大火引起儲(chǔ)存罐爆炸的連鎖反應(yīng)。),說(shuō)明儲(chǔ)存罐里的天然氣也會(huì)發(fā)生氣體爆炸的事故。因此D選項(xiàng)“儲(chǔ)存在大型儲(chǔ)罐中的天然氣總是安全的”錯(cuò)誤。第四段列舉了各種原因引發(fā)的事故,同時(shí)也相對(duì)應(yīng)采取的措施,因此C選項(xiàng)“如果采取有效措施,所有這些事故都是可以避免或控制的”正確。

7.單選題

Inthe1950s,thepioneersofartificialintelligence(AI)predictedthat,bytheendofthiscentury,computerswouldbeconversingwithusatworkandrobotswouldbeperformingourhousework.Butasusefulascomputersare,they’renowhereclosetoachievinganythingremotelyresemblingtheseearlyaspirationsforhumanlikebehavior.Nevermindsomethingascomplexasconversation:themostpowerfulcomputersstruggletoreliablyrecognizetheshapeofanobject,themostelementaryoftasksforaten-month-oldkid.

AgrowinggroupofAIresearchersthinktheyknowwherethefieldwentwrong.Theproblem,thescientistssay,isthatAIhasbeentryingtoseparatethehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought,likelanguageandmathematics,andtoduplicatethemwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.AnewmovementinAI,ontheotherhand,takesacloserlookatthemoreroundaboutwayinwhichnaturecameupwithintelligence.Manyoftheseresearchersstudyevolutionandnaturaladaptationinsteadofformallogicandconventionalcomputerprograms.Ratherthandigitalcomputersandtransistors,somewanttoworkwithbraincellsandproteins.Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.

Imitatingthebrain’sneuralnetworkisahugestepintherightdirection,sayscomputerscientistandbiophysicistMichaelConrad,butitstillmissesanimportantaspectofnaturalintelligence.“Peopletendtotreatthebrainasifitweremadeupofcolor-codedtransistors,”heexplains,“butit’snotsimplyaclevernetworkofswitches.Therearelotsofimportantthingsgoingoninsidethebraincellsthemselves.”Specifically,Conradbelievesthatmanyofthebrain’scapabilitiesstemfromthepatternrecognitionproficiencyoftheindividualmoleculesthatmakeupeachbraincell.Thebestwaytobuildanartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.

Rightnow,theoptionthatconventionalcomputersandsoftwarearefundamentallyincapableofmatchingtheprocessesthattakeplaceinthebrainremainscontroversial.Butifitprovestrue,thentheeffortsofConradandhisfellowAIrebelscouldturnouttobetheonlygameintown.

1.Theauthorsaysthatthepowerfulcomputersoftoday________.

2.Thenewtrendinartificialintelligenceresearchstemsfrom________.

3.ConradandhisgroupofAIresearchershavebeenmakingenormouseffortsto________.

4.What’stheauthor’sopinionaboutthenewAImovement?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.arecapableofreliablyrecognizingtheshapeofanobject

B.areclosetoexhibitinghumanlikebehavior

C.arenotverydifferentintheirperformancefromthoseofthe50’s

D.stillcannotcommunicatewithpeopleinahumanlanguage

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theshiftofthefocusofstudyontotherecognitionoftheshapesofobjects

B.thebeliefthathumanintelligencecannotbeduplicatedwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms

C.theaspirationsofscientiststoduplicatetheintelligenceofaten-month-oldchild

D.theeffortsmadebyscientistsinthestudyofthesimilaritiesbetweentransistorsandbraincells

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.findaroundaboutwaytodesignpowerfulcomputers

B.buildacomputerusingaclevernetworkofswitches

C.findouthowintelligencedevelopedinnature

D.separatethehighestandmostabstractlevelsofthought

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itmayprovetobeintherightdirectionthoughnobodyissureofitsfutureprospects.

B.It’sabreakthroughinduplicatinghumanthoughtprocesses.

C.It’smorelikeapeculiargameratherthanarealscientificeffort.

D.Ithascreatedasensationamongartificialintelligenceresearchersbutwillsoondieout.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】第1題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Theauthorsaysthatthepowerfulcomputersoftoday________.作者說(shuō),如今強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī)________。

A.arecapableofreliablyrecognizingtheshapeofanobjectA.能夠確切地識(shí)別物體的形狀

B.areclosetoexhibitinghumanlikebehaviorB.接近人類行為

C.arenotverydifferentintheirperformancefromthoseofthe50’sC.它們的表現(xiàn)和50年代沒有很大的不同

D.stillcannotcommunicatewithpeopleinahumanlanguageD.仍然不能用人類的語(yǔ)言與人交流

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞powerfulcomputersoftoday定位到第一段第二、三句,該處講到“但盡管計(jì)算機(jī)(computers)很有用,它們離實(shí)現(xiàn)類似人類行為(humanlikebehavior)的早期愿望還差得很遠(yuǎn)。更別提像對(duì)話這樣復(fù)雜的事情了(Nevermindsomethingascomplexasconversation)。”,可知作者表達(dá)的意思是,計(jì)算機(jī)不能使用人類的語(yǔ)言和人進(jìn)行對(duì)話,因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“能夠確切地識(shí)別物體的形狀”:對(duì)應(yīng)第一段最后一句“最強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī)也很難確切地識(shí)別物體的形狀(struggletoreliablyrecognizetheshapeofanobject)。”,可知計(jì)算機(jī)不能確切地識(shí)別物體的形狀,屬于反向干擾;

B選項(xiàng)“接近人類行為”:對(duì)應(yīng)第一段第二句“它們離實(shí)現(xiàn)類似人類行為(humanlikebehavior)的早期愿望還差得很遠(yuǎn)(remotelyresembling)。”,可知計(jì)算機(jī)還不能接近人類行為,屬于反向干擾;

C選項(xiàng)“它們的表現(xiàn)和50年代沒有很大的不同”:對(duì)應(yīng)第一段第一句“上世紀(jì)50年代,人工智能的先驅(qū)者預(yù)測(cè)(predicted)……”,這里指的是上世紀(jì)50年代對(duì)人工智能的預(yù)測(cè)情況,沒有對(duì)比計(jì)算機(jī)在不同時(shí)期的客觀情況,屬于偷換概念。

第2題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Thenewtrendinartificialintelligenceresearchstemsfrom________.人工智能研究的新趨勢(shì)源于________。

A.theshiftofthefocusofstudyontotherecognitionoftheshapesofobjectsA.研究的重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)ξ矬w形狀的認(rèn)識(shí)

B.thebeliefthathumanintelligencecannotbeduplicatedwithlogical,step-by-stepprogramsB.認(rèn)為人類的智慧不能用邏輯的、循序漸進(jìn)的程序來(lái)復(fù)制

C.theaspirationsofscientiststoduplicatetheintelligenceofaten-month-oldchildC.科學(xué)家希望復(fù)制10個(gè)月大的孩子的智力

D.theeffortsmadebyscientistsinthestudyofthesimilaritiesbetweentransistorsandbraincellsD.科學(xué)家在研究晶體管和腦細(xì)胞之間相似性方面所做的努力

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞newtrendinartificialintelligence定位到第二段第三句,該處講到“另一方面(ontheotherhand),人工智能領(lǐng)域的一項(xiàng)新動(dòng)向(AnewmovementinAI)更深入地探討了自然創(chuàng)造智能的迂回方式。”,而其中的原因在該段第二句“科學(xué)家們表示,問題在于(Theproblem),人工智能一直在試圖分離最高級(jí)、最抽象的思維層次(thehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought),比如語(yǔ)言和數(shù)學(xué),然后用邏輯的、循序漸進(jìn)的程序復(fù)制它們(duplicatethemwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms)。”,因?yàn)檎J(rèn)為原來(lái)的方法行不通,所以轉(zhuǎn)向新的研究方向,也就是說(shuō),科學(xué)家認(rèn)為人類的智慧不能用邏輯的、循序漸進(jìn)的程序來(lái)復(fù)制,因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“研究的重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)ξ矬w形狀的認(rèn)識(shí)”:對(duì)應(yīng)第一段最后一句“最強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī)也很難確切地識(shí)別物體的形狀(recognizetheshapeofanobject)。”,這只是在講述計(jì)算機(jī)的功能限制,而不是研究重點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移,屬于偷換概念;

C選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家希望復(fù)制10個(gè)月大的孩子的智力”:對(duì)應(yīng)第一段最后一句“確切地識(shí)別物體的形狀這件事,對(duì)一個(gè)10個(gè)月大的孩子來(lái)說(shuō)是最基本的任務(wù)(mostelementaryoftasksforaten-month-oldkid)。”,這里表達(dá)的是識(shí)別物體形狀對(duì)于10個(gè)月大的孩子來(lái)說(shuō)很簡(jiǎn)單,并不是說(shuō)科學(xué)家希望復(fù)制孩子的智力,屬于偷換概念;

D選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家在研究晶體管和腦細(xì)胞之間相似性方面所做的努力”:對(duì)應(yīng)第二段倒數(shù)第二句“有的人想研究腦細(xì)胞和蛋白質(zhì)(workwithbraincellsandproteins),而不是數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)和晶體管(Ratherthandigitalcomputersandtransistors)。”,這里指的是研究人體的腦細(xì)胞和蛋白質(zhì),而不是研究機(jī)器的晶體管,更不是研究?jī)烧叩南嗨菩裕瑢儆谕祿Q概念。

第3題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

ConradandhisgroupofAIresearchershavebeenmakingenormouseffortsto________.康拉德和他的人工智能研究小組一直在為________做著巨大的努力。

A.findaroundaboutwaytodesignpowerfulcomputersA.找到一種迂回的方法來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)功能強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī)

B.buildacomputerusingaclevernetworkofswitchesB.用智能交換機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)建造一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)

C.findouthowintelligencedevelopedinnatureC.找出智力在自然界是如何發(fā)展的

D.separatethehighestandmostabstractlevelsofthoughtD.把最高層次和最抽象的思想分開

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞Conrad定位到第三段第一句,該處講到“計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家和生物物理學(xué)家邁克爾?康拉德(MichaelConrad)說(shuō):‘模仿大腦的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(brain’sneuralnetwork)是朝著正確方向邁出的一大步,但它仍然漏掉了自然智能(naturalintelligence)的一個(gè)重要方面。’”,可知康拉德試圖用自然界中人類大腦的發(fā)展方式為藍(lán)圖,也就是自然發(fā)展智力的方式為藍(lán)圖,來(lái)研究人工智能的發(fā)展,因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“找到一種迂回的方法來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)功能強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī)”:對(duì)應(yīng)第三段最后一句“建造人工智能設(shè)備(buildanartificiallyintelligentdevice)的最好方法是按照大腦同樣的分子技術(shù)來(lái)建造。”,本文講述的是人工智能,不僅僅是計(jì)算機(jī),屬于以偏概全;

B選項(xiàng)“用智能交換機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)建造一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)”:文中沒有提到,屬于無(wú)中生有;

D選項(xiàng)“把最高層次和最抽象的思想分開”:對(duì)應(yīng)第二段第二句“人工智能一直在試圖分離最高級(jí)、最抽象的思維層次(thehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought)。”,這里的方法是以前的方法,而非康拉德采用的方法,屬于張冠李戴。

第4題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

What’stheauthor’sopinionaboutthenewAImovement?作者對(duì)新的AI運(yùn)動(dòng)有什么看法?

A.Itmayprovetobeintherightdirectionthoughnobodyissureofitsfutureprospects.A.盡管沒有人能確定它的未來(lái)前景,事實(shí)可能證明,這一方向是正確的。

B.It’sabreakthroughinduplicatinghumanthoughtprocesses.B.這是復(fù)制人類思維過(guò)程的一個(gè)突破。

C.It’smorelikeapeculiargameratherthanarealscientificeffort.C.這更像是一場(chǎng)奇特的游戲,而不是真正的在科學(xué)上的努力。

D.Ithascreatedasensationamongartificialintelligenceresearchersbutwillsoondieout.D.它在人工智能研究人員中引起了轟動(dòng),但很快就會(huì)消失。

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】此題定位到第四段,該處講到“目前,傳統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)和軟件根本無(wú)法復(fù)制大腦運(yùn)行過(guò)程,這一觀點(diǎn)仍存在爭(zhēng)議(remainscontroversial)。但如果這是真的(Butifitprovestrue),那么康拉德和他的人工智能伙伴們的努力可能會(huì)成為唯一的游戲。”,可知作者認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)和軟件可能可以復(fù)制大腦運(yùn)行過(guò)程,也就是新的AI運(yùn)動(dòng)是在正確的方向上,即使沒有人能夠確定,因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“這是復(fù)制人類思維過(guò)程的一個(gè)突破”:作者并沒有明確表達(dá)新的AI運(yùn)動(dòng)前景光明,只是表明有可能這是正確的,屬于推理過(guò)度;

C選項(xiàng)“這更像是一場(chǎng)奇特的游戲,而不是真正的在科學(xué)上的努力”:文章最后一句的游戲是指這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng),而不是說(shuō)真的以游戲的態(tài)度來(lái)看AI的研究和發(fā)展,屬于偷換概念;

D選項(xiàng)“它在人工智能研究人員中引起了轟動(dòng),但很快就會(huì)消失”:作者沒有說(shuō)這很快會(huì)消失,屬于無(wú)中生有。

8.翻譯題

Cultureisoneofthemostchallengingelementsoftheinternational

marketplace.Thissystemoflearnedbehaviorpatternscharacteristicofthe

membersofagivensocietyisconstantlyshapedbyasetofdynamicvariable

language,religion,valuesandattitudes,mannersandcustoms,aesthetics,

technology,education,andsocialinstitutions.Tocopewiththissystem,an

internationalmanagerneedsbothfactualandinterpretiveknowledgeofculture.

Tosomeextent,thefactualknowledgecanbelearnedanditsinterpretation

comesonlythroughexperience.

——onehasto

liveit.Twoschoolsofthoughtexistinthebusinessworldonhowtodealwith

culturaldiversity.Oneisthatbusinessisbusinesstheworldaround,

followingthemodelofPepsiandMcDonald's.Insomecases,globalizationisa

factoflife;however,culturaldifferencesarestillfarfromconverging.

Theotherschoolproposesthatcompaniesmusttailorbusiness

approachestoindividualcultures.Settinguppoliciesandproceduresineach

countryhasbeencomparedtoanorgantransplant,thecriticalquestioncenters

aroundacceptanceorrejection.Themajorchallengetotheinternational

manageristomakesurethatrejectionisnotaresultofculturalmyopiaoreven

blindness.

【答案】文化是國(guó)際市場(chǎng)中最具挑戰(zhàn)性的因素之一。特定社會(huì)成員的這種習(xí)得行為模式系統(tǒng)是由一系列動(dòng)態(tài)變化的語(yǔ)言、宗教、價(jià)值觀和習(xí)俗、美學(xué)、技術(shù)、教育和社會(huì)制度不斷塑造而成的。為了應(yīng)對(duì)這個(gè)系統(tǒng),國(guó)際經(jīng)理需要真實(shí)的文化和用于解釋文化的知識(shí)。在某種程度上,事實(shí)知識(shí)可以習(xí)得,而文化的解釋只能來(lái)源于經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

在處理文化環(huán)境的問題時(shí),最復(fù)雜的問題是來(lái)自于一個(gè)人無(wú)法學(xué)到文化——他必須置身其中。商業(yè)世界中存在著兩種關(guān)于如何處理文化多樣性的思想流派。一種是認(rèn)為全世界的商業(yè)都是公事公辦,像百事和麥當(dāng)勞一樣。在某些情況下,全球化是無(wú)法改變的事實(shí),然而,文化差異還遠(yuǎn)沒有融合。

另一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,企業(yè)必須根據(jù)不同的文化來(lái)調(diào)整經(jīng)營(yíng)模式。在每個(gè)國(guó)家制定政策和程序被比作器官移植,關(guān)鍵問題在于接受與否。國(guó)際經(jīng)理面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)是確保拒絕接受不是文化近視甚至眼盲的結(jié)果。

9.單選題

Hespokeso(

)thatevenhisopponentswerewonoverbyhisarguments.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.bluntly

B.convincingly

C.emphatically

D.determinedly

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析題。A選項(xiàng)bluntly“坦率地,率直地”;B選項(xiàng)convincingly“使人信服地,有說(shuō)服力地”;C選項(xiàng)emphatically“堅(jiān)決地,斷然地”;D選項(xiàng)determinedly“決然地,斷然地”。句意:他講得如此有說(shuō)服力,以至于他的對(duì)手都被他的辯論所折服。結(jié)合此處句意,B選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Shamanismisthebeliefinaspiritualworldinwhichalllivingthingsareconnected.ItistheoldestformofsystematicbeliefinhumanhistoryasthereisevidenceofshamanismexistinginNeolithictimesthousandsofyearsago.PeopleinmostancientculturespracticedShamanisminsomeformduringtheirhistories.Whilesomefeaturesarecommontothepracticeofshamanism,mostculturesaddedtheirownuniqueaspects.Overtime,however,organizedreligionsbegantospringupinancientcivilizations,soshamanismwaseithersuppressedordisappearedentirely.Inmoderntimes,eventhoughsomepeoplepracticeit,mainstreamsocietymostlyviewsitskeptically.

Theriseofshamanisminancienttimescanbeattributedtomankind’sdesiretounderstandhowtheworldaroundhimworked.Lackingmodernscientificmethodsaswellastheknowledgetounderstandtheworld,peopleinancienttimescametobelievetherewasaspiritualconnectionbetweenman,animals,plants,themoon,thesunandthecosmosinitsentirety.Someculturesattributedthisspiritualpowertoadeityorpantheonofdeitieswhileotherscreditedittonatureasawhole.Overtime,someculturescreatedelaboratesetsofbeliefsandrituals—nowcalledshamanism—concerningthisspiritworld.Centraltothesebeliefsinmostcultureswasthenotionthatanindividualwithadeepconnectiontothespiritworld—ashaman—couldactasaguideandadvisortoothers.

Inmostcultures,shamansweremenwhoheldpositionsofprominence,butwomencouldbeshamansinsomeinstances.Ashaman’srolevariedfromculturetoculture,butsomeaspectsofitwerenearlyuniversal.Amongthemweretheperceivedabilitiestocommunicatewiththespiritualworld,totraveltothatworld,toseethefuture,tohealthesick,andtoguidethedeadtotheirfinalrestingplace.Shamansweretypicallycalledupontoactasadvisorsforagroup’sleaders,tousetheirskillstoaskforhelpduringtimesofneed,andtobethekeepersoftheircommunities’oralhistoryandtraditions,whichtheywouldpassontothenextgeneration.Typically,shamansworeelaboratecostumesthatreflectedtheirroleinsociety.AnimalmotifsintheiroutfitswerecommontoshamansinIndiantribesintheAmericas,yettheirgarbdifferedinotherregions.

Shamansusedavarietyofmethodstocalluponthespiritualworldforguidanceorassistancewiththesick.Theyemployedmusic,singing,andchanting,andtheysometimestookplantsthatinducedpsychedelictrances.Mostshamanswereskilledatrecognizingwhichplantswereusefulasmedicines,sothisaidedthemintheirrolesashealers.Mostshamanisticpracticesandskillswerekeptsecretfromoutsiders—evenfromothertribesinthesameculture—andshamansleftnowrittenrecords,soitisdifficultformodernanthropologiststounderstandmanyaspectsofshamanisminancientcultures.Eveninmoderntimes,manyprimitivetribesthatpracticeshamanism,suchasthoseintheAmazonRainforest,arereluctanttodivulgetheirsecretstooutsiders.

Whileshamanismprevailedduringprehistorictimes,itwentintoalongdeclinethathaslastedforthousandsofyears.TheriseofcivilizationandtheestablishingofstrongcentralgovernmentsinMesopotamianandEgyptwerethefirstinaseriesofstepsthatledtothefoundingoforganizedreligionandtherepressingofshamanism.ThedevelopmentofChristianityandthespreadofEuropeanbeliefsandculturearoundtheworldfurtherhelpedcontinuethetrendofshamanismbecomingirrelevant.Forinstance,theEuropeansoftenforciblyconvertednativesinNorthandSouthAmericantoChristianityandmadethemabandontheirshamanisticpractices.

Shamanismneverdiedoutentirelydespitesomepeople’sbesteffortstomakethishappen.Infact,manytribesresistedeffortstostampitoutandcontinuedobservingtheirbeliefsinprivate.Today,shamanismhasbecomemoreaccepted,anditispracticedopenlyinnumerousplacesaroundtheworld,includinginmodernsocietiesinNorthAmerica,SouthAmericaandAsia.Forexample,theHmongpeopleofsoutheastAsiabroughtshamanismtotheUnitedStateswhentheymigratedthereinlargenumbersinlate1900s.Still,despitethisslightrenewalinshamanisticbeliefs,manypeopleregarditassuperstitionfromamoreprimitiveage.

16.Instatingthatorganizedreligionsbegantospringup,theauthormeansthattheorganizedreligions________.

17.Theauthor’sdescriptionofshamanisminparagraph1mentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.

18.Thewordperceivedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto________.

19.Accordingtoparagraph4,anthropologistshaveproblemsunderstandingshamanismbecause________.

20.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthefinalparagraphofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.gainedpopularity

B.wereestablished

C.inspiredpeople

D.causedproblem

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Manyculturesaroundtheworldoncepracticedsomeformofshamanism

B.Shamanismhasexistedasahumanbeliefsystemforseveralmillennia

C.Itwastheinspirationforanumberoforganizedreligionsthatwerefounded

D.Certainaspectsofshamanismtendtobedifferentfromculturetoculture

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.innate

B.supposed

C.invaluable

D.imaginary

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.fewbooksthatshamansrecordedtheirknowledgeinhavebeenfound

B.itisdifficulttounderstandthemindsofshamansfromthepast

C.theknowledgethatpastshamanspossessedwasneverrecorded

D.mostshamanstodayareunwillingtoimparttheirknowledgeto

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