GRE寫作概要Issue寫作Issue寫作評分標準Issue寫作具體指令Issue寫作題目拆解Issue寫作展開論證Issue段落Issue備考建議GRE寫作語言2全稱： ytical

Writing

(AW)每次考試的第一個Section2篇作文Issue，30分鐘（老G：45分鐘）Argue，30分鐘滿分6分，0.5分為一個給分區間只知道寫作總分、不知道每篇得分3平均分：3分（15%）大部分中國考生的得分：3分、3.5分（38%）Issue比較欠缺（3.5分的心態：保Argue、爭Issue）的目標是：4分（56%）及以上！Issue必須4分以上42.1

Issue寫作題目構成As

people

rely

more

and

more

on

technology

to

solveproblems,

the

ability

of

humans

to

think

for

themselves

willsurely

deteriorate.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

to

which

youagree

or

disagree

with

the

statement

and

explain

yourreasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

In

develo

andsupporting

your

position,you

should

consider

ways

in

whichthe

statement

might

or

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howthese

considerations

sh your

position.

具體性指令——如何寫話題——寫什么52.2

Issue和托福獨立寫作的區別1）話題托福獨立寫作：題材生活化+“二選一”為主Do

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

following

statement?These

days

children

spend

more

time

on

ngor

participating

in anized

activities

related

to

school

orsports.

However,

they

should

be

given

more

time

to

dowhatever

they

want.同意不同意？A和B到底選哪個？——獨立寫作vs.口語1、2題6Issue寫作：題材更加抽象+對立關系更加多樣化–As

people

rely

more

and

more

on

technologytosolve

problems,the

ability

of

humans

to

thinkforthemselves

will

surely

deteriorate.你如何定義“the

abilityto

thinkfor

themselves”這道題的“對

現在哪？72）具體性指令托福獨立寫作：1種Use

specific

reasons

and

examples

to

supportyour

answer.基本沒有指向性Issue寫作：6種，

記點題83）寫作方式和風格托福獨立寫作形式大于內容：必須有開頭段、結論段——結構完整“看似有邏輯”Issue寫作內容大于形式：開頭段、結論段最后寫“真正有邏輯”9OG第19-21頁均沒有寫完！10論證“Eason是個好歌手”如果這么寫你覺得如何？他很有演唱天賦；他21歲便在一次選秀比賽中“一戰成名”；他擁有許多代表作。質疑這些例子都是必要不充分條件甚至是無關案例！這段話的舉例論證：失敗！11重新思考：如何論證“Eason是個好歌手”？首先界定“好歌手”——例如：專輯量；演唱會舉辦頻率、參加人數；搜索引擎搜索數量；獲獎情況……從定義出發，有針對性地進行舉例論證122.3

Issue

vs.

Verbal——輸入vs.輸出填空：命題人挖出空格、考生選出合適的選項補足

“同義重復”閱讀：用若干句話完整地展現“同義重復”、并用干擾選項

考生是否真正理解了作者的真實意圖Issue：劃定了一個范圍、讓考生在有限時間內給閱卷人（文章唯一的讀者）展現“同義重復”1314However,

this

reliance

on

technology

does

not

necessarily

preclude

thecreativity

that

marks

the

human

species.

The

prior

examples

reveal

thattechnology

allows

for

convenience.

The

car,

computer,

and

phone

all

releaseadditional

time

for

people

to

live

more

efficiently.

This

efficiency

does

notpreclude

the

need

for

humans

to

think

for

themselves.

In

fact,

technology

freeshumanity

to

not

only

tackle

new

problems,

but

may

itself

create

new

issues

that

did

not

exist

without

technology.

For

example,

the

proliferation

ofautomobiles

has

introduced

a

need

for

fuel

conservation

on

a

global

scale.With

increasing

energy

demands

from

emerging

markets,

global

warminges

aconcern

inconceivable

to

the

horse-and-buggy

generation.

Likewisedependence

on

oil

has

created

nation-states

that

are

not

dependent

on

taxation,allowing

ruling

parties

to

oppress

minority

groups

such

as

women.

Solutions

tothese

complex

problems

require

the

unfettered

imaginations

of

maverickscientists

and

politicians.：依賴技術不必然

人類創造性技術給人類生活帶來方便：汽車、電腦、使人類更加高效率地生活高效率不會人類為自己思考技術讓人類有的解決問題，并產生新的需要解決的問題：汽車帶來的節能問題、氣候變暖問題、石油國家治理問題——解決這些問題需要更高超的智慧和想象力15作者觀點：完全支持/基本支持/中立/基本

/完全段間關系：段落

與文章段內句間關系：舉例與段落*注意轉接詞16舉例：論證“科技給人類生活帶來不便”

、電子郵件徹底

了八小時工作制，

可隨時隨地給員工分配任務智能

讓學生無法集中注意力學習網絡的信息

讓人們犧牲了很多休息時間、作息不規律17要求：時刻提醒自己——“同義重復”；不許發散思維、不許腦補、不許東拉西扯！從博客體、

體、申論體當中跳出來，強迫自己“變傻”！186分（OG第37頁）–

Articulates

a

clear

and

insightful（通篇，思維）

position

ontheissue

in

accordance

with

the

assigned

taskDevelops（段內，層層展開論證）

the

position

fullywith

compellingreasons

and/or

persuasive

examplesSustainsa

well-focused（段內，同義重復）,

well-

anized（段間，論證順序）

ysis,

connecting

ideas

logically（通篇，轉接詞）Conveys

ideas

fluently

and

precisely,

using

effective

vocabularyand

sentence

varietyDemonstrates

superior

facility

with

the

conventions

ofstandardwritten

English

(i.e.,

grammar,

usage,

and

mechanics)but

mayhave

minor

errors195分、4分（OG第37頁）–要求的內容和6分范文完全一樣，只是每項的措辭有所區別——“程度差異”203分（OG第38頁）A

typical

response

in

this

category

exhibits

ONE

OR

MORE

ofthefollowingcharacteristics:is

vagueor

limited

in

addressing

the

specifi k

directionsand/or

in

presenting

or

develo a

position

on

the

issueis

weakin

theuse

of

relevant

reasons

or

examples

or

relies

largelyonunsupported

claimsis

limited

in

focus

and/or

anizationhas

problems

in

language

and

sentence

structure

that

result

in

alack

ofclaritycontains

occasional

major

errors

or

frequent

minor

errors

ingrammar,

usage,

or

mechanics

that

can

interfere

with

meaning214.1

正

維類1）最常見（54道題，35.5%）–

Write

a

responsein

which

you

discuss

the

extentto

which

you

agree

or

disagree

with

thestatement

and

explain

your

reasoning

for

theposition

you

take.

In

develo and

supportingyour

position,

you

should

consider

ways

in

whichthe

statement

might

or

might

not

hold

true

andexplain

how

these

considerations

sh

yourposition.22結構讓步段：假裝支持題目觀點（不要過長）轉折段：反駁讓步段遞進段：提出并論證自己觀點話不說絕：題目還是有一定合理性的232）最難寫（25道題，16.4%）–

Write

a

responsein

which

you

discuss

the

extentto

which

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

claim.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,be

sureto

address

the

most

compelling

reasons

and/orexamples

that

could

be

used

to

challenge

yourposition.24結構25–反方觀點段：完全支持題目觀點的理由反駁段：“體無完膚”地批倒反方觀點遞進段：提出并論證自己觀點3）最獨特（19道題，12.5%）26Claim:

The

surest

indicator

of

a

great

nation

is

notthe

achievements

of

its

rulers,

artists,

or

scientists.Reason:

The

surest

indicator

of

a

great

nation

isactually

the

welfare

of

all

its

people.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extentto

which

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

claim

andthe

reason

on

which

that

claim

isbased.結構–主體段1：肯定題目的論證–

主體段2、3、……：

題目論證的不足之處并補充“先肯定、后補充”27思考路徑本質上是一樣的（廣義上都是“讓步寫法”——先支持、后

）但結構、措辭、語氣上各不相同，寫的時候不要忘記點題284.2

分情況

類（24道題，15.8%）–

Write

a

responsein

which

you

discuss

the

extentto

which

you

agree

or

disagree

with

themendation

and

explain

your

reasoning

forthe

position

you

take.

In

develo

andsupporting

your

position,

describe

specificcircumstances

in

which

adopting

themendation

would

or

would

not

beadvantageous

and

explain

how

theseexamplessh your

position.29“中庸之道”最好寫常見的分類方法–最簡單：兩個+我站中間（三個主體段）–

其他：從話題

概念的定義出發，進行分類（三個甚至

的主體段）——下一節會繼續講30最簡單–左派：關閉–

：不——

違背“

經濟”信條中庸：“亂世須用重典”，特殊時期特殊政策其他分類方法：藍籌、創業板、中小企業……國家：對

波動承受力較強；承受力較差……314.3結果評價類（12道題，7.9%）–

Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

your

viewson

the

policy

and

explain

your

reasoning

for

theposition

you

take.

In

develo and

supportingyour

position,

you

should

consider

the

possibleconsequences

of

implementing

the

policy

andexplain

how

these

consequencessh

yourposition.32讓步、分類均可，但要根據自己的選擇參考其他具體性指令的寫法但一定要提到“

的結果”——點題334.4平衡觀點類（18道題，11.8%）–

Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

which

viewmore

closely

aligns

with

your

own

position

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.In

develo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

address

bothof

the

viewspresented.34兩邊都要提及、并說明各自的正確性何在；再提出你的觀點并加以論證該題型其實是“分情況

”題的變體——話題已經替你分好類了、但需要你去挖掘背后的circumstance35Some

people

believe

that ernment

funding

ofthe

arts

is

necessaryto

ensure

that

theartscanflourish

and

be

available

to

all

people.

Othersbelieve

that ernment

funding

of

the

artsthreatens

the

integrity

of

the

arts.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

which

viewmore

closely

aligns

with

your

own

position

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

address

bothof

the

viewspresented.36什么情況下“Somepeople”成立？什么情況下“Others”成立？這種

產生的根源是什么？——

觀點371.定義法（Definition）Issue話題分析的起點與基礎題中的

概念先下定義、再展開屬加種差：被定義項=種差+鄰近的屬例如：平凡vs.

平庸“平凡”是“屬”、“平庸”是“種”、“碌碌無為、不突出”是二者的“種差”382）內涵和外延內涵：特有屬性外延：所組成的類例如：

“城市”？“城市也叫城市聚落，是以非農業產業和非農業人口集聚形成的較大居民點”39To

understand

the

most

important

characteristics

ofa

society,

one

must

study

its

major

cities.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statement

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

waysin

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.40參照前文“城市”的定義41城市僅能代表這個國家非農業人口的特點農業人口呢？——題目觀點的局限性5.2

分類法（特殊的“定義法”）題中的

概念進行分類實在沒思路時的“應急策略”缺點過于簡單、絕對論證容易陷入“自相

”42The

surest

indicator

of

a

great

nation

is

representednot

by

the

achievements

of

its

rulers,

artists,

orscientists,

but

by

t eral

welfare

of

its

people.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statementandexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

ways

in

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.43Nation學術分類：Democracy,

Autocracy;

Democracy,Authoritarianism,

Totalitarianism“取 類：Democracy,

Non-Democracy445.3假設法（Assumption）Issue的精髓與找出話題的內在假定、針對假定運用“

思維”展開分析451）互斥問題二者“水火不容”

反駁：二者可以兼得46The

surest

indicator

of

a

great

nation

is

representednot

by

the

achievements

of

its

rulers,

artists,

orscientists,

but

by

t eral

welfare

of

its

people.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statementandexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

ways

in

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.47假定：精英（the

achievements

of

its

rulers,artists,

or

scientists）、大眾（t

eralwelfare

of

itspeople）不能兼得支持：蘇東國家（精英）、北歐國家（大眾）反駁：德國（兼得）問題：一種“各得其所”的制度設計482）比較問題兩個概念，A比B重要個別時候會伴隨“互斥問題”一同產生假設：挖掘A重要或B不重要的深刻原因反駁：I.二者難分伯仲、同等重要；II.B比A重要49Unfortuna

y,

in

contemporary

society,

creating

anappealing

image

has e

more

important

thanthe

reality

or

truth

behind

that

image.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statementandexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

ways

in

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.50的能力、因此容易被外假定：人們沒有識別表所迷惑支持：很多企業在打

時夸大其產品的功能反駁：這些企業往往不能笑到最后，真正勝出的企業

是內在質量和包裝兼顧的問題：民眾的識別能力和配套的

機制513）條件問題話題中通常帶有if,only

if,unless

(if

not),when等字眼中文表達形式是“只有滿足了A才能實現B”反駁通常從“只有、才能”這一絕對表達入手“In

order

to

A,one

mustB”是一種特殊的“條件問題”（只有滿足了B才能實現A）52Critical

judgment

ofwork

in

any

given

field

has

littlevalue

unless

it

comes

from

someone

who

is

anexpert

inthat

field.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statement

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

waysin

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.53假定：expert

→

value——對人不對事（

）支持：

的優勢（經驗、

……）反駁：

的局限（很多創新結果最初被

所扼殺）問題：對事不對人——是否滿足一定標準（客觀）544）能力問題假設比較隱晦，通常是：話題中提到的主體（Subject）有能力做到某些事情、論證才可成立55College

students

should

base

their

choice

of

a

fieldof

study

on

the

availability

of

jobs

in

that

field.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

claim.

Indevelo and

supportingyour

position,

be

sure

toaddress

the

most

compelling

reasons

and/orexamples

that

could

be

used

to

challenge

yourposition.56假定：學生有能力判斷哪些專業容易找工作支持：通常情況下，一個行業的發展情況變化不大（學術界，體育界，……）反駁1：行業的周期性波動（網絡

、次貸

）反駁2：行業自身的選拔標準一直在變化（學術界，體育界，……）575）正當性問題涉及到國家、的行為時，多是此類容易和“能力問題”–

有一些問題，不能

“能不能做到”–而應“應不應該這樣做”（背后的正當性、問題）58A

nation

should

require

all

of

its

students

to

studythe

same

national

curriculum

until

they

enter

college.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

your

views

onthe

policy

and

explain

your

reasoning

for

theposition

you

take.

In

develo and

supportingyour

position,

you

should

consider

the

possibleconsequences

of

implementing

the

policy

andexplain

how

these

consequences

sh

yourposition.59假定：國家

課程大綱是正當（legitimate）的支持：便于確立考核標準、提升整體教學質量（例：No

Child

Left

Behind

Act）反駁：存在國家強加某種

（ideology）給學生的風險問題：

課程大綱規定哪些內容606）偷換概念問題通常出現在“Claim,

Reason”題型中定義法和假設法的結合：作者假設兩個概念說的是一件事61Claim:

When

planning

courses,

educatorsshouldtake

into

account

the

interests

and

suggestionsoftheir

students.Reason:

Students

are

more

motivated

to

learn

whenthey

are

interested

in

what

they

are

studying.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

theextenttowhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

claim

and

thereason

on

which

that

claim

is

based.62假設：interest=motivation支持：有motivation一定有interest（名人）反駁：有interest不一定有motivation（唱歌）問題：內涵vs.外延635.4假設法拓展1

程度分析對過于

表述在程度上進行反駁例如In

most

casesIn

all

fieldsUnder

any

circumstance64”通常都可以進行“程“全稱判斷”和“度分析”程度分析的兩個維度去掉程度之后命題是否成立程度成立的前提條件65The

primary

goal

of

technological

advancementshould

be

to

increase

people’s

efficiency

so

thatthey

have

more

leisure

time.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statement

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

ways

in

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

how

theseconsiderations

sh your

position.66反駁：從primary入手科技進步的第一要義就是為了提升人們的效率進而增加休息時間嗎？在什么條件下primary才能成立？科技進步會有很多結果，提升人們的效率只是其中的一種Primary：科技進步的成果不會被別有用心的人竊取*

一個保證大眾利益的制度設計672）取反分析（否命題）找出觀點背后的假設（假設A

導致/等于/代表

B）對該假設取反（非A

導致/等于/代表非B）對取反后

題進行分析68Critical

judgment

ofwork

in

any

given

field

has

littlevalue

unless

it

comes

from

someone

who

is

anexpert

inthat

field.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statement

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

waysin

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.69假定：expert→value取反：非expert

(rookies)→沒有價值70總共5種方法，

是2種——定義法、假設法保定義法、爭假設法多種方法的靈活運用假設法：和邏輯單題的練習同時進行–

AW是用“輸出”的方式 邏輯與 思維（最早的GRE：語文、數學、邏輯三項，滿分2400分）71In

any

field

of

inquiry,

the

beginner

is

more

likelythan

the

expert

to

make

important

contributions.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statement

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

waysin

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.72定義法：beginner和expert必然對立？的“時刻保持初學者心態”程度分析：所有研究領域？更依靠靈感（音樂、繪畫）vs.更依靠積累（科學研究）假設法：beginner比expert更容易創新？不論是菜鳥還是

，關鍵問題不是

，而是心態、天賦和敬業精神73把三種方法在一篇文章中有效串聯起來——層層遞進74即使作者關于“beginner

vs.

expert”的二元對立正確，他的判斷不一定適用于所有領域即使在他的判斷所適用的領域（繪畫、音樂），beginner也不一定比expert更容易創新1.推理論證概念到概念最典型：（Syllogism，）凡人都是要死的（

）是人（

）所以 是要死的（結論）75不做重點要求感

的同學可以自己課下學習766.2

舉例論證95%情況下都要采用的論證方法只是對觀點進行“同義重復”，不創造新的概念邏輯、結構是起評分，素材只是“錦上添花”；不要一開始就陷入到素材積累中！（感動中國？）GRE不考專業知識，因此不

素材的真實性、僅素材與觀點的對應（同義重復）——允許虛構！77Issue寫作中，不

“講故事湊字數”的寫法；而應該追求“短例+多例”——不寫廢話、舉例直接并強有力（Direct&Persuasive）地回應觀點舉例論證的高級階段：一個例子在各個主體段中都出現–例如：A看似支持了題目的觀點、但A實際上并沒有支持、為什么A沒有支持78體育界衡量足球前鋒的標準一直都是“進球數量”（不變）南美的“天賦型”逐步式微于歐洲的“技術型”（變）學術界衡量一個學者能否評教授的主要標準一直都是“數量”（不變）社會科學領域，定量研究逐漸居于主導地位、很多學者因此改變了研究的方向和側重（變）796.3舉例論證拓展1

數據法–允許虛構一個相關數據（和托福寫作一樣）2

名人名言法–允許虛構名人名言（“not…but…”結構）80“人類千萬年的歷史，最為珍貴的不是令人炫目的科技，不是浩瀚的大師們的經典著作，而是實現了對者的馴服，實現了把他們關在籠子里的夢想”811.

主體段最先寫（提前留出開頭段的位置）讓步段（OG

6分范文）點題：The

author

tried

to

link

A

with

B作者的假設是什么：The

author

assumed

that……假裝支持：不可否認，假設有正確成份舉例支持作者假設（最好2個例子甚至

）822）自己觀點段：至少2個總分結構！基本要求：觀點→ 舉

例

（最好3個例子甚至

）高級要求（OG

6分范文）：層層遞進、深入，最后緊扣

句做“小結”主體段之間不要“跳步”作者有對的成份

→

作者不一定全都對

→

我怎么認為837.2開頭段主體段寫完再寫！對主體段各段

的同義改寫完成“題目拆解、展開論證”的要求之后，再細摳開頭段84簡單寫法提問式開頭：變話題為疑問句（例如，A能導致B嗎？）提煉式開頭：People

are

hotly

debating

on

issuesabout……（將話題提煉成the

relationship

betweenAand

B）避免“沒話找話”類的模板式開頭With

the

development

of

Chinese

economy,

……857.3結論段主體段寫完再寫！對主體段各段

的同義改寫完成“題目拆解、展開論證”的要求之后，再細摳結論段86段首信號詞As