上海2022屆高考英語(yǔ)沖刺復(fù)習(xí)十一選十和概要寫作復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理（一）十一選十1、解題步驟第一步：詳讀選項(xiàng)，詞分類。第二步：略讀全文，定中心第三步：瞻前顧后，靈活選第四步：復(fù)核檢查，定結(jié)果2、判斷方框單詞詞性確定空格為名詞（句子缺主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)）1）句子缺主語(yǔ)2）句子缺動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)3）注意名詞也可作定語(yǔ)確定空格為動(dòng)詞（句子缺謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）注意此時(shí)動(dòng)詞形式為原形，三單，過去式，進(jìn)行時(shí)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的過去分詞。1）及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)2）不及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)3）系動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)4）祈使句5）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)情況確定空格為形容詞（句子缺定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)）1）單個(gè)形容詞作前置定語(yǔ)2）形容詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)3）形容詞作表語(yǔ)確定空格為副詞（句子不缺主要成分，用來做狀語(yǔ)）1）句子完整，副詞可修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、整個(gè)句子、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、過去分詞等2）副詞還可修飾名詞或代詞，如only，hardly，almost，precisely等3）注意省略情況確定動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式（do,doing,done）1）動(dòng)名詞①作主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ)

②注意動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)2）不定式①注意帶to和不帶to兩種情況②注意to還可能是作介詞用3）分詞①單個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作前置定語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。②單個(gè)分詞也可作后置定語(yǔ)，如left，used，gained等（二）概要寫作1、解題步驟1）閱讀①把握文章體裁。概要寫作一般包括記敘文、議論文、和說明文。將注意力集中到原文的中心思想和文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)上，根據(jù)文章體裁特點(diǎn)決定內(nèi)容的取舍。記敘文Who/when/what/where/how/theresult/thewriter’spoint議論文Argument1/supportingdetailArgument2/supportingdetailConclusion說明文Thetopic-whatThereason-whyTheeffects-howThesolution/conclusion②畫出主題句或關(guān)鍵詞。主題句一般出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾。如果沒有明顯的主題句，則需要考生自己重新組合。③整合概括大意。最后，考生要根據(jù)閱讀時(shí)獲取的信息、主題句或關(guān)鍵詞（組）等，對(duì)相關(guān)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行整合，理清各層次、要點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系，用自己的語(yǔ)言把詞（組）擴(kuò)展成句，歸納出各段落的大意，也就是表達(dá)的要點(diǎn)。2）寫作概要寫作在透徹理解原文基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)原文進(jìn)行高度的概括。要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：①準(zhǔn)確。概要寫作必須絕對(duì)忠實(shí)原文，既不能遺漏任何要點(diǎn)，也不能隨意添加內(nèi)容。概要寫作的時(shí)態(tài)、順序應(yīng)與原文寫作的時(shí)態(tài)、順序一致。由于概要寫作是轉(zhuǎn)述別人的事情或觀點(diǎn)，所以，不管原文使用何種人稱，概要寫作一般都要用第三人稱。②客觀。在進(jìn)行概要寫作時(shí)，考生要依據(jù)原文作者的觀點(diǎn)，客觀地轉(zhuǎn)述文中的要點(diǎn)，不要把自己個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)和看法摻雜進(jìn)去，不要使用“Ithink”和“Ibelieve”等主觀性的詞句。由于概要寫作不允許照抄原文中的句子，因此，考生可采用句型轉(zhuǎn)換、同義詞轉(zhuǎn)化、語(yǔ)態(tài)互換等手法將原文中的句子進(jìn)行改頭換面，達(dá)到“雁過不留痕”的效果。③簡(jiǎn)潔。概要寫作的詞數(shù)有限，去掉原文中的一些實(shí)例、冗長(zhǎng)的說明、描述性的修飾語(yǔ)以及省略或簡(jiǎn)化圖表，刪除直接引語(yǔ)的對(duì)話。采用主謂縮寫，句式省賂，合并句子，使用簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句，with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，適當(dāng)使用復(fù)合句等方法來進(jìn)行概要寫作。但必須注意的是，簡(jiǎn)潔的同時(shí)一定要保證所寫的內(nèi)容概要意義完整，表達(dá)清楚，連貫緊湊。④連貫。概要寫作不是簡(jiǎn)單地羅列各個(gè)要點(diǎn)，哪怕只有一個(gè)段落，考生也要根據(jù)原文的層次結(jié)構(gòu)，在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤教砑舆B接詞，使所寫的內(nèi)容概要銜接緊密，條理清楚。3）檢查①查。查一查要點(diǎn)是否全面；查人稱與時(shí)態(tài)是否正確；查銜接是否連貫；查是否有直接照抄原文的句子（注意照抄原文超過5個(gè)詞扣一分）；查拼寫和語(yǔ)法是否有誤；查標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)及大小寫是否正確等等。②數(shù)。數(shù)一數(shù)內(nèi)容概要的詞數(shù)是否符合要求，一個(gè)單詞也不能超過。2、解題技巧 刪除細(xì)節(jié)提煉刪除具體例子要點(diǎn) 避免重復(fù) 整合 語(yǔ)言 同義轉(zhuǎn)換：近義詞、同義詞、反義詞等替換 句子重構(gòu)：調(diào)整詞類、句型、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等邏輯 銜接：照應(yīng)、替代、省略、連接和詞匯銜接課堂檢測(cè)（一）VocabularyDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.prizedB.answerableC.limitD.accessibleE.projectedF.justifyG.piratedH.insightfulI.chieflyJ.purchaseK.genuinelyWelivetodayindebtedtoMcCardell,Cashin,Hawes,Wilkins,andMaxwell,andotherwomenwholiberatedAmericanfashionfromthe___31___ofParisiandesign.Independencecameintying,wrapping,storing,andrationalizingthatwardrobe.Thesedesignersestablishedthemodemdresscode,lettingplaysuitsandotheractiveoutfitssuitcasualclothing,allowingpantstoenterthewardrobe,andprizingrationalismandutilityindress,incontradictiontodressingforanoccasion.FashioninAmericawaslogicaland___32___tothewillofthewomenwhoworeit.Americanfashionaddressedademocracy,whereastraditionalParis-basedfashionwasprescriptiveandimposedonwomen,willingornot.Inanearliertime,AmericanfashionhadalsofollowedthedictatesofParis,oreven___33___specificFrenchdesigns.DesignersportswearwasnotmodeledonthatofEurope,as“modemart”wouldlaterbe;itwas___34___inventedanddevelopedinAmerica.Itsdesignerswerenothigh-endwithsupplementarylines.Thedesignobjectiveandthebusinesscommitmentweretargetedtosportswear,andthedistinctivetraitswereproblem-solvingingenuity（獨(dú)創(chuàng)性）andrealisticlifestyleapplications.Easeofcarewasmostimportant:summerdressesandoutfits,inparticular,were___35___cotton,readilycapableofbeingwashedandpressedathome.Closingsweresimple,practical,and___36___,asthemodemwomandependedonnopersonalmaidtodressher.Americandesigners___37___thefreedomofwomenwhoworetheclothing.Manyhavearguedthatthewomendesignersofthattime___38___theirownclothingvaluesintoanewstyle.Ofcourse,muchofthisargumentinthe1930s-40swasadvancedbecausetherewaslittleornoexperienceindesigningclothesonthebasisofutility.Butcouldutilityalone___39___thenewideasoftheAmericandesigners?Fashionisoftenregardedasapursuitofbeauty,andsomecherishedfashion’srelationshiptothefinearts.WhatthedesignersoftheAmericansportswearprovedwasthatfashionisadesignart,answeringtothedemandingneedsofservice.Ofcoursethesepractical,___40___designershavedeterminedthecourseoflatetwentieth-centuryfashion.Theywerethepioneersofgenderequity,intheiruseful,adaptableclothing,whichwasbothmadeforthemassesandcapableofself-expression.31-40CBGKIDAEFHDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.conditionB.reverseC.monitorD.presentE.matureF.mobilityG.rejectedH.potentialI.symptomsJ.progressionK.transformedJapanresearchersonMondayannouncedthefirsthumantrialusingakindofstemcelltotreatParkinson’sdisease,buildingonearlieranimaltrials.TheresearchteamatKyotoUniversityplanstoinjectfivemillioninducedPluripotentStem(IPS)cells(誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞)--whichhavethe___31___todevelopintoanycellinthebody-intopatientbrains,theuniversitysaidinapressrelease.TheIPScellsfromhealthydonorwillbedevelopedintodopamine-producingbraincells,whicharenolonger___32___inpeoplewithParkinson’sdisease.Parkinson’sdiseaseisachronic,degenerativeneurologicaldisorderthataffectsthebody’smotorsystem,oftencausingshakingandotherdifficultiesinmovement.‘Currentlyavailabletherapiesimprovesymptomswithoutslowingorputtingastoptothedisease___33___,’thefoundationsays.Butthenewresearchaimstoactively___34___thedisease.Theclinicaltestwithsevenparticipantsagedbetween50and69willbeginonWednesday.Theuniversitywill___35___theconditionsofthepatientsfortwoyearsaftertheoperation.Thehumantrialcomesafteranearliertrialinvolvingmonkeys.ResearchersannouncedlastyearthatprimateswithParkinson’ssymptomsregainedsignificant___36___afterIPScellswereinsertedintotheirbrains.TheyalsoconfirmedthattheIPScellshadnot___37___intotumoursduringthetwoyearsaftertheimplant.IPScellsarecreatedbystimulating___38___,alreadyspecialized,cellsbackintoaninfantstate—basicallycloningwithouttheneedforanembryo(胚胎).Thesecanbederivedfromthepatient,makingthemlesslikelytobe___39___,whilealsoavoidingethicalconcernsabouttakingcellsfromembryos.Thecellscanbetransformedintoarangeofdifferenttypesofcells,andtheiruseisakeysectorofmedicalresearch.31—40HDBJCFKEGA（二）SummaryDirections:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Itistruethatforeignaidhassomebenefits.Poorcountriescanusefinancialaidtobuildinfrastructuresuchasroadsandschools,therebyfacilitatingeconomicgrowth.MillionsofAfricansnowhaveaccesstocleanwaterwells,builtwithaidmoney,whenpreviouslymanyofthemgotsickdrinkingfilthywater.Whennaturaldisastersstrikepoorcountries,itiscommonfortheinternationalcommunitytosendmedicalassistanceandfoodtothem,thushelpingtorelievethesufferingofthoseaffectedandsavelives.However,internationalaidhasfarmoredrawbacks.Aroundtheglobepoorcountriesareoftentroubledbypoorgovernance,anditislikelythataidtothesecountrieswillendupbeingembezzled(盜用)bycorruptofficials,ratherthanbringingreal,concretebenefitstopeopleinneed.Inwar-tornareas,financialassistancemayevenbeusedtopurchaseweaponsandineffectfuelconflicts.Foreignaidalsohastheeffectofdisruptingthelocalmarketsoftherecipientcountries.Whenfarmerscanreceivefreefoodonaregularbasistheymaylosetheincentivestogrowfoodontheirown.Thiswillhinderthegrowthofthefoodindustryandcreateacultureofdependencethatisharmfultoacountry’slong-termdevelopment.Insummary,althoughinternationalaiddoeshaveitspositiveaspects,theseremainlimitedinbothscopeandscale.Inmanycases,givingaidtopoorcountriesoftendefeatsitspurpose,andgovernmentstheworldovershouldbeprudentwhenitcomestosendingandreceivingaid.參考答案：Theharmsofaidingpoornationsactuallyoutweighitsbenefits.(1)Thoughforeignaidboostseconomicgrowthandhealthlevels,andeasespeople'ssufferings,(2)itmaybemisusedbycorruptofficialsandevenformilitarypurpose.(1)Worsestill,foreignaidsmaydisruptthelocalmarkets,encouragingdependencewhilehinderingthedevelopment.(1)Therefore,moreprudenceisneededregardingforeignaids.課后作業(yè)（一）VocabularyDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.associationsB.characteristicsC.dinersD.experiencedE.exploitF.implicationsG.interpretH.playI.previouslyJ.processedK.simplyHowsoundandcolourinfluencethetasteoffoodThesoundpeoplehearwhiletheyareeatingfoodcanchangethewaytheythinkittastes,scientistshavediscovered.Infact,researchershavealsofoundthatchangingthecolourofafoodcaninfluencetheflavour31byconsumers.Foodmanufacturersarenowhopingto32thefindingsinanattempttomaketheirfoodsmoreappealing.Itwas33thoughtthatthesenseoftasteand?smellweretheonlyhumansensesthatplayedaroleinexperiencingflavour.ProfessorCharlesSpence,asensorypsychologistatOxfordUniversity,isaleadingexpertinhisfield.Hebelievesthatitispossibletochangetheflavoroffoodsimplybyexcitingpeople’ssenseofhearing.Forexample,listeningtowaveshittingtheseashorecanmake34detectseafoodflavours.ProfessorSpencehasalsodiscoveredthat35changingthecolourofafoodcaninfluencethewayittastes.Hefoundthatbychangingadrinkfromyellowtoadeepred,itispossibletomakeittasteupto12percentsweeterthanitreallyis.Hesaid:‘Thiscolourhasstrong36withveryripefruit.’Flavourisnotjustassimpleasthewaysomethingtastes,asalltheothersensescomeinto37andsomecandominatethewaythebrainwill38afood.Icecreamactivatesapartofthebrainwhichisjustbehindtheeyesandiswhereemotionsare39.Bymelting,itchangesitsphysical40andcreatescontraststhatcontinuallykeepyoursensesinterested.Sonexttimeyouareinarestaurantorasupermarket,orjustsittingdownathometoeatsomething,thinkaboutwhetheryourchoiceshavebeeninfluencedbysoundorcolour.Youmaybesurprised!31—40 DEICK AHGJB（二）SummaryDirections:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.BlowingaFewTopsEverstoppedtoconsidertheupsideofvolcaniceruptions?It’snotalldeath,destructionandhotliquidrock—scientistshaveaplantocooltheplanetbysimulatingonesucheruption.Solargeoengineeringinvolvessimulatingavolcanobysprayingaerosols（氣溶膠）intotheatmosphere.Whentheycombinewithoxygen,dropletsofsulfuricacid（硫酸）form.ThesedropletsreflectsunlightawayfromEarth,coolingtheplanet.Allgoodintheory,buttheconsequencesarelargelyunknownandafewcouldbedisastrous.InastudyrecentlypublishedinNatureCommunications,researchersledbyAnthonyJones,aclimatescientistfromtheUniversityofExeter,foundthatusingthistechnologyintheNorthernHemispherecouldreducethenumberoftropicalwindshittingtheU.S.andCaribbean.Butthere’sanannoyingexchange:morewindsintheSouthernHemisphereandadroughtacrosstheSahelregionofAfrica.That’sbecausetheentireclimatesystemislinked—disruptingoneregionwillinvariablyaffectanother.Howwouldanationreactifanotherwascausingitsweathertogetmuchworse?Wouldthatbeanactofwar?Thereis,however,acaseforusingsolargeoengineeringonaglobalscale.Jonessaysitcouldbeusedto“taketheedgeoff”thetemperatureincreasesscientistsarepredicting.Itcouldbeusedwhiletheworldsearchesformoreeffectivestrategies.Thestudyalsohighlightsafarbiggerproblemwithsolargeoengineering:itscompletelackofregulation.“There’snothingthatcouldstoponecountryjustdoingit,”Jonessays.“Youonlyneedabout100aircraftwiththreeflightsperday.Itwouldcost$1billionto$10billionperyear.”Headds,“It’sdeeplydisturbingthatwehavethistechnologythatcouldhavesuchamassiveinfluenceontheclimate,yetthere’sjustnoregulationtostopcountriesorevenorganizationsfromdoingit.”Jonescautionsthatthereismuchabouttheclimatesystemwedonotunderstand,aswellasfarmorethatwillneedtobedonebeforesolargeoengineeringisconsideredsafe—ortoodangeroustoevendiscuss.參考答案：Theplanetcouldbecooledbyusingsolargeoengineering,ifscientistssimulateaneruptingvolcano.However,itcouldhavedevastatingside-effectsbecausetheclimatechangeinoneregionmayaffectanother.Thefactthatthereisnolawtostopanycountryorcompanyfromusingthistechnologyworriesscientists.Thetechnologyrequiresfurtherstudybeforebeingputintouse.Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.e-learning:Hazypast—betterfuture? Howmuchofaneffectdoestechnologyhaveonstudents’learning?Asignificantone,itseems,accordingtoexperts.Currentlyavailabletechnologies,themostimportantofwhicharecomputersandtheInternet,apparentlyprovidealearningenvironmentinwhichproblem-solvingandintellectualenquirycanflourish.Theprocessoflearningintheclassroommaybecomesignificantlymoreeffectiveasstudentscandealwithinformationonthecomputer.Orsothetheorygoes.Myownviewpointisratherdifferent,I’mafraid. Computershavebeenaroundfortwodecadesaspartofschoolequipment.Thereare,ofcourse,obstacleslikecoststoovercome,butit’sjustamatte