2022年高考英語全國乙卷原文來源閱讀理解B篇題源網址：/how-west-was-taught-67881原文本：HowtheWestWasTaughtBYJOANACOCELLAON6/19/11AT1:00AMEDTRosamondandDorothyatSmithCollege.COURTESYOFSCRIBNERSHAREShareonFacebookShareonTwitterShareonLinkedInShareonRedditShareonFlipboardShareviaEmailCommentsCULTUREIn1916twowell-bredgirls,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.—DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.ThegirlshadgonetoSmithCollege.TheyworeParisgowns.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.—whichwasbasicallyjustasprinklingofcabinsonamountainridge—toinstructchildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise,abovealltotheirparents.TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothingDaunted:TheUnexpectedEducationofTwoSocietyGirlsintheWest,byDorothyWickenden,whoistheexecutiveeditorofTheNewYorkerandDorothyWoodruff'sgranddaughter.Whydidtheygo?At29,theywerewellontheirwaytospinsterhood,andifthatwasgoingtobetheirfuture,theywantedtodevoteittosomethinguseful.Soon,however,theyrealizedwhattheyhadundertaken.Beforetheyleft,themanwhohiredthemwrotetothem,"Ifyouhavea.22youhadbetterbringitout."Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarrisons,and,likethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,ablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.Somemornings,RosandDorothywouldarriveattheschoolhousetofindthechildrenweepingfromthecold.Inspring,thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice—"slickassnot,"inthewordsofthetownsfolk.AnunforgettablepassagedealswiththeChristmaspartythatRosandDorothyorganizedattheschool.Thelocalmothers,gauntandgrayalreadyintheiryouth,rolledtheirbabiesupinblanketsandstowedthemunderthefurnituretogivethemselvesspacetodance,orjusttotakeinalittlemusic,warmth,andcake.ThesettlingoftheWestbrokemanypeople.NEWSWEEKNEWSLETTERSIGN-UP>Wickenden'sbookbeganasanarticleinTheNewYorker,butforNothingDaunted,sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWest—thegoldrushes,theroutoftheIndians,theHomesteadAct—andalsoonfeminism,whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls'decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentaileddrillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.Aworkerrecalledthatoneday"thebigsnowplowcheweduptwoorthreeoftheChinese.Afterthat,theyrefusedtogooutandshovel,andIdon'tblamethem."Thebookendsonanelegiacnote.RosandDorothywereinElkheadforonlyayear.Theywouldhavestayedlonger,Dorothysays,buttheyfinallymarried,whichfeelslikeacomedown.TheirjointengagementpartyinAuburnwasdescribedinalocalpaperas"oneofthemostattractiveoftheafternoonfunctionseverheldinthiscity"—afarcry,intruthtolife'scircumstances,fromtheElkheadChristmasparty.Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller,andbracinglyunsentimental.Thesweepofthelandandthestoicismofthepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting.HereisapictureofDorothy,onherhorse,lookingdownfromaridge:"Whenthesunslippedbehindthemountains,itshedarosyglowallaroundthem.Thenafullmoonrose.Thesnowwasmarkedonlybythehieroglyphsofsmallanimals:foxes,coyotes,mice,andvaryinghares,whichturnedwhiteinthewinter."AcocellaistheauthorofWillaCatherandThePoliticsofCriticismanddancecriticforTheNewYorker.閱讀理解C篇題源網址：/en/worldwide/transport/magazine/how-drones-will-change-future-railways#:~:text=That%20is%20the%20very%20likely,examine%20high%2Dvoltage%20electrical%20lines.原文本：HOWDRONESWILLCHANGETHEFUTUREOFRAILWAYS11NOV2019Canasmallfleetofdronesassurethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s‘eyesinthesky’capabilitiesofdronestomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructureworldwidearesafefortrainpassengersandfreightona24/7basis.“Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-voltageelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaycatenarylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchas,thealignmentoftracksandswitchingpoints”,explainsPierre-AntoineBenatar,MarketingManagerforThales’TransportationActivities,“Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficientacrosstheboard.”“Themoreregularlyrailwayinfrastructurescanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficientacrosstheboard.”Pierre-AntoineBenatar,MarketingManagerforThales’sTransportationActivities.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItisestimatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.ByintegratingleadingtechnologiesofThalesincludingadvancedoptronicsandinfra-redsensors,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingcracksintherailordefectsinswitches,beforetheycancauseanydisruptionorsafetyhazard.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.“Wearecurrentlyworkingontheconceptofrailbot,theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously,”saysPierreAntoineBenatar.ThroughconnectivityandArtificialIntelligence,theycouldthensendinrealtimetheinformationandanalysisofanyanomaliestheydetect.“Whenundertakinginfrastructureinspection,theycanspeedupthetasksandfree-upvaluablenetworkslotsforpassengerandfreighttrains”.“Wearecurrentlyworkingontheconceptofrailbots,theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously,”Pierre-AntoineBenatar,MarketingManagerforThales’sTransportationActivities.Butthetruerevolutionwillbetousetheserailbotstohelpmakethetrainsthemselvesmoreautonomous.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravelingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblemorobstacle,includingatroadcrossings,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.“Beitaerialortrack-bound,dronescouldtrulybecomeacriticalpartofrailsafetywhenoperatorsmovetowardsautonomyinthefuture,andThalesisready”,explainsBenatar,“andwhenyouaddourexpertiseinairandrailtrafficmanagementtoourcapabilitiesinoptronics,sensors,andartificialintelligence,itisclearthatwearethepreferredpartnerforoperatorswhowanttoassurethebestfortheirrailnetworks’future.”“Beitaerialortrack-bound,dronescouldtrulybecomeacriticalpartofrailsafetywhenoperatorsmovetowardsautonomyinthefuture,andThalesisready”,explainsPierre-AntoineBenatar,MarketingManagerforThales’sTransportationActivities.閱讀理解D篇題源網址：https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/20/sugar-tax-making-half-much-money-government-expected/原文本：SugartaxmakinghalfasmuchasmoneyastheGovernmentexpectedByKatieMorley,CONSUMERAFFAIRSEDITOR20November2018?6:06pmItisestimatedthattoday’schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthediseaseCREDIT:PATheGovernment'ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate,thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedbyGeorgeOsbornein2016,thelevywhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity.Itisestimatedthattoday’schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasestimatedtomake￡520mayearfortheTreasury,howeverdatareleasedbyHMRCyesterdaytrackingitsfirstsixmonths,showeditisontracktomakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate￡240mfortheyearendinginApril2019,whichwillgotowardsfundingschoolsports.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturerssotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers’effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.ExchequerSecretarytotheTreasury,RobertJenrick,saidtheless-than-expectedlevelofsugartaxbeingpaidintotheGovernment'scoffersrepresentedasuccessstory.Hesaid:“Today’sfiguresshowthepositiveimpactthesoftdrinkslevyishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilitiesandhealthiereatinginschools,aswellasencouragingmanufacturerstocutsugarinoverhalfthedrinksfoundinUKstores.“Helpingournextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisapriorityforus,andI’mpleasedtoseetheindustryisplayingitspart.”SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingonthesugarcontent.Afterbeinggiventwoyearstoprepareforthechangethemakersofmanydrinks,includingIronBru,SanPellegrino,aswellasvastnumbersofownbranddrinks,decidedtoreformulatetheirrecipiestoavoidthetax.Howeversomehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthechangeandarerefusingtoreformulateforfearofupsettingconsumers.Assuchthesugartaxhasaddingaround50ptotheticketpriceofalargeCokebottle,or8ptothatofacan.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicbeveragesareexempt,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.七選五題源網址：/lifeandstyle/2019/apr/21/five-ways-to-maintain-long-distance-friendships原文本：Fivewaystomaintainlong-distancefriendshipsWhetheryouaretheonewhohasleft,ortheonewhohasbeenleftbehind,yourfriendshipwillneedcareandattentiontokeepitingoodhealthFindingatimethatworksforbothfriendscanalleviatethepressureofbusyschedulesandclashingtimezones.Photograph:DanielErnst/AlamyStockPhotoErinCavotoSun21Apr201915.00BSTSetaregulardateA2008studyfoundthatlong-lastingfriendshipssharethecharacteristicofreciprocity,meaningthatbothsidesequallycontactandsharewithoneanother.Withbusyschedulesandclashingtimezones,squeezinginlong-distancephonecallscanbeachallenge.Findingatimethatworksforbothofyouandstickingtoitcanalleviatethispressure:maybeyourcommutetoworkisthebesttimetoring,ortextingaBakeOffrecaponceaweekwilldothetrick.Moreisn’talwaysmerrierInsteadofdefaultingtocatchingupbyphonecallsortexts,makesureyouhavecommunicatedwithyourfriendaboutwhatmethodworksbestforyouboth.“Friendsneedtotalkabouttheirpreferredmethodsofcommunication,”saysDrIreneSLevine,apsychologistandfriendshipexpert.Levinealsostressestheimportanceoftalkingabouthowfrequentlyeachfriendwantstobecontacted.Therearealternativestoconstantwrittencommunication,suchasleavingvoicememosorhavingagroupchatdedicatedtofunnyphotosandmemes.A2018studyfoundthatfriendshavethesameneuralresponsestovideos,sosharingvisualsmightdojustasmuchtomaintainyourbondasasking:“Howareyou?”Theheadyintensityofplatoniclovebetweenwomenintheir20sEvaWisemanReadmorePractiseempathyYoumaybethefriendwholeftortheonewhowasleftbehind;partiesinalong-distancefriendshipwillhavedifferenthurdlestoovercome.“Thefriendwhoisremainingneedstobesensitivetoalltheadditionaltimedemandsplacedonthefriendwhohasmoved,”saysLevine;theoneinthenewcontextshouldbesympathetictothefactthattheirfriendmayfeelabandoned.Acknowledgingthestruggleseachfriendfaceswillleadtobettercommunicationandunderstanding.“It’salsohelpfulforbothfriendstooffereachotherassurancethatthefriendshipisakeeper,”saysLevine.RememberimportantdatesAnniversariesandbirthdayscarryevenmoreweightinlong-distancefriendships.Althoughtechnologymightmakeday-to-daycommunicationpossible,onspecialoccasions,extraeffortgoesalongway.InanOfcomsurveyfrom2015,sendingabirthdaycardremainedthemostpopularwaytosendabirthdaygreeting.Simplykeepingadiarythatkeepstrackoffriends’birthdaysandotherimportantdateswillmakesurenothingslipsbyyou(justremembertoaccountforlastpostingdatesforinternationaldeliveryatChristmasandotherkeytimes).Don’trelyontechnologyaloneItiseasytohaveasenseofconnectednessthroughsocialmedia,butlong-distancefriendships–evencloseones–mayrequiremoreconsciousefforttomaintain.ProfJeffreyAHall,associateprofessorofcommunicationstudiesattheUniversityofKansas,advisesseekingoutopportunitiesfor“friendshiprenewal”throughtospendingface-to-facetimetogetherwheneverpossible.“Makinganeffort,aswellasposting,iswhatkeepsalong-distancefriendshipintact,”hesays.完形填空題源網址：https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3950698/Why-toddlers-REALLY-love-play-hide-seek-Young-brains-believe-really-invisible-hands.html原文本：Whytoddlerslovetoplayhideandseek:YoungbrainsbelievetheyreallyAREinvisiblebehindtheirhandsPUBLISHED:18:30BST,18November2016|UPDATED:16:02BST,5December2016Youngchildrenacrosstheglobeenjoyplayinggamesofhideandseek.There'ssomethinghighlyexcitingforchildrenaboutescapingsomeoneelse'sglanceandmakingoneself'invisible.'However,developmentalpsychologistsandparentsalikecontinuetowitnessthatbeforeschoolage,childrenareremarkablybadathiding.Curiously,theyoftencoveronlytheirfaceoreyeswiththeirhands,leavingtherestoftheirbodiesvisiblyexposed.Foralongtime,thisineffectivehidingstrategywasinterpretedasevidencethatyoungchildrenarehopelessly'egocentric'creatures.Psychologiststheorizedthatpreschoolchildrencannotdistinguishtheirownperspectivefromsomeoneelse's.Conventionalwisdomheldthat,unabletotranscendtheirownviewpoint,childrenfalselyassumethatothersseetheworldthesamewaytheythemselvesdo.Sopsychologistsassumedchildren'hide'bycoveringtheireyesbecausetheyconflatetheirownlackofvisionwiththatofthosearoundthem.Butresearchincognitivedevelopmentalpsychologyisstartingtocastdoubtonthisnotionofchildhoodegocentrism.WebroughtyoungchildrenbetweentheagesoftwoandfourintoourMindsinDevelopmentLabatUSCsowecouldinvestigatethisassumption.Oursurprisingresultscontradicttheideathatchildren'spoorhidingskillsreflecttheirallegedlyegocentricnature.Eachchildinourstudysatdownwithanadultwhocoveredherowneyesorearswithherhands.Wethenaskedthechildwhetherornotshecouldseeorheartheadult,respectively.Surprisingly,childrendeniedthattheycould.Thesamethinghappenedwhentheadultcoveredherownmouth:Nowchildrendeniedthattheycouldspeaktoher.Anumberofcontrolexperimentsruledoutthatthechildrenwereconfusedormisunderstoodwhattheywerebeingasked.Theresultswereclear:Ouryoungsubjectscomprehendedthequestionsandknewexactlywhatwasaskedofthem.Theirnegativeresponsesreflectedtheirgenuinebeliefthattheotherpersoncouldnotbeseen,heard,orspokentowhenhereyes,ears,ormouthwereobstructed.Despitethefactthatthepersoninfrontofthemwasinplainview,theyflatoutdeniedbeingabletoperceiveher.Sowhatwasgoingon?Itseemslikeyoungchildrenconsidermutualeyecontactarequirementforonepersontobeabletoseeanother.Theirthinkingappearstorunalongthelinesof'Icanseeyouonlyifyoucanseeme,too'andviceversa.Ourfindingssuggestthatwhenachild'hides'byputtingablanketoverherhead,thisstrategyisnotaresultofegocentrism.Infact,childrendeemthisstrategyeffectivewhenothersuseit.Builtintotheirnotionofvisibility,then,istheideaofbidirectionality:Unlesstwopeoplemakeeyecontact,itisimpossibleforonetoseetheother.Contrarytoegocentrism,youngchildrensimplyinsistonmutualrecognitionandregard.Children'sdemandofreciprocitydemonstratesthattheyarenotatallegocentric.Notonlycanpreschoolersimaginetheworldasseenfromanother'spointofview;theyevenapplythiscapacityinsituationswhereit'sunnecessaryorleadstowrongjudgments,suchaswhentheyareaskedtoreporttheirownperception.Thesefaultyjudgments–sayingthatotherswhoseeyesarecoveredcannotbeseen–revealjusthowmuchchildren'sperceptionoftheworldiscoloredbyothers.Theseeminglyirrationalwayinwhichchildrentrytohidefromothersandthenegativeanswerstheygaveinourexperimentshowthatchildrenfeelunabletorelatetoapersonunlessthecommunicationflowsbothways–notonlyfrommetoyoubutalsofromyoutome,sowecancommunicatewitheachotherasequals.Weareplanningtoinvestigatechildren'shidingbehaviordirectlyinthelabandtestifkidswhoarebadathidingshowmorereciprocityinplayandconversationthanthosewhohidemoreskillfully.Wewouldalsoliketoconducttheseexperimentswithchildrenwhoshowanatypicaltrajectoryintheirearlydevelopment.Ourfindingsunderscorechildren'snaturaldesireandpreferenceforreciprocityandmutualengagementbetweenindividuals.Childrenexpectandstrivetocreatesituationsinwhichtheycanbereciprocallyinvolvedwithothers.Theywanttoencounterpeoplewhoarenotonlylookedatbutwhocanreturnanother'sgaze;peoplewhonotonlylistenbutarealsoheard;andpeoplewhoarenotjustspokentobutwhocanreplyandthusenteramutualdialogue.Atleastinthisrespect,youngchildrenunderstandandtreatotherhumanbeingsinamannerthatisnotatallegocentric.Onthecontrary,theirinsistenceonmutualregardisremarkablymatureandcanbeconsideredinspirational.Adultsmaywanttoturntothesepreschoolersasrolemodelswhenitcomestoperceivingandrelatingtootherhumans.Theseyoungchildrenseemexquisitelyawarethatweallshareacommonnatureaspeoplewhoareinconstantinteractionwithothers.語法填空題源網址：/a/202005/21/WS5ec64b5ba310a8b241157637.html原文本：ChinacelebratesfirstInternationalTeaD|Updated:2020-05-2117:35May21thisyearmarksthefirstInternationalTeaDay,whichwasdesignatedbytheUNonNov27,2019.Asalargeproducerofteaintheworld,Chinabeganteaconsumingabout5,000yearsagoandisahometoavarietyofteas.Tocelebratethefestival,aseriesofeventstookplaceattheChineseBusinessmanMuseuminBeijingonThursday.GuidedbytheChinaNGONetworkforInternationalExchange,theeventwasjointlylaunchedbytheChinaCulturePromotionSociety,theTeaRoad(China)Cooperative(TRC)andtheChinaChamberofCommerceofI/EofFoodstuffs,NativeProduceandAnimalBy-products(CFNA).Italsoreceivedsupportfromabout50embassiesandtea-relatedorganizations,includingtheMongolianEmbassyinChina,ChinaTeaScienceSociety,EuropeanTeaAssociationand30citiesathomeandabroad,suchasMoscowandMelbourne.TheFAOIntergovernmentalGrouponTeadeliveredcongratulationstotheeventandpraisedtheorganizers'effortstopromotetheteaindustrydevelopmentbetweencountriesandregions.WangShi,chairmanoftheChinaCult