1、 Maritime Cargo TransportationChapter twoMaritimeCargoTransportationcharateristicsofmaritimeshippingcargotypesofmaritimeshippingmaritimetransportfacilityandinfrastructure(vessels, channels andports)maritimeshippingservicesoperationofmaritimeshippingTransportationmodestransportationisdefined as themo

2、vementoffreightandpassengersfrom onelocationtoanother.Thefreightsystemincludesseveraldistinctformsoftransportation,calledmodes.Themodesdiffer in terms of operatingcharacteristicsand capabilities,giving themcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages.ModesoftransportationMaritime(Ocean) TransportationAirTr

3、ansportationRail TransportationRoad TransportationPipelineTransportationContainerTransportationInternational MultimodeTransportation(IMT)ParcelPostTransportationPerformanceComparison forSelectedFreight ModesBargeHoppercar100car train unitSemi-trailertruck1500 Tons52,500Bushels453,600 Gallons100Tons3

4、,500Bushels30,240Gallons10,000Tons350,000 Bushels3,024,000Gallons26Tons;910Bushels7,865Gallons9,000foratankertruck124tonsCapacity557.7TruckEquivalencyVehicle3.8384.61Post-panamaxcontainership5,000TEU2,1169,330VLCC300,000 tons2 millionbarrelsofoil747-400FOceanTransportationAdvantagesLargecapacityLowc

5、ostEasy passage: notrestricted by roadorrailsDisadvantagesSlowVulnerable to badweatherLess punctualCargotypes98%ofworldtradeinvolumetermsconveyedbyseatransportBulk cargo散貨Break-bulk cargo雜貨Neo-bulkcargo件裝貨Containerized cargo集裝箱貨貨Bulk cargo (散貨）Bulk cargoiscommoditycargothat is transportedunpackagedi

6、nlargequantities.Drybulkcargosuch as coal, grain,iron,cementLiquidbulkcargosuch as petroleum,liquefied naturalgas (LNG)Move in bigquantitiesMany of themare unprocessed rawmaterialwith lowvalueperunitweightrequiresspecial vesselswiththerightequipment to loadand dischargethecargothis cargo generallyha

7、sasingleorigin,destinationandclientTon-kmShippedbyMaritimeTransportation(inbillions)breakbulk cargo(general cargo)goodsthat is packedindividually, andtobeloadedand unloaded on apiece-by-pieceorpalletizedbasisGenerallyhas highvalueper unitweightMove in smallerquantitiesThis cargo tends to havenumerou

8、sorigins,destinations andclients.Beforecontainerization,economies of scale weredifficult to achievewithbreak-bulk cargo as theloading andunloadingprocesswasverylaborandtimeconsuming.Neo-bulkcargo件裝貨Uniformlypackagedgoods, suchasautomobilesand logs, which store as solidlyasbulk,but thatare handledasg

9、eneralcargo.Containerized cargoGenerallyhighvaluecargothat needextraprotectionHowever,theranges of containerizedcargoisexpending Containerfor bulkcargoCargo,Tradeand ShipCharacteristicsCargo TypeTrade CharacteristicsVessel SizeGeneral CargoBreak-bulk Varied small consignments, Numerous consignees, S

10、low handling rates, Various routes, Numerous portsSmallUnitized (containers)More uniform cargo, Rapid handling, Many portsSmall to mediumDry BulkOres/coal/cemetLarge consignments, Long hauls, Moderate handling rates, Specialized terminals, Few portsMedium to very largeLiquidCrude oilVery large consi

11、gnments, Long hauls, Few routes, Specialized terminals, Few portsVery large to ultra largeOil productsSmall shipments, Numerous consignees, Many portsSmall to mediumMaritimetransportfacilityandinfrastructurevesselschannelsportsVesseltypes(by function )Containervessels集集裝箱船船 p267Ro/Rovessels滾滾裝船Break

12、-bulk vessels雜雜貨船船Combinationvessels 多用用途船LASH (Lighter AboardShip)載駁駁船Oiltankers油油船Bulk/Orevessels散散貨船Refrigeratedship冷藏藏船Vesseltypes(bysize ,indeadweighttons)Size of vessels-measuredbyDead WeightTonnage-D.W.T.載載重噸噸D.W.T.isreferredtothe carrying capacity in transportation.Itreferstothe amountofcarg

13、othat canbeloadedonanemptyshipwithout exceedingitsoperationaldesign limits.Itcanbedividedinto 2classes:grossD.W.T. andnetD.W.T.1)Gross DeadWeight Tonnage總載重噸噸1)Gross DeadWeight Tonnage總載重噸噸Itreferstothe maximumloaded weightthat is restrictedwiththeloadedline.Itisthetotalofthe weightofloadedcargoes,n

14、ecessary fuel, freshwaterand other spare material.Totalloadedtonnage=full loaddisplacementlightdisplacement 2)DeadWeight Cargo Tonnage-D.W.C.T.凈載重噸噸Itreferstothe maximumweight of loadedcargoes thataship is capableoftransporting.Itisalso calledasloaded-cargotonnage.Itisthe marginoftheamount of necess

15、arystorage of fuel, freshwaterand other spare material subtractedfromthetotalofshipload.OperatingCostsofPanamaxandPost-panamax Containerships (inUSD)Vesseltypes(bysize ,indeadweighttons)Domains of Maritime CirculationChannel length(inkm)watchthevedioand findout howa portoperatesDischarge卸卸貨Container

16、stackingarea集集裝箱堆堆場(chǎng)Load sequense 裝載載順序Crane起重重機(jī),吊吊車Lorry卡卡車，接接駁車Straddlecarrier 跨車車TypesofoceantransportationPrivate fleets私營(yíng)船隊(duì)隊(duì)Charter transportation包船運(yùn)輸輸-shiploadsizeshipperLinertransportation班輪運(yùn)輸輸-lessthan shiploadsize shipperPrivate fleets私營(yíng)船隊(duì)隊(duì)Private ships areshipsthat areownedorleasedonalong-t

17、ermbasisbythe firmmoving thegoods.Another elementofinterestininternationalshippingisthat of shipregistry. Although ashipmightbeownedbyanAmericanandply aroutebetweentheU.S.andthe PersianGulf,itmightberegisteredinandfly theflag of LiberiaorPanama, it is calledflag of convenience方便旗旗Theowners derivecer

18、tain benefits of taxes,manning,andsomerelaxed safetyrequirementsbybeingregisteredinthosecountries, ratherthan in theUnitedStates,Canada, or wherever.Charter services(alsoknownasTramp). In thisformofservice amaritimecompanyrentsa shipfor aspecificpurpose,commonlybetweena specific portoforigin anddest

19、ination.This typeofshippingserviceisnotably usedinthe caseofbulkcargo,suchaspetroleum, ironore,grainorcoal,oftenrequiringspecializedcargoshipsLinershippingservices. Involves aregularscheduledshippingserviceoftencalling severalportsalongafixedroute.This typeofshippingserviceisnotably usedinthe caseof

20、generalcargoandcontainerizedcargoMaritimeShippingCharacteristicsTrampingLiner ShippingTransportation DemandNumber of shippersFewManyQuantityLargeSmallDensityHigh (weight)Low (volume)Unit valueLowHighRegularityLowHighTransportation SupplyContractCharter party Freight (bill of lading)VesselsLiquid and

21、 bulkGeneral cargoFrequencyLowHighImplicationsFreightLiquid and main bulk commoditiesMinor bulk and general cargo (containerized)Share in Maritime Transport Tons70%30%Value20%80%LinertransportationCharacteristicsofLinerregularscheduleddeparturesspecifiedrouterouteswithfixedbase ports基本港comparatively

22、 fixedfreight rates費(fèi)率LinertransportationTypesoflinersConference linersFreight ratequoted by shipping conferenceStablefreightratesRegular servicesNon-conferencelinersFreight ratequoted by independent carriers or vesseloperatorsLess dependableserviceHigh flexibilitylinerconferenceDefinitionAgreementbe

23、tween twoormoreshippingcompaniestoprovidescheduledcargoand/orpassengerserviceona particulartraderouteunderuniformratesandcommonterms. Alsocalledshippingconference.班輪運(yùn)輸輸?shù)呢涍\(yùn)運(yùn)程序承運(yùn)人攬攬貨,并并向港口口預(yù)訂泊泊位Cargocanvassing, berth reservation托運(yùn)人填填寫(xiě)托運(yùn)運(yùn)單，租租船訂艙艙ReservationofShippingSpace備貨，報(bào)報(bào)關(guān)Cargopreparation,custom c

24、learances裝船換單單/接貨貨裝船Cargoreceiving, loadingand obtainingbill of lading海上運(yùn)輸輸作業(yè)Oceanshipping貨物的卸卸船CargoUnload貨物交付付Cargodeliver to consigneeStep 1,承運(yùn)人攬攬貨CargocanvassingWhat is Cargo canvassing(cargo collection)?How?通過(guò)自己己的營(yíng)業(yè)業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)或或代理，中介Carrierscollect cargo throughitsownoffice or agent發(fā)布班輪輪船期表表Linerschedu

25、leispublishedfor space availabilitycheck華北東/美西周班航線(CEN) 船名航次大連新港青島橫濱長(zhǎng)灘奧克蘭大連VSLVOYDALTXGQINYOKLGBOAKDALXI BO HE079E/079W11/1211/1311/1511/1811/2812/0112/17LUO BA HE078E/078W11/1911/2011/2211/2512/0512/0812/24遠(yuǎn)東/美西周班航線(PSW-3)船名航次青島上海神戶 名古屋東京長(zhǎng)灘奧克蘭東京 名古屋青島上海VSLVOYQINSHAKOBTOKTOKLGBOAKTOKNAGQINSHAWILLIAM

26、SBURG BRIDGE 73E/73W11/1711/1911/2211/2311/2412/0312/0612/1712/1912/2212/24BOSPORUS BRIDGE99E/99W11/2411/2611/2911/3012/0112/1012/1312/2412/2612/2912/31Step 2、托運(yùn)人人填寫(xiě)托托運(yùn)聯(lián)單單，租船船訂艙/承運(yùn)人確確定航次次貨運(yùn)任任務(wù)TheshipperauthorizehisrepresentativeusuallyClearingandforwardingagents(C&Fagent) orforwarder)toapplyforshipp

27、ingspacefromcarrier or hisagent貨主一般般委托貨貨運(yùn)代理理代為訂訂艙TheC&F agent fillinshippingbills(includingBook Noting,ShippingOrder, Mates receipt10copies), presenttocarrierorhisagentand conductshippingreservation托運(yùn)人委委托貨運(yùn)運(yùn)代理填填制托運(yùn)運(yùn)聯(lián)單（包括托運(yùn)單B/N、裝貨單單S/O、收貨貨單M/R等），向承承運(yùn)人或或其代理理人辦理理托運(yùn)Carrier or hisagentexamine theshipping

28、bills,issuethe copiesofB/N,S/O,M/RtoC&Fagent承運(yùn)人或或其代理理人審核核托運(yùn)聯(lián)聯(lián)單，確確定運(yùn)雜費(fèi)后后，留下下托運(yùn)單單，簽發(fā)發(fā)相關(guān)聯(lián)聯(lián)單（B/N(留底），S/O,M/R（報(bào)關(guān)）給貨代代Carrier (orhisagent) issue aLoadingList accordingtoallbookingreservationanddraftastowage planbase on theL/L承運(yùn)人或或其代理理根據(jù)訂訂艙情況況進(jìn)行貨貨物積載載安排，出具裝裝貨清單單L/L托運(yùn)單（B/N，Booking Note）托運(yùn)單又又稱為訂訂艙單，是托運(yùn)運(yùn)人根據(jù)據(jù)貿(mào)

29、易合合同和信信用證條條款的內(nèi)內(nèi)容填制制的向承承運(yùn)人或或其代理理辦理托托運(yùn)貨物物的書(shū)面面憑證為承運(yùn)人人配載，通知港港口倉(cāng)庫(kù)庫(kù)接受貨貨物等作作業(yè)提供供依據(jù)托運(yùn)單內(nèi)內(nèi)容：托托運(yùn)人與與收貨人人名稱、啟運(yùn)港港、目的的港、貨貨名、標(biāo)標(biāo)記及號(hào)號(hào)碼、重重量、件件數(shù)、尺尺碼、裝裝船日期期、運(yùn)費(fèi)費(fèi)支付方方式、可可否轉(zhuǎn)船船，分批批裝運(yùn)等等裝貨單（S/OShippingOrder)裝貨單是是接受了了托運(yùn)人人提出裝裝運(yùn)申請(qǐng)請(qǐng)的船公公司，簽簽發(fā)給托托運(yùn)人，憑以命命令船長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)將承運(yùn)運(yùn)的貨物物裝船的的單據(jù)。裝貨單既既可用作作裝船依依據(jù)，又又是貨主主憑以向向海關(guān)辦辦理出口口貨物申申報(bào)手續(xù)續(xù)的主要要單據(jù)之之一，所所以裝貨貨單又稱稱

30、“關(guān)單單”，對(duì)托運(yùn)人人而言，裝貨單單是辦妥妥貨物托托運(yùn)的證證明。對(duì)對(duì)船公司司或其代代理而言言，裝貨貨單是通通知船方方接受裝裝運(yùn)該批批貨物的的指示文文件。裝貨清單單（LOADINGLIST，L/L）裝貨清單單是承運(yùn)運(yùn)人將全全船待裝裝貨物按按目的港港和貨物物性質(zhì)歸歸類，依依航次、靠港順順序排列列編制的的裝貨單單匯總清清單其內(nèi)容包包括裝貨貨單編號(hào)號(hào)、貨名名、件數(shù)數(shù)、包裝裝形式、毛重、估計(jì)尺尺碼及特特種貨物物對(duì)裝運(yùn)運(yùn)的要求求或注意意事項(xiàng)的的說(shuō)明等等。裝貨清單單是船上上大副編編制配載載計(jì)劃的的主要依依據(jù)，又又是供現(xiàn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)理貨貨人員進(jìn)進(jìn)行理貨貨，港方方安排駁駁運(yùn)，進(jìn)進(jìn)出庫(kù)場(chǎng)場(chǎng)以及承承運(yùn)人掌掌握情況況的業(yè)務(wù)務(wù)

31、單據(jù)。Step 3、托運(yùn)人人備貨，報(bào)關(guān)Shipper preparehis cargoesfor export(packaging,marking)托運(yùn)人辦辦妥出口口貨物的的包裝，刷嘜(mark)Shipper or itsC&Fagentprocesscustomclearance withrelevantdocuments ,includingbillofcustoms clearance, exportcontract；Commercial Invoice;Packing List;CertificateofOrigin；Certificate of Inspection, Marine

32、InsurancePolicy；Shipping bills,customofficerendorse on S/Oasletshipapproval托運(yùn)人或或貨運(yùn)代代理持出出口貨物物報(bào)關(guān)單單,合合同，發(fā)票，裝箱單單，原產(chǎn)產(chǎn)地證明明，商檢檢證書(shū)、保險(xiǎn)單單和船運(yùn)運(yùn)單據(jù)等等證明報(bào)報(bào)關(guān),海海關(guān)在S/O上蓋放放行章Theexportermakesnecessary arrangementsforcargotransportationtothe port, cargo caneitherbeplaceinports warehouseordirectlyloadedonthe vessel托運(yùn)人向向港口

33、倉(cāng)倉(cāng)庫(kù)發(fā)貨貨(集中中裝船)或直接接裝船Step 4、接貨，裝船，換換單Shippingagentreceive thecargoonbehalfofthe carrier裝船往往往是由承承運(yùn)人在在各裝貨貨港指定定裝船代代理人接接收托運(yùn)運(yùn)貨物，辦理交交接手續(xù)續(xù)C&FAgentturn in Shipping Order,Mates ReceipttotallycompanyforTallyverification然后貨運(yùn)運(yùn)代理人人將S/O、M/R送送交理貨貨公司，憑此理理貨裝船船注：Tally services provideassurance thatthe numberorquantityo

34、fgoodstobeshipped or received is thesame as those describedinshippingdocumentssuchasthebilloflading, letterofcredit, matesreceipt,orotherdocuments.Step 4、接貨，裝船，換換單Afterexaminationofcargos quantity andpackage condition, tally companyturninS/Oand M/RtotheMateofvessel, theMate keepshippingorderandissue

35、endorsedM/Rtothe C&FAgent理貨公司司理貨后后將S/O和M/R交交大副，大副核對(duì)無(wú)誤誤，留下下S/O，簽發(fā)M/R，交還托托運(yùn)人TheC&F Agent surrendersthe MatesReceipt to theShippingCompany forobtainingthe BillofLading andpaythe freight貨運(yùn)代理理人根據(jù)據(jù)M/R付運(yùn)費(fèi)，并憑繳繳費(fèi)憑據(jù)據(jù)換提單單（B/L）Shipper collectpaymentfrom thebank (orimporter)withBill of lading托運(yùn)人持持提單到到銀行結(jié)結(jié)匯收貨單（M/

36、RMates Receipt)收貨單是是船舶收收到貨物物的收據(jù)據(jù)及貨物物己經(jīng)裝裝船的憑憑證,由大副簽簽注，又又稱為”大副收收據(jù)”貨物裝船船時(shí)，如如發(fā)現(xiàn)外外表存在在缺陷，大副可可拒收或或要求托托運(yùn)人予予以調(diào)換換。如不不愿或不不能調(diào)換換，大副副應(yīng)早收收貨單上上如實(shí)加加以批注注，以使使船方免免除賠償償責(zé)任托運(yùn)人憑憑經(jīng)過(guò)簽簽注的收收貨單向向承運(yùn)人人或其代代理支付付運(yùn)費(fèi)，換取提提單Commonremarksonmates receipt常見(jiàn)大副副批注SHORTSHIP FIVECASESTHREEBALESBURST,N/R FORCONSEQUENTIAL LOSSORSHORTAGEOFCONTEN

37、TSTWOCARTONSOPEN FLAPSFOUR LOOSE PIECESUNSECURELY PACKEDONECARTON N0.23 MILDEWSTAINEDMARKSINDISTINCTPERISHABLE CARGO AT SHIPPERSRISKDAMAGEBYVERMINS(RATS)CARGOSWEATED N/RFORLOSSORSHORTAGEANDCONTENTSALLTIMBER LOADEDWETSHORTSHIP FIVECASES短裝五箱箱THREEBALESBURST,N/R FORCONSEQUENTIAL LOSSORSHORTAGEOFCONTENT

38、S3包破裂，船方對(duì)對(duì)內(nèi)容的的滅失或或短少不不負(fù)責(zé)TWOCARTONSOPEN FLAPS兩紙箱蓋蓋松開(kāi)FOUR LOOSE PIECES四捆零散散UNSECURELY PACKED包裝不固固O(píng)NECARTON N0.23 MILDEWSTAINED第二十三三號(hào)箱有有霉?jié)nMARKSINDISTINCT標(biāo)志模糊糊PERISHABLE CARGO AT SHIPPERSRISK易腐貨物物，發(fā)貨貨人自負(fù)負(fù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)DAMAGEBYVERMINS(RATS)有蟲(chóng)或鼠鼠咬CARGOSWEATED N/RFORLOSSORSHORTAGEANDCONTENTS貨物發(fā)汗汗，船方方對(duì)貨物物損失，短少和和內(nèi)容不不負(fù)責(zé)A

39、LLTIMBER LOADEDWET全部木材材水濕裝裝船憑保函簽簽發(fā)清潔潔提單實(shí)踐中，當(dāng)貨物物包裝不不良或存存在缺陷陷時(shí)，托托運(yùn)人人會(huì)出具具保函，要求承承運(yùn)人簽簽發(fā)清潔潔提單，以便能能順利結(jié)結(jié)匯，在在當(dāng)今航航運(yùn)實(shí)務(wù)務(wù)中被普普遍采用用。也因?yàn)檫@這種保函函能使承承、托運(yùn)運(yùn)人之間間就簽發(fā)發(fā)清潔提提單與否否發(fā)生爭(zhēng)爭(zhēng)議時(shí)迅迅速得到到“潤(rùn)滑滑”，從從而使予予盾雙方方擺脫僵僵持的困困境，避避免雙方方一觸即即發(fā)的損損失。這這種保函函實(shí)際上上對(duì)促進(jìn)進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和和航運(yùn)事事業(yè)的發(fā)發(fā)展起到到了一定定的積極極作用。但長(zhǎng)期以以來(lái)，對(duì)對(duì)這種保保函的效效力問(wèn)題題，不僅僅外國(guó)法法院有不不同的主主張和判判例，我我國(guó)現(xiàn)行行的海商商法也

40、無(wú)無(wú)明確的的規(guī)定，法學(xué)界界和航運(yùn)運(yùn)界各執(zhí)執(zhí)一說(shuō)，莫衷一一是，至至今國(guó)際際間尚無(wú)無(wú)統(tǒng)一的的認(rèn)識(shí)LetterofIndemnity保函a document which thewriterissues to anotherpartyagreeingtoprotectthem fromliability fortheperformanceofcertainact.CaseA shipperoforange juice in barrelsprevailed說(shuō)服upon theownersofthe shiptoissueacleanbill of ladingacknowledging therece

41、ipt of theconsignment“inapparentgoodorderandcondition”intheknowledge thatthe barrels桶were old,frailand leakingatthe timeofshipment. Whenthe barrelsoforange juice arrivedatthe portofdischarge,considerablelosshadbeensufferedand, becauseofthe clean billoflading,thecarrierpaid theclaim.Thereafter,thecar

42、rierbrought aclaimagainsttheshippersunderthe terms of theletterofindemnity.Theshipper,however,sought shelterbehind thelawand refusedtopay,submitting thatthe letterwasissued by theminpursuance of aconspiracybetween themselvesand thecarrier in order to misrepresentthecondition of thebarrels andwas, therefore,unenforceable不能執(zhí)行行的TheCourtruledthatthecarriermade arepresentationinthe billof