1、名詞一、名的分出名主假如指人名、地名或某人或事物的名稱，如Beijing，China等。一般名是一人或西或是一個抽象觀點的名，如：book，sadness等。出名抽象名不行數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞一般名集體名詞個體名詞可數(shù)名詞個體名和集體名能夠用數(shù)量來算，稱可數(shù)名（CountableNouns），物名和抽象名一般沒法用數(shù)量算，稱不行數(shù)名（UncountableNouns）。ProperNouns：指人名、地名及某些人和事物有的名稱Eg:Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;NewYearsDay注意：出名的第一個字母要大寫CommonNouns：一人或西或是一個抽象觀點

2、的名IndividualNouns:指作個體而存在的人或西能夠指詳細的人或物。Eg:aunts;apanda;apartments也可指抽象西。Eg:ayear;fairytales;adreamCollectiveNouns:表示若干個個體成的會合體Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public集體名有作數(shù)對待，有作復數(shù)看。一般來，整體作數(shù)看，突出它的成作復數(shù)看。Hisfamily_notlarge.Hisfamily_allmusiclovers.有少量集體名往常用作數(shù)。Eg:Thegangisbeinghuntedby

3、thepolice.OurcompanyissendinghimtoworkinBerlin.個集體名多作復數(shù)對待。Eg:Thepolicearelookingforhim.3.MaterialNouns:指沒法分個體的物。Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil一般來，物名是不行數(shù)的，因此沒有復數(shù)形式。但有一些特別狀況：1)有些物名可用作可數(shù)名，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一種”Eg:Twostrongblackcoffees,please.(兩份)Threebeers,please.(三杯)Itwasaspeci

4、altea.(一種)2)個物名的復數(shù)形式能夠表示特的意。Eg:rains（雨季）sands（沙）snows(雪)waters(海疆)4.AbstractNouns:表示作、狀、品、感情等抽象觀點Eg:education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.多半狀況下，種名常用于數(shù)形式，不加任何冠。Eg:HeslearningFrenchforfun.Iwishyougoodluck.抽象名化可數(shù)名。1Failureisthemotherofsuccess.(失與成功在此抽象觀點)Asateacher,sheisas

5、uccess,butasamother,sheisafailurebecauseshedevoteslittletimetolookingafterherchild.(成功者，失者，可數(shù))二、名的數(shù)不行數(shù)名一般沒有復數(shù)之分，它包含抽象名、物名和出名。比如：health,advice,glass,wood,English,America不行數(shù)名作主，用數(shù)形式。可數(shù)名有、復數(shù)之分。可數(shù)名的復數(shù)形式有以下幾種：狀況加法例一般狀況加-sbrothers;schools以s,x,ch,sh,尾的加-esbuses;watches;dishes以音y尾的去y加-iesladies;countries以f或

6、fe尾的把f/fe改成veshalves;leavesNotes:1.stomach-stomachs2.以元音+y或以出名+y尾的名，直接在尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;Henrys以-o尾的名+es在本中出的有hero,potato,tomato；其他以-o尾的+s:(photo,piano,radio,bamboo,zoo)4:以f/fe尾只加-s的：proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefshandkerchief（手帕，手）的復數(shù)形式二者都能夠。不化：內(nèi)部元音：foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,

7、mouse-mice,man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen尾加-en或ren：ox-oxen,child-childrenouseice：mouse-mice;louse-lice（虱子）有些外來的不復數(shù)形式：Eg:analysis-analyses;basis-bases;thesis-theses;crisis-crisescriterion-criteria;phenomenon-phenomena;medium-media復數(shù)同樣的狀況：sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;Chinese;Japanese以及

8、由音表示胸懷衡、等位的名。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu只有復數(shù)形式的狀況：trousers(子);glasses(眼);compasses()apairofthanks;clothes;remains;goods;people;cattle“某國人”的復數(shù)形式：?、復數(shù)同樣Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,?尾加-sAfricans,Asians,Canadians,Australians,Italians,?manmenEnglishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen但：German-Germans復合名的復數(shù)形式：1.一般將主

9、體名復數(shù)。father-in-lawfathers-in-law,passer-bypassers-by,looker-onlookers-on,editor-in-chiefeditors-in-chief2.無主體名的在尾加復數(shù)。如：grown-ups,good-for-nothings（無用的人），go-betweens（中人），look-outs（守望者）3.由man,woman,組成的復合名將前后兩個都成復數(shù)。men-doctors,women-drivers,women-singers?boyfriends,girlfriends,boystudents,girlstudents2

10、有些名詞能夠兼作可數(shù)名詞和不行數(shù)名詞。beauty(美，美貌)-abeauty(一個佳人/物)danger(危險)adanger(一件危險的事/人)failure(失敗)afailure(一件失敗的事/人)honour(榮耀)anhonour(帶來榮譽的/或事)pity(遺憾)apity(一件惋惜的事)success(成功)asuccess(一件成功的事/人)surprise(詫異)asurprise(一件令人驚訝的事)pleasure(樂趣)apleasure(一件風趣的事)worry(擔憂)aworry(一件令人擔憂的事)experience(經(jīng)驗)anexperience(一次經(jīng)歷)se

11、rvice(服務(wù))aservice(一個服務(wù)機構(gòu))英語中有很多對詞，一個可數(shù)，一個不行數(shù)。apoem(一首詩)poetry(詩歌總稱)amachine(一臺機器)machinery(機器總稱)ajob(一件工作)work(工作)alaugh(一個笑聲)laughter(笑聲)apermit(同意證)permission(同意)agarment(一件衣裳)clothing(衣裳總稱)abag(case)(一件行李)luggage,baggage(行李)aloaf(一只面包)bread(面包)ahair(一根頭發(fā))hair(頭發(fā))幾個名詞的特別用法1.hairHishairiswhite.（他的頭

12、發(fā)是白的。）Hehasafewgreyhairs.（他有幾根白的頭發(fā)。）2.fruitThefruitissweet.Helikespears,peaches,grapesandotherfruits.3.policeThepolicearesearchingforthemurderer.dozen,scoretwo(many,several)dozenpencilsthreedozenofthem/thesepencilsdozensofstudentstwoscoreofstudentsscoresofpeopleword（信息，通知）,man（人類），前面不加冠詞，也不用復數(shù)形式，謂語用

13、單數(shù)。三、名詞的格英語中的名詞（代詞）有三個格：主格、賓格、全部格。全部格表示所相關(guān)系，修飾另一名詞，作定語，它有兩種形式：一種是由名詞詞尾加s組成，另一種是由介詞of加名詞組成，前者多用來表示有生命的東西，后者多用來表示無生命的東西。全部格的形式：1.一般的名詞全部格在后邊加s：Marysbook2.以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞全部格在后邊僅加：TeachersDay,thestudents-roomreading3.以s結(jié)尾的專出名詞全部格：Engelssworks或Engelsworks4.復合名詞的全部格是在其詞尾加s：hismother-in-lawsphototheeditor-in-chi

14、efsopinion35.假如同樣東西為兩人共有，則只在最后一個名詞后加s,假如是分別全部，則兩個名詞后都要加s：TomandMarrysfather,TomsandMarrysfathers6.在表示“某人家”、“商鋪”的全部格時，一般省略它所修飾的名詞：atthedoctors,atthebarbers,atMr.Greens,atthetailors7.有些表示時間、距離、國家、城市、集體、機構(gòu)等無生命東西的名詞，也能夠加s來構(gòu)成全部格：todaysnewspapertenminuteswalkChinasindustrythestationswaiting-roomtheearthss

15、urfaceadollarsworth凡不可以加s組成全部格的名詞，都能夠與of結(jié)成短語，來表示全部格關(guān)系。就是有生命的東西的名詞也可這樣，特別是當這個名詞有較長的定語時：thedoorofourclassroomDoyouknowthenameofthegirlstandingatthegate?在表示所屬物的名詞前有冠詞、數(shù)詞、不定代詞或指示代詞時，常使用兩重全部格，即“of詞組+全部格”構(gòu)造。這類構(gòu)造帶有必定的感情色彩，表示贊嘆、憎惡等。afriendofhermothersafewfriendsofTomsthatbookofTomsseveralclassmatesofhis一個名詞

16、全部格所修飾的詞，假如前面已經(jīng)提到，常常能夠省略，防止前后重復。如：Thisisnotmypen,butMarys.名詞原形直接作定語（不表示所相關(guān)系）roomnumbercoffeecupshoefactorygeographylessoncolourfilmtoothbrushpowerplantwelcomepartyhearttroublefoodindustryappletreephysicsteacher但：有的名詞習慣于用復數(shù)作定語parentsmeeting(家長會)goodstrain(貨車)salesdepartment(銷售部)sportsmeet(運動會)名詞全部格(T

17、hePossessiveCaseofNouns)somepatterns:1.Illtaketheriskforfriendship為了友情)ssake.(2.Shewasatherwit（s黔end驢技.窮）3.Nowtheycouldsingattheirheart（盡s情content地）.4.Weshouldgetthechildrenoutofharm（不受損s害way）.5.Wehadbestkeepthematarms（length保持.距離）6.Forgoodnesssake,toparguing.（看在上帝的份上）7.Janegotthemoneysworthoutofthe

18、（coat很合.算）1.Thelionisconsideredthekingoftheforestasitisa(n)_ofcourageandpower.A.exampleB.signC.markD.symbol2.Hedroppedthe_andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.coffeescupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup3.Ineed_cloth,forImgoingtomakeclothes.A.alotof;manyB.much;muchC.many;manyD.many;alot4.Hegainedhis_byprinting_offamous

19、writers.A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works5.Manycountriesareincreasingtheiruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof_.A.energyB.sourceC.powerD.material6.Youllfindthismapofgreat_inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.4A.priceB.costC.valueD.usefulness-Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?_.A.PalmersB.T

20、hePalmersC.ThePalmersD.ThePalmers8.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown_ofliving.A.wayB.methodC.mannerD.fashion9.Thelionisconsideredthekingoftheforestasitisa(n)_ofcourageandpower.A.exampleB.signC.markD.symbol10.Wevolunteeredtocollectmoneytohelpthe_oftheearthquake.A.victimsB.folksC.fellowsD.villagers11.Ifyo

21、udonttakeawayallyourthingsfromthedesk,therewontbeenoughmyforstationery.A.areaB.placeC.roomD.surface12.Itiswidelyacceptedthatyoungbabieslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto_.A.rewardsB.prizesC.awardsD.resultsInthebotanicgardenwecanfinda(n)_ofplantsthatrangefromtalltreestosmallflowers.A.speciesB.gr

22、oupC.amountD.variety-Canyoushootthatbirdatthetopofthetree?-No,itsoutof_.A.rangeB.reachC.controlD.distance15.ThelifeofLondonismadeupofmanydifferent_.A.elementsB.sectionsC.materialD.realities16.Forthesakeofherdaughtershealth,shedecidedtomovetoawarm_.A.weatherB.temperatureC.seasonD.climate17.Toregainth

23、eir_afteranexhaustinggame,theplayerslayinthegrass.A.forceB.energyC.powerD.health18.IsawBobplaythepianoatJohnspartyandonthat_hewassimplybrilliant.A.sceneB.circumstanceC.occasionD.situation19.Itcantbea(n)_thatfourlryjewestoreswererobbedinonenight.A.coincidenceB.accidentC.incidentD.chanceAccordingtothe

24、recentresearch,heavycoffeedrinkandheartattackisnotnecessarily_andeffect.A.reasonB.impactC.factD.cause-ImsorryIsteppedoutsideforasmoke.Iwasverytired.-Thereisno_forthiswhileyouareonduty.A.reasonB.excuseC.causeD.explanation22.Themanagerhasgotagoodbusiness_sothecompanyisdoingwell.A.ideaB.senseC.thoughtD

25、.thinking23.Dontleavematchesorcigarettesonthetablewithin_oflittlechildren.A.handB.reachC.spaceD.distance24.Theenvironmentalistsandwildgoats_onthevastgrasslandswasagoodindication5ofthebetterenvironment.A.escapeB.absenceC.attendanceD.appearance25.Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.Its_walkA.afourhourB.

26、afourhoursC.afour-hoursD.afourhours26.Ihavereadthematerialseveraltimesbutitdoesntmakeany_tome.A.meaningB.importanceC.senseD.significance27.Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingis_itisascience.A.anartmuchasB.muchanartasC.asanartmuchasD.asmuchanartas28.Thepoliceareofferinga_toanyonewhocangiveinformationab

27、outthelostkey.A.priceB.prizeC.rewardD.money29.Ikeepmedicinesonthetopshelf,outofthechildren.sA.reachB.handC.holdD.place30.Atthemeetingtheydiscussedthreedifferent_tothestudyofmathematics。A.approachesB.meansC.methodsD.ways31.Alwaysreadthe_onthebottlecarefullyandtaketherightamountofmedicine.A.explanatio

28、nsB.instructionsC.descriptionsD.introductions32.Youhavebeensittingonmyhatandnowitisbadlyoutof_。A.dateB.shapeC.orderD.balanceTomakemembersofateamperformbetter,thetrainerfirstofallhastoknowtheir_andweaknessesA.strengthsB.benefitsC.techniquesD.values34.Theschooladvisershelpyoutalkthroughyourproblembutt

29、heydontgiveyouanydirect_.A.solutionB.targetC.measureD.function35.Jamestookthemagazinesoffthelittletabletomake_forthetelevision.A.roomB.areaC.fieldD.position36.Thosewhosufferfromheadachewillfindtheyget_fromthismedicine.A.reliefB.safetyC.defenseD.shelterLastyearthenumberofstudentswhograduatedwithadriv

30、inglicencereached200,000,a(n)_of40,000peryear.AaverageBnumberCamountDquantityAftertheearthquake,tilefirstthingthelocalgovernmentdidwastoprovide_forthehomelessfamilies.A.accommodationB.occupationC.equipmentD.furnitureThedoctorisskilledattreatinghearttroubleandneveracceptsanygiftfromhispatients,soheha

31、saverygood_.A.expectationB.reputationC.contributionD.civilizationThisrestauranthasbecomepopularforitswide_offoodsthatsuitalltastesandpockets.A.divisionB.areaC.rangeD.circle41.IhaventseenSarasinceshewasa，girlandshehaschangedbeyond_.A.hearingB.strengthC.recognitionDmeasure42.Ifoundhersittinginthecorne

32、r,reading_newspaper,with_inhereyes.A.a,tearB.apieceof,tearsC.a,tearsD.apieceof,tear43.Herfatherworksasa_inahotelandhermothera_inaprivatecompany.6A.cooker,typewriterB.cook,typistC.cooker,typistD.cook,typewriter44.“Whycouldnttheymeetusatfiveoclock?”“Becausetheyweredelayedby_.A.heavytrafficB.heavytraff

33、icsC.crowdedtrafficD.crowdedtraffics45.Infact,_onecausethatleadstotheproblem.A.cattleisB.cattleareC.cattlesareD.thecattlesare46.Byall_,youmusttryevery_tohelphim.A.mean,meanB.means,meansC.means,meanD.mean,means47.Jimis_person,andeveryoneiswillingtobe_withhim.A.sokinda,friendsB.soakind,friendsC.sokind

34、a,friendD.soakind,friend48.Wealreadyhave_pencils,butweneedtwo_pens.A.dozenof,dozenB.dozensof,dozenC.dozensof,dozenD.dozensof,dozenof49.Sheraisedherfingertoherlipsas_forsilence.A.anideaB.amarkC.asignD.aword50.MayItakeyourordernow?”“Wedlikethreeblack_andtwogreen_.”A.coffee,cupsofteasB.coffees,teasC.cu

35、psofcoffee,teaD.cupofcoffees,teas51.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad_.A.afewwhitehairsB.alittlewhitehairC.somewhitehairD.morefiftyhair52.Hi,thisway,please.OK.Isometimeshavenosenseof_whenIarriveatthecrossroad.A.positionB.directionC.situationD.conditionShellyhadpreparedcarefullyforherEnglishexaminationsothatshecouldbesureofpassingitonherfirst_.A.intentionB.attemptC.purposeD.desire54.IdidnthavetoworkallweekendIdiditby.A.chanceB.choiceC.accidentD.