1、建筑英語主講：杜鵑ARCHITECTURE ENGLISHArchitecture School of SIASUNIT SIXChinese ArchitectureThe architecture of China is as old as Chinese civilization. From every source of informationliterary, graphic, exemplarythere is strong evidence testifying to the fact that the Chinese have always enjoyed an indigen

2、ous system of construction that has retained its principal characteristics from prehistoric times to the present day. Over the vast area from Chinese Turkistan to Japan, from Manchuria to the northern half of French Indochina, the same system of construction is prevalent; and this was the area of Ch

3、inese cultural influence. That this system of construction could perpetuate itself for more than four thousand years over such a vast territory and still remain a living architecture, retaining its principal characteristics in spite of repeated foreign invasionsmilitary, intellectual, and spirituali

4、s a phenomenon comparable only to the continuity of the civilization of which it is an integral part.Liang, Ssu-cheng,1984On Chinese Architecture關于中國建筑課文翻譯 Paragraph1Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries. The structural principles of C

5、hinese architecture have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. Since the Tang Dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Korea, Japan and Vietnam.中式建筑是指一種在過去幾個世紀于亞洲成型的建筑風格。中式建筑的結構原理也大致保持不變，主要變化僅在裝飾細節方面。自唐代以來，中式建筑已經

6、對韓國，日本和越南等國的建筑風格產生重大影響。課文翻譯 Paragraph2Chinese architecture enjoys a long history and great achievements, and has created many architectural miracles such as the Great Wall and the Forbidden City. In the process of its development, superior architectural techniques and artistic design were combined t

7、o make Chinese architecture a unique architectural system.中國建筑有著悠久的歷史和偉大成就，創造了許多建筑奇跡，如長城和故宮。在其發展過程中，卓越的建筑技術和藝術設計相結合，使中國建筑形成獨特的建筑體系。superior : adj. 上層的；上好的課文翻譯 Paragraph3Basic IdeaChinese architecture is based on the principle of balance and symmetry. Office buildings, residences, temples, and palace

8、s all follow the principle that the main structure is the axis. The secondary structure are positioned as two wings on either side to form the main court and yard. The distribution of interior space reflects Chinese social and ethnical values. For example, a traditional residential building assigns

9、family members based on the familys hierarchy.基本理念中式建筑是基于平衡和對稱的原則。行政建筑，民居，寺廟和宮殿都遵循主結構為軸線的原則。二級結構被定位為由兩側建筑圍合形成的主要庭院。室內空間的分布反映了中國社會和民族的價值觀。例如，傳統居住建筑對家庭成員的空間分配是基于家族的等級的。hierarchy: n.等級制度課文翻譯 Paragraph5-1Color Timber framework decides that color is the main ornament used on ancient Chinese architecture.

10、 In the beginning, paint was used on wood for antisepsis while later painting became an architectural ornament. In the feudal society, the use of color was restricted according to strict social status classification. 色彩木框架結構決定了顏色是中國古代建筑中使用的主要裝飾品。最初，油漆被用于木材防腐，而后來，繪畫成為建筑裝飾。在封建社會中，色彩的使用按照嚴格的社會地位等級受到限制。

11、antisepsis : n.防腐法課文翻譯 Paragraph5-2Since yellow was deemed the noblest color and green and red the second, they were often applied on palace painting . Usually, dragon or phoenix was painted on green background with mass gold powder or gold foil. The painting will give the structure a magnificent no

12、ble image under the background of white granite basement. It is unique that such sharp color can achieve artistic effects.由于黃色被視為最高貴的顏色，綠色和紅色第二，他們常常應用于宮廷繪畫。通常情況下，用大量金粉或金箔繪出的龍或鳳被漆在綠色背景上。在白色花崗巖基座的映襯下，這些彩繪將為結構打造出宏偉高貴的形象。通過這樣鮮明對比的顏色以實現獨特的藝術效果。Deem: v.認為；視作 Granite ：n.花崗巖課文翻譯 Paragraph6-1Roof Although th

13、e typical Chinese roof was probably developed in the Shang Dynasty (1523-1027 BC) or the Zhou Dynasty (1027-256 BC) ,its features were unknown to us until the Han Dynasty. Then it appeared in the form that we recognize today as a hallmark of Chinese architecturea graceful, overhanging roof, sometime

14、s in several tiers, with upturned eaves. 屋頂雖然典型的中國屋頂可能是在商朝（公元前1523年至1027年），或周朝（公元前1027-256）發展的，然而直到漢朝我們才知曉其具體特征。此后，它出現的形式就是我們今天所熟知的的中國建筑的標志性特征優美、懸屋頂、有時多層，還有飛檐。hallmark ： n. 標志；特征 tier ：n.排；行；層；等級課文翻譯 Paragraph6-2The roof rests on a series of four-part brackets (known as toukong), which in turn are s

15、upported by other clusters of brackets set on columns. The tremendous weight could eventually be brought down via the brackets system to the columns. Decorative possibilities were soon realized in the colorful glazed tiling of roofs and the carving and painting of brackets, which became more and mor

16、e elaborate.屋頂擱在一系列由四部分組成的支架（稱為斗拱），而后者又是通過固定在柱子上的其他簇支架來支撐。巨大的重量最終可以經由支架系統下傳到柱子。人們很快就意識到這樣的結構為裝飾創造了可能性，于是出現了由色彩豐富的琉璃磚鋪設的屋頂和精雕刻細繪的支架，而這些也變得越來越精細。Rest ：v. (使)倚靠； 基于； 擱置 Cluster：n.群；簇 Tiling： n.蓋瓦；鋪瓷磚 課文翻譯 Paragraph7-1Roof is of great importance in Chinese architecture. It not only protects residents fr

17、om the elements, but also has a deeper meaning. It either displays the honor of the owner of the house with its out-reaching upturned eaves, or for example, in a Buddhist temple, helps ward off evil spirits. The arc at which the roof turns comes from the intricate fit of rafters. Almost every wealth

18、y home had elaborate roof on their house.屋頂在中國建筑中具有重要意義。它不僅可以保護居民免受惡劣天氣的影響，而且還具有更深層次的意義。它或以其外展的飛檐展示了房屋主人的榮耀，或如在一個佛教寺廟以辟邪。屋角形成的弧線來自于椽的復雜配合。幾乎每一個富有的家庭都有精心制作的自家屋頂。elements ：n. 惡劣天氣 ward ： vt.守護；躲開 fit： n.配合，匹配 課文翻譯 Paragraph7-2One perfect example of splendid roof would be found inside the wonderful pal

19、aces, the Forbidden City and the Ming Tombs. They all have roof tiles which are brilliant yellow, green and red. The ridges of each roof carry figurines of mythical creatures. The curve of each roof can be no more than a sweep and the most intricate designs on the roof are almost always pointing sou

20、theast.在壯麗的宮殿里，如故宮和明十三陵，很容易發現華麗屋頂的完美例子。他們都有亮黃色、綠色和紅色的屋瓦。每個屋脊上都矗立著神話動物的雕像。每個屋頂的曲線可以僅僅是一段延伸的翹角，而屋頂上最復雜的設計幾乎總是指向東南方。figurine ：n.小塑像 sweep： n.延伸的（常指彎的）路 河 岸等課文翻譯 Paragraph 8-1Ground Plan of Building ComplexDuring the Han Dynasty a characteristic ground plan was developed; it remained relatively constant

21、 through the centuries, applied to palaces and temple buildings in both China and Japan. Surrounded by an exterior wall, the building complex was arranged along a central axis and was approached by an entrance gate and then a spirit gate. Behind them in sequence came a public hall and finally the pr

22、ivate quarters. 建筑群的平面圖 漢代時期發明了一個典型的建筑群平面圖;經歷了幾個世紀，它仍然沒有相對的大變化，適用于中國和日本的各種宮殿和寺廟建筑。由外墻環繞的建筑群沿中軸線排列，先經城門后神門而入。在其后依次是議政宮，最后是私人住所。Quarter：n.住處; （尤指）營房課文翻譯 Paragraph 8-2Each residential unit was built around a central court with a garden. Based on imperial zoos and parks, the private residential garden s

23、oon became a distinctive feature of the walled complex and an art form in itself. The garden was laid out in a definite scheme, with a rest area and pavilions, ponds, and semi-planned vegetation.每個住宅單元都是圍繞一個帶花園的中庭來建造。以皇家動物園和花園為基礎，私人住宅的花園很快有了自己的特色被圍墻圈起的建筑群，并且其本身也成為一種藝術形式。花園的布局依據一個明確的方案，常有休息區、涼亭、池塘和半規

24、劃的植被。figurine ：n.小塑像 sweep： n.延伸的（常指彎的）路 河 岸等課文翻譯 Paragraph 9Fengshui Fengshui is a special Chinese tradition in architecture, and usually links the whole process from site selection, designing, construction and interior and exterior decorating in ancient times. Feng stands for wind or air and shui

25、means water. Fengshui combines the trinity of the Heaven, the Earth and humans, and seeks harmony between selected site, orienting, natural doctrine and human fate. It repulses human destruction of nature and stresses cohabitation with the environment, which is regarded as perfect and occult. 風水風水是中

26、國建筑特有的傳統，在古代常貫穿選址、設計、建造到室內外裝飾的整個過程。風代表風或空氣，水則是指水。風水結合了天，地和人，形成三位一體，并尋求選址、定向、自然學說和人類命運的和諧。它拒絕了人類對自然的破壞，強調了與環境共同生存，這被看作是完美和神秘的。cohabitation ：n.同居，共生 doctrine：n.學說；主義 occult： adj.不可思議的Major forms of Chinese Architecture中國建筑的主要形式課文翻譯 Paragraph 1Chinese architecture is unique in the world of architectura

27、l styles. In terms of the form or formation and functions , it can be classified into six major types.中國建筑在世界建筑中具有獨一無二的風格。就形式或形成和功能而言，它可以分為六種主要的類型。課文翻譯 Paragraph 2Gong ( Palace )After the founding of the Qin Dynasty, gong came to mean a group of buildings in which the emperors lived and worked. At a

28、bout the same time, Chinese palaces grew ever larger in scale. The Efanggong of the First Emperor of Qin measured 2.5km from east to west and 1,000 paces from north to south. The Weiyanggong of the Western Han Dynasty had, within a periphery of 11kilometers, as many as 43 halls and terraces.宮秦朝建立后，宮

29、常指供帝王生活和工作的一組建筑。大約在同一時間，中國的宮殿規模越來越大。在秦始皇的阿房宮從東到西長2.5公里，從北至南有一千步長。西漢的未央宮周長11公里，有多達43個宮殿和露臺。 Periphery ： n.周邊；邊緣；外圍 paces： n.速度；步伐；(一)步課文翻譯 Paragraph 2-2The Forbidden City of Beijing, which still stands intact and which served as the imperial palace for both Ming and Qing emperors covers an area of 72

30、0,000 square meters and embraces many halls, towers, pavilions and studies. It is one of the greatest palaces in the world. In short, the palace grew into a veritable city and is often called gongcheng (palace city). Apart from the palace, other grand buildings with similar scale and size are also c

31、alled gong either for secular or religious use.北京的故宮仍然屹立不變，作為曾經為明、清皇帝服務的皇家宮殿其占地面積72萬平方米，包括許多廳堂、塔、亭閣和書房。它是世界上最大的宮殿之一。總之，宮演變成了一個名副其實的城市，通常被稱為宮城。除了皇宮，其他具有類似規模和大小的宏大建筑群也被稱為宮，無論是作世俗用還是宗教用。Intact : adj.完好無缺的；原封不動的 veritable : adj.真實的 secular : adj.世俗的課文翻譯 Paragraph 3-1Ting (Pavilion)A common sight in the

32、country, a Chinese pavilion(ting) is built normally either of wood or stone or bamboo and may be in any of the shapessquare, triangle, hexagon, octagon, a five-petal flower, a fan and others. But all pavilions have columns for support and no walls. In parks or scenic areas, pavilions are built to co

33、mmand a panoramic view or built by the waterfront to create intriguing images.亭子在國內常見的景象是一個中式亭通常不是用木頭就是用石頭或竹子建的，而且可以是任何形狀方形、三角形、六角形、八角形、五瓣花形、扇形及其他。但所有亭子都以柱子來支撐而無墻壁。在公園或風景名勝區，亭子常為了能觀賞全景而建造，或者建在水邊以創造引人入勝的景象。Panoramic ： adj.全景的 intriguing： adj.吸引人的；有趣的 課文翻譯 Paragraph 3-2Pavilions serve diverse purposes

34、. The wayside pavilion is called liangting (cooling kiosk) to provide weary wayfarers with a place for rest. The “stele pavilion” gives a roof to a stone tablet to protect the engraved record of an important event. Pavilions also stand by bridges or over water-wells. In the latter case, dormer windo

35、ws are built to allow the sun to cast its rays into the well as it has been the belief that water untouched by the sun would cause disease.亭子有多種服務目的。路旁的亭子被稱為涼亭（冷卻亭），為疲憊的旅人提供休息的地方。“碑亭”是將石碑覆蓋一覆頂，以保護重要事件的雕刻記錄。亭子也會出現在橋邊或水井上。在后者情況下，亭子頂部要建一天窗，以便陽光投射進入井中，因為那時的人們相信不見陽光的水會引起疾病。Kiosk : n.亭；涼亭；報攤 wayfarer :n.旅

36、人；徒步旅行者 stele : n.石碑課文翻譯 Paragraph 4Tai (Building with Terrace)The tai was an ancient architectural structure, a very much elevated terrace with a flat top. Generally built of earth, stone and surface with brick, they are used as a belvedere on which to look into the distance. In fact, however, many

37、 well-known ancient tai are not just a bare platform but has some palatial halls built on top.臺（帶露臺的樓）臺是一種古老的建筑結構，一個非常高的平頂露臺。一般用泥土和石頭建造，表面用磚砌，它們常用作遠眺的觀景樓。然而，事實上，許多知名的古臺不只是一個光禿禿的平臺，而是在其上建了一些富麗堂皇的廳堂。belvedere ： n.觀景樓 palatial： adj.宮殿般的；宏偉的課文翻譯 Paragraph 5Tai could be built to serve different practical

38、 purposes. For example, it could be used as an observatory as is the one near Jianguomen in Beijing which dates back to the Ming and Qing dynasties. It could also be used for military purposes like the beacon towers along the Great Wall, to transmit urgent information with smoke by day and fire by n

39、ight. Also on the Great Wall, there is a square tai at intervals of every 300 to 400 meters from which the garrison troops kept watch. On the track of the ancient Silk Road, ruins of the old fortifications in the form of earthen terraces can still be seen.臺可以有不同的實際用途。例如，它可以作為一個天文臺，就像北京建國門附近的那個，其可以追溯

40、到明清時期。它也可以用于軍事用途，如長城沿線的烽火臺，白天用煙夜晚用火來傳送緊急信息。另外在長城，每隔300米至400米就有一個由駐軍守衛的方臺。沿著古代絲綢之路的軌跡走，仍然可以看到現在已成為土梯田的古防御工事的遺跡。garrison ： n.守備隊；駐地；要塞 troop : n.群；組；軍隊；大量課文翻譯 Paragraph 6Lou (Storeyed House)Chinese character lou refers to any building of two or more storeys with a horizontal main ridge. The erection o

41、f such buildings began a long time ago in the Warring States Period, when chonglou (multi-storey house) was mentioned in historical records.樓（多層的建筑）中國漢字中的樓指的是任何有兩層或以上的有著水平主脊的建筑物。這些建筑物在很久以前的戰國時代就已出現，當時的歷史記載里已提到重樓（多層建筑）。Erection： n.直立；建造；建筑物課文翻譯 Paragraph 7Ancient houses with more than one storey were

42、 meant for a variety of uses. The smaller two-storey house of private home generally has the owners study or bedroom upstairs. The more magnificent ones built in parks or at scenic spots were belvederes from which to enjoy the distant scenery. In this case , it is sometimes translated as a “tower”.高

43、于一層的古代建筑常有多種用途。私人住宅的兩層小樓一般將主人的書房或臥室設在上層。更宏偉的是那些建在公園或風景名勝的觀景樓，可以在其上享受遠處的風景。在這種情況下，樓有時也被翻譯為“塔”。課文翻譯 Paragraph 8Ancient cities has bell and drum towers (zhonglou and gulou), usually palatial buildings with four-sloped, double-caved, glazed roofs, all-around verandas and colored and carved bracket suppo

44、rting the overhanging eaves. Each tower housed a big bell or drum which was used to announce the time.古城一般有鐘鼓樓（鐘樓和鼓樓），通常為四面坡、雙面洞、釉面屋頂、環繞陽臺以及支撐著懸檐的彩刻支架的富麗堂皇的建筑。每座塔都有一個大鐘或大鼓以公布時間。Caved ：n.洞穴；山洞 verandas ： n.陽臺；游廊課文翻譯 Paragraph 9Ge (Storeyed Pavilion)The Chinese character ge is similar to lou in that b

45、oth are of two or more storey buildings. But lou has a door and windows only on the front side with the other three sides being solid walls. Ge is used usually enclosed by wooden balustrade or decorated with boards all around.閣（亭樓閣）漢字中的閣類似于樓，兩者都是兩層或多層建筑。但樓只在前面有門和窗而其他三面均是實心墻。閣則通常由木質欄桿圍合或四周由板裝飾著。課文翻譯

46、Paragraph 10-1Such buildings were used in ancient times for the storage of important articles and documents. Wenyuange for instance, in the Forbidden City of Beijing, was in effect the imperial library. Kuiwenge in the Confucius Temple of Qufu, Shandong Province was devoted to the safekeeping of the

47、 books and works of painting and calligraphy bestowed by the courts of various dynasties.這樣的建筑，在古代的重要文章和文件的存儲。例如在紫禁城的文淵閣，其實是皇家圖書館。山東曲阜孔廟里的魁文閣，專門保存各朝代宮廷贈送的繪畫和書法作品。Bestow ： v.授予；給予課文翻譯 Paragraph 10-2Visitors to the city of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, can still see Tianyige, which houses the greatest pr

48、ivate collection of books handed down from the past. Monasteries of a large size normally have their own libraries built in the style of age and called Cangjingge to keep their collections of Buddhist scriptures. Some of the ge, notably those erected in parks, like other pavilions or towers, were used for enjoying the sights.游客到浙江寧波仍然可以看到天一閣，里面存放著從過去流傳下來的書籍，堪稱私人收藏之最。大規模的寺院通常都有自己的藏經閣以保存收藏的佛經。有些閣，尤其是那些豎立在公園，像其他亭或塔的，常用于欣賞風景。Mo