1、土木工程專業英語主講 陳棠茵E-mail:64824116 specialized English of civil engineeringgeneral Englishthe ability of applying languagethe ability of reading and translatingto extend the vocabularyto consolidate and complement the knowledge of specialtyto read and translate related material in English successfullyto

2、engage in communication of international science and technology IntroductionLesson 1 Civil Engineering土木工程New words and phrases:predominate geotechnical specification supervisesubcontractor hurricane asphalt aluminum runoff lock fill scrubber incineration toxic combustible ramp excavate precisely ae

3、rialsonic plotting municipal commissiondrainage system This text mainly introduced some concepts related to civil engineering, such as civil engineering, civil engineers and civil. We also learned there are many branches in civil engineering and every branch has its own purpose. 這篇文章主要介紹了有關土木工程的一些概念

4、，比如土木工程、土木工程師、土木等等。這篇文章還告訴我們土木工程包括很多的分支，而每一個分支又有其各自的用途。 要求：掌握關于土木工程的一些專業詞匯。 Brief Summary Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environmentThis environment includes all structures built according to scientific pri

5、nciples，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程學作為最老的工程技術學科，是指規劃，設計，施工及對建筑環境的管理。此處的環境包括建筑符合科學規范的所有結構，從灌溉和排水系統到火箭發射設施。 Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants（工廠車間），water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public

6、 facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations 土木工程師修建道路、橋梁、隧道、大壩、港口、發電站、水系統和污水系統，醫院、學校、公共交通系統，以及現代化社會和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共設施。Civil engineering and civil engineers They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads，pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large

7、 structures designed for industrial，commercial, or residential use 他們也修建私人擁有的設施，如機場、鐵路、水渠、高樓大廈，和為工業、商業、民用設計的其他大型建筑。 In addition，civil engineers plan，design，and build complete cities and towns，and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities space

8、 platform=space station 空間站，宇宙站 self-contained （1）沉默寡言的（2）設備齊全的 （3）（社會團體等）獨立的 此外，土木工程師規劃、設計和修建整個城市和鄉鎮，最近已經開始規劃和設計空間站以容納獨立的團體。 Civil engineering and civil engineers The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen “土木”這個詞是從拉丁語“citizen”派生而來。 In 1782，Englishman John Smeaton 斯米頓used the term to differe

9、ntiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time 1782年，英國人John Smeaton 用這個術語來區分他的非軍事工程項目和當時占統治地位的軍事工程師的工程項目。 Since then，the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities，although the field is much

10、broader 從那以后，土木工程這個術語已經被用來指那些修建公共設施的工程師們，盡管這個領域比以前更廣。Civil Environmental specialists study the projects impact on the local area：the potential for air and groundwater pollution，the projects impact on local animal and plant life，and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aime

11、d at protecting the environment 環境專家要研究工程對當地區域的影響：潛在的空氣污染和地下水污染，工程對當地動植物的影響，以及工程怎樣設計才能滿足政府對保護環境的要求。 Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project 運輸專家要確定需用什么類型的設施

12、來減輕由完工的工程產生的荷載對當地道路和其他運輸網帶來的壓力。 Meanwhile，structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs，plans，and specifications for the project 同時，結構專家用初始資料來做工程的詳細設計，規劃和說明書。Scope 范圍 Throughout any given project，civil engineers make extensive use of computers 對于任何給定的工程，土木工程師都能廣泛地利用計算機。 Comput

13、ers are used to design the projects various elements (computer-aided design，or CAD) and to manage it 計算機被用來設計工程的各個部分并進行管理。 Computers are a necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to

14、 construct a project 計算機對于現代土木工程師而言是必不可少的，因為它們可使工程師高效地處理大量數據，這些數據是在確定最優施工方案時所需要的。 Scope 范圍 Using computers，structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist：its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials，and earthquakes 結

15、構工程師用計算機確定結構必須抵抗的力：自重、風力、引起建筑材料膨脹或收縮的溫度變化以及地震力。 They also determine the combination of appropriate materials：steel，concrete，plastic，stone，asphalt，brick，aluminum，or other construction materials 他們還確定適當的材料組合：鋼材、混凝土、塑料、石料、瀝青、磚、鋁或其他的建筑材料。Structural engineering 結構工程 Civil engineers in this specialty deal

16、 with all aspects of the physical control of water 在這個專業的土木工程師處理水的自然調節的各個方面。 Their projects help prevent floods，supply water for cities and for irrigation，manage and control rivers and water runoff，and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities 他們的工程幫助阻擋洪水，為城市和灌溉系統供水，管理和控制河流流量，維修河灘和其他濱水區的設施。 I

17、n addition，they design and maintain harbors，canals，and locks，build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds，help design offshore structures，and determine the location of structures affecting navigation 此外，他們還設計和維修港口、運河和船閘，修建大型水力發電大壩和小型水壩以及各種水儲備灌溉器，他們還幫助設計近海結構，確定影響

18、航行的結構的位置。Water resources engineering 水資源工程 Civil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior 專攻此領域土木工程師分析支撐結構物并影響結構性能的土壤和巖石的特性。 They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and oth

19、er structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. 他們計算建筑和其他結構由于自重壓力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之減少到最小。 These engineers also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater 這些工程師還估算并確定

20、怎樣加強邊坡和填方以及怎樣保護結構免遭地震和地下水的影響。Geotechnical engineering 巖土工程 In this branch of engineering，civil engineers design，build，and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies，both on the surface and underground 在工程的這個分支里，土木工程師設計、修建和監督各個系統以提供安全的飲用水，防

21、止和控制地表水和地下水供應的污染。 They also design，build，and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air 他們也設計、修建和監督各項工程以控制或消除土地和空氣污染。Environmental engineering 環境工程 These engineers build water and wastewater treatment plants，and design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or elim

22、inate air pollution caused by industrial processes，incineration，or other smokeproducing activities 這些工程師修建水廠和污水處理廠，設計空氣凈化器和其他設備以減少或消除由工業加工、焚燒或其他一些產生煙霧的行為導致的空氣污染。 They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump傾倒 sites or the neutralizing of toxic and haz

23、ardous substances 他們也采取措施，通過專門的垃圾場的修建或有毒的和有害的物質的中和來控制有毒的和有害的廢棄物。 In addition，the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land 此外，工程師設計和處理垃圾填埋以防止周圍土地的污染。Environmental engineering 環境工程 Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consider

24、ation of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. 運輸工程師在設計每一個工程的過程中，既要運用技術知識，也要考慮經濟、政治和社會的因素。 They work closely with urban planners, since the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system. 他們與城市規劃者關系緊密，因為社區的質量直接關系到運輸體系的質量。 Tra

25、nsportation engineering 運輸工程 In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombusti

26、ble gases. 在土木工程的這個分支里，工程師修建運輸液體、氣體或固體的管道和相關的設施，運輸的物質范圍從煤漿和半液體廢料到水、石油和不同類型的高燃性和非燃性氣體。 The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type of materials to be usedsteel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various material

27、s installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. 工程師要確定管道的設計，工程對它必須穿過的地區的經濟和環境影響，要用到的材料類型鋼材、混凝土或不同材料的組合安裝技術，檢測管道強度的方法，怎樣控制以保持適當的壓力，以及正在被運送材料的流通速度。 Pipeline engineering 管道工程 They coordinate

28、the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work：the surveyors；workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps，excavate for the foundation，build the forms and pour the concrete；and workers who build the steel frameworkThese engineers also make regular 制定progress reports to th

29、e owners of the structure 事實上，他們協調工程中每個人的活動：勘測員、為臨時道路和斜坡定線和施工的工人、挖基礎的工人、建模和澆注混凝土的工人、以及修建鋼結構的工人。這些工程師還為業主作正式的進度報告。Construction engineering 施工工程 Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop communities within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves far more than engine

30、ering consideration; environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of land and natural resources are also key elements. 小區和城市規劃。該領域的工程師從事規劃小區或者一個完整的城市。這種規劃考慮的遠比工程本身更多，土地開發使用和自然資源中的環境、社會和經濟因素，自然資源都是很重要的因素。Community and urban planning.Photogrammetry, surveying, and mapping. Th

31、e civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Earths surface to obtain reliable information for locating and designing engineering projects. This practice often involves high-technology methods such as satellite and aerial surveying, and computer-processing of photographic imagery. 攝影、勘探/測量、測繪。這一領域的工程師要精確測量地表尺寸以獲得工程定位和設計的可靠數據。這項工作涉及了諸如衛星和航空測量、圖片的計算機處理等高科技技術。 Radio signals from satellites, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accurate measurements for boring鉆孔 （Excavate ）tunnels, building