1、 計算機專業中英文文獻翻譯1In the past decade the business environment has changed dramatically. The world hasbecome a small and very dynamic marketplace. Organizations today confront new markets, newcompetition and increasing customer expectations. This has put a tremendous demand onmanufacturers to; 1) Lower t

2、otal costs in the complete supply chain 2) Shorten throughput times3) Reduce stock to a minimum 4) Enlarge product assortment 5) Improve product quality 6)Provide more reliable delivery dates and higher service to the customer 7) Efficiently coordinateglobal demand, supply and production. Thus today

3、s organization have to constantly re-engineertheir business practices and procedures to be more and more responsive to customers andcompetition. In the 1990s information technology and business process re-engineering, used inconjunction with each other, have emerged as important tools which give org

4、anizations theleading edge.ERP Systems EvolutionThe focus of manufacturing systems in the 1960s was on inventory control. Most of thesoftware packages then (usually customized) were designed to handle inventory based ontraditional inventory concepts. In the 1970s the focus shifted to MRP (Material R

5、equirementPlanning) systems which translatedthe Master Schedule built for the end items into time-phased net requirements for thesub-assemblies, components and raw materials planning and procurement,In the 1980s the concept of MRP-II (Manufacturing Resources Planning) evolved whichwas an extension o

6、f MRP to shop floor and distribution management activities. In the early1990s, MRP-II was further extended to cover areas like Engineering, Finance, Human Resources,Projects Management etc i.e. the complete gamut of activities within any business enterprise.Hence, the term ERP (Enterprise Resource P

7、lanning) was coined.In addition to system requirements, ERP addresses technology aspects like client/serverdistributedarchitecture, RDBMS, object oriented programming etc. ERP Systems-Bandwidth ERP solutionsaddress broad areas within any business like Manufacturing, Distribution, Finance, ProjectMan

8、agement, Service and Maintenance, Transportation etc. A seamless integration is essential toprovide visibility and consistency across the enterprise. 計算機專業中英文文獻翻譯An ERP system should be sufficiently versatile to support different manufacturingenvironments like make-to-stock, assemble-to-order and en

9、gineer-to-order. The customer orderdecoupling point (CODP) should be flexible enough to allow the co-existence of thesemanufacturing environments within the same system. It is also very likely that the same productmay migrate from one manufacturing environment to another during its produce life cycl

10、e.The system should be complete enough to support both Discrete as well as Processmanufacturing scenarios. The efficiency of an enterprise depends on the quick flow ofinformation across the complete supply chain i.e. from the customer to manufacturers to supplier.This places demands on the ERP syste

11、m to have rich functionality across all areas like sales,accounts receivable, engineering, planning, inventory management, production, purchase,accounts payable, quality management, distribution planning and external transportation. EDI(Electronic Data Interchange) is an important tool in speeding u

12、p communications with tradingpartners.More and more companies are becoming global and focusing on down-sizing anddecentralizing their business. ABB and Northern Telecom are examples of companies whichhave business spread around the globe. For these companies to manage their business efficiently,ERP

13、systems need to have extensive multi-site management capabilities. The complete financialaccounting and management accounting requirementsof the organization should be addressed. It is necessary to have centralized or de-centralizedaccounting functions with complete flexibility to consolidate corpor

14、ate information.After-sales service should be streamlined and managed efficiently. A strong EIS(Enterprise Information System) with extensive drill down capabilities should be available forthe top management to get a birds eye view of the health of their organization and help them toanalyze performa

15、nce in key areas.Evaluation CriteriaSome important points to be kept in mind while evaluating an ERP software include: 1)Functional fit with the Companys business processes 2) Degree of integration between thevarious components of the ERP system 3) Flexibility and scalability 4) Complexity; userfrie

16、ndliness 5) Quick implementation; shortened ROI period 6) Ability to support multi-siteplanning and control 7) Technology; client/server capabilities, database independence, security 8) 計算機專業中英文文獻翻譯Availability of regular upgrades 9) Amount of customization required 10) Local supportinfrastructure I

17、I) Availability of reference sites 12) Total costs,including cost of license, training, implementation, maintenance, customization and hardwarerequirements.ERP Systems-ImplementationThe success of an ERP solution depends on how quick the benefits can be reaped from it.This necessitates rapid impleme

18、ntations which lead to shortened ROI periods. Traditionalapproach to implementation has been to carry out a Business Process Re-engineering exerciseand define a TO BEmodel before the ERP system implementation. This led to mismatches between the proposedmodel and the ERP functionality, the consequenc

19、e of which was customizations, extendedimplementation time frames, higher costs and loss of user confidence.ERP Systems-The FutureThe Internet represents the next major technology enabler which allows rapid supplychain management between multiple operations and trading partners. Most ERP systems are

20、enhancing their products to become Internet Enabled so that customers worldwide can havedirect to the suppliers ERP system. ERP systems are building in the Workflow Managementfunctionally which provides a mechanism to manage and controlthe flow of work by monitoring logistic aspects like workload, c

21、apacity, throughout times, workqueue lengths and processing times. 計算機專業中英文文獻翻譯譯文 1在過去十年中，商業環境發生了巨大的變化。世界成為了一個變化非常快的小市場。今天各個公司面臨著新的市場、新的競爭和日益增高的客戶期望。這對制造商施加了巨大的壓力，要求:1)降低整個供應鏈的成本;2)縮短生產時間;3)庫存降至最低;4)擴大產品種類:5)改進產品質量;6)提供更可靠的交付日期和對顧客的更好服務;7)有效協調整體供求和生產。因此，今天的公司必須不斷重組其業務的做法和過程，以對顧客和競爭有越來越好的響應。在九十年代，信息技

22、術和業務流程重組 (兩者相互配合使用)已成為重要的工具，給公司帶來領先的優勢。ERP 系統進展60 年代制造系統的焦點是庫存控制那時大多數軟件包(通常是定制的)設計成在傳統的庫存概念上處理庫存。在 70 年代，焦點移到了 MRP，(材料需求計劃)系統，這種系統把力最終項目編制的總調度計劃轉變成半成品、組件和原材料計劃和采購分時間階段的網絡需求。在 80 年代，MRP-n(制造資源計劃)的概念得到了發展，對車間和分配管理活動的擴展。在 90 年代初，MRP 讓 IT 進一步擴展到包含諸如工程設計、財務、人事管理、項目管理等領域，即任何工商業企業中的全部活動。因此， ERP(企業資源計劃)這個術語

23、就運行而生。除了系統要求外，ERP 解決了客戶/服務器分布式體系機構、關系數據庫管理系統、面向對象編程等技術方面的問題。ERP 系統已寬帶 ERP 解決方案解決了任何一個公司中多方面的問題，如制造、配送、財務、項目管理、服 與維護、運輸等。無縫整合對為企業提供可見性和一致性是不可缺少的。ERP 系統應該非常通用，以支持不同的制造環境，如按存貨量制造、按訂單裝配和按訂單設計。客戶訂單分離點(CODP)應該非常靈活，以允許這些制造環境在同一系統中共存。很有可能同一產品在其生命周期內要從一種制造環境轉到另一種環境。系統應該非常完整，以支持分立式和過程式兩種制造形式。企業的效率依賴于信息在整個供應鏈上

24、的快速流動，即從客戶到制造商再到供應商的信息快速流動。這就要求 ERP系統在所有方面(如銷售、應收賬、工程設計、計劃、庫存管理、生產、采購、應付賬、質量管理、分銷計劃和外部運輸)都應有豐富的功能。EDI(電子數據交換)是一種加速與貿易伙伴通信的重要工具。越來越多的公司正在成為全球化經營的公司，關注著業務的小型化和分散化。ABB 和 計算機專業中英文文獻翻譯北方電訊就是在全球都有業務的公司的例子。對于這些需要有效管理其業務的公司來說，El 汁系統需要擁有廣泛的多站點管理功能。應該解決整個組織的全部財務記賬和管理記賬的要求。擁有集中式或者分散式的記賬功能以及能把整個公司的信息匯總起來的靈活性是必不

25、可少的。售后服務應該有效地得到改進和管理。高層管理人員應使用功能強大的EIS(即企業信息系統，它具有向下分析功能)，以獲取公司經營狀況的鳥瞰圖，以及幫助他們分析關鍵領域的經營。評價標準在評價 ERP 軟件時要記住下列幾點:l)功能上適合公司的業務流程;2)ERP 系統各個組件之間的整合程度:3)靈活性和可擴性;4)復雜性:用戶友其結果是要進行定制，延長了實現的時間，成本增加并使用戶喪失信心。好性:5)快速實現:縮短投資回收期 6)支持多站點計劃和控制的能力;7)技術:客戶/服務器能力、數據庫獨立性、安全性:8)正規升級的可用性;9)需要定制化的數量;10)本地支持的基礎實施;II)參考站點的可

26、用性;12)總成本，包括許可使用、培訓、實現、維護、定制和硬件要求等費用。ERP 系統實現ERP 解決方案的成功取決于能從中獲取好處的快慢。這就必須快速實現，從而縮短投資回收期。傳統的實現方法是要執行業務過程重組，并在實現 ERP 系統之前定義將是的模型。這導致了建議的模型和 ERP 功能之間的不一致，ERP 系統未來因特網代表了下一個重大的技術推動力，它允許在多個操作和貿易伙伴之間的快速供應鏈管理。大多數 ERP 系統都在改進它們的產品，便之成為因特網推動的，從而全世界的客戶都可直接訪問供應商的 ERP 系統。ERP 讓系統從功能上加進工作流管理，這就通過監視后勤保障諸方面(如工作負載、能力

27、、整體時間、工作排隊長度和處理時間，提供了一種管理和控制工作流的機制。 計算機專業中英文文獻翻譯 計算機專業中英文文獻翻譯2Image Management, Document ManagementEvery long journey demands a roadmap. Before reengineering the corporation (or some smallpiece of it), you will need a template for visualizing the potential power of workflowtechnologies to transform

28、your business. Workflow can be defined as the flow of information andcontrol in a business process. Workflow applications integrate a wide range of applications andsystems in the users local- and/or wide-area network.The application systems and services required to support workflow applications incl

29、ude:Image managementDatabase managementDocument managementForms managementObject managementProduct data managementProject managementComputer-aided software engineeringElectronic messagingDirectory servicesInternet and intranet servicesElectronic commerce servicesImage management, document management

30、 and database management are the mostimportant for mostreal-world workflow applications.Image ManagementPaper glut is the curse of modem bureaucracies and was the impetus for the development ofmodem workflow technology.Workflow and image management technologies have been intertwined in the industrys

31、consciousness since 1984. Most todays market-leading workflow vendors provide imageprocessing products that route bitmapped representations of the original paper documents, 計算機專業中英文文獻翻譯entered through an optical scanner. Document-image processing systems are used principally toautomate high-volume,

32、back-office records-managementfunctions, such as processing medical records, insurance claims, and tax returns.Workflow and image management technologies have been intertwined in the industrysconsciousness since 1984. Most todays market-leading workflow vendors provide imageprocessing products that

33、route bitmapped representations of the original paper documents,entered through an optical scanner. Document-image processing systems are used principally toautomate high-volume, back-office records-managementfunctions, such as processing medical records, insurance claims, and tax returns.Most docum

34、ent-imaging products support a variety of image manipulation capabilities,including enhancement, reduction, enlargement, cropping, compression, conversion and OCR.Many workflow applications can read, write, and manipulate image files in any or all of thefollowing imaging-industry-standard formats fo

35、r scanning, formatting, encoding, compressing, transmitting, decompressing,and outputting document images.There are a variety of image format standards, each serves different purpose. For example,TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) is a standard file format for describing, encoding, and storingbitmapped

36、, gray-scale still images. It is supported by most optical scanners and graphicsmanipulation programs. GIF(graphics Interchange Format) is a raster image format standard that is often used for in-linegraphics embedded in and downloaded with HTML pages on World Wide Web. JPEG (JointPhotographic Exper

37、ts Group) is an ISO standard for describing, encoding, compressing, anddecompressing continuous-tone, color still images. It uses a lousy algorithm that achievessuperior compression and it is a general-purpose technique for applications as diverse as photovideotext, desktop publishing, graphic arts,

38、 color facsimile, newspaper photo transmission, andmedical systems. MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) is another ISO standard for describing,encoding, compressing and decompressing continuous-tone, color moving images. MPEGdefines a bit-stream representation for synchronized video and audio compre

39、ssion to a basic1.5Mbps bandwidth; a fellow standard, MPEG II, is designed to operate bandwidths between 4and 10 Mbps. MPEG is supported in many multimedia application software products and in 計算機專業中英文文獻翻譯computerized video recording, storage, and playback devices, including CD-ROMS.Document Managem

40、entNetworks have made it next to impossible to find the document you want when you want it.Files are often scattered across myriad computers, storage devices, applications, directories, andfile formats on the corporate LAN and WAN.The rapid development of the World Wide Web has exacerbated the probl

41、em of maintaining,managing, indexing, and finding important business documents under the guise of home pages -by allowing users to publish and distribute HTML-formatted files far and wide across theInternet and corporate intranets. The development of powerful search engine software (such asAlta Vist

42、a) was in inevitable consequence of this trend, enabling users to tap into basicdocument-management functions text indexing, search, and retrieval - in order to harness theunruly but infinitely rich information resources of this new world.Workflow capabilities are a natural extension of document man

43、agement systems and aresupported in many of todays commercial products. Users can check out files from server-basedvirtual libraries, route them to others for review and revision, track who has the file at any timereconcile and merge multiple comments and version into a final draft, and then check t

44、heresultant files back into the library, either overwriting the original or saving the final version to adifferent filename.Multiplitform transparency, distributed search tools, and standard application programminginterfaces are inherent to the Web. Unlike the hierarchically organized file managemen

45、t systemsbundled with most operating systems, the Web is a purely decentralized virtual library.Embedded cross-reference can be established from any Web page to any other local or remoteInternet resource. Services such as Yahoo allow users to search the world for Web-residentinformation with as litt

46、le as a single query. Authoring new Web applications is facilitated bynear-ubiquitous implementation of HTML document formatting/ hyper linking and Javaapplication-development standards.Database ManagementDatabase management systems have long been the principal platform for development ofmission-cri

47、tical corporate applications. Databases are at the heart of more workflow applications.One database contains the process model, which specifies the routes, roles, and rules for 計算機專業中英文文獻翻譯document routing. Another database may contain information on the current location and statusof documents in pr

48、ocess. Others maycontain the information input by users in on-screen electronic forms.What chiefly distinguishes database management form document management systems isthe format of the information they manage. Document management systems can handle the vastmajority of information used in any organi

49、zation, whether its semi structured and unstructuredinformation, such as the running text in word-processing file, or e-mail message. Databasemanagement systems, by contrast, work principally with alphanumeric character text that can beorganized into a highly structured set of files, records, and fi

50、elds. Thisinformation can be linked, indexed, sorted, and filtered in countless ways, which makesdatabases well suitedto supporting complex, custom-built, function-specific applications. Many databases provide acommon pool of information accessible to multiple applications. 計算機專業中英文文獻翻譯3Systems deve

51、lopment is always difficult. Most projects that are deemed failures rather cost toomuch or did not produce useful systems. Large projects are especially difficult. To deal withthese difficulties and provide some control over the process, a systems development life cyclehas been developed, This syste

52、m analysis technique breaks projects into manageable pieces.Software tools display interrelationships and integrate modules. Modules have inputs, processingsteps, controls, outputs. The prototyping approach is iterative, as opposed to the rigidity of theSDLC method, and provides an early version of

53、the system.Another way to build systems is to ask end users to develop their own systems using moreuser-friendly fourth-generation tools such as database management systems (DBMS) orspreadsheets. This last approach carries the risk of lack of testing, incompatibilities, andduplication.All of the met

54、hods mentioned have the name five basic stages: feasibility and planning,systems analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. Systems designers need toremember that working systems must be maintained and modified as business needs arise.Systems Development Life Cycle The SDLC is one of the mos

55、t formalized techniques used todevelop computer systems. There are difficult versions of this technique, but all have the goal tobuild computer systems by analyzing the process it should replicate and breaking the processinto smaller, more manageable, pieces. This approach avoids problems such as du

56、plicated efforts,incompatible portions of programs, and runaway costs due to situations such as programmerturnover and shifting direction.A feasibility study is a quick examination of the benefits, goals, cost, and problems of theproposed system solution. The objective of this stage is to decide whe

57、ther a system is the rightprocedure to solve the situation.Planning consists of developing a schedule for the project, appointing team leaders, andlaying out a plan.System analysis determines present system procedures and problems and breaks the currentsystem into pieces. It uses diagrams, such as a

58、 visual table of contents, which shows therelationship between the modules of a system.Systems design describes the new system on paper , including a detailed description of its 計算機專業中英文文獻翻譯modules and interrelationships, It then translates this description into workable code.Systems implementation

59、is the most difficult step. It consists of installing the new system,training and users, making adjustments, and converting from the old system. An importantelement of this stage is final testing. The final testing and quality control of the new systembefore it is presented to the end users can unco

60、ver problems that can be resolved before multipleend users replicate the problem in production.Involving end users in the design, education and training is important because it programssystem flexibility, recognizes the impact of the new system on the business, and reduces theresistance to change fr