1、英漢互譯English-Chinese Translation句子轉換任何交際活動都是以句子為基本語言單位展開的。Sentence is a basic unit in understanding and communication.the source language英語則以“主謂”的主干結構為中心來統領各語言成分句界分明，外形嚴謹。the receptor language句的翻譯漢語造句詞組、散句和分句為手段，善于按時間、邏輯順序進行橫排式敘述。斷句不嚴，外形松散被稱為時間型的動態結構，主要體現為形式自由、富于彈性理解-表達：主謂進行相應的時態變化、語態變化、語氣變化、句式轉換（肯定式

2、、否定式、疑問式，強調句式，倒裝句式等）、增加定語、狀語修飾成分、插入語等。英語的5種主要的句式主語+謂語+賓語S-V-O主語+系語+表語S-V-P主語+謂語+雙賓語S-V-oO（直接賓語加間接賓語）主語+謂語+復合賓語S-V-OC（賓語加賓語補足語）主語+謂語SV exampleNothing has happened since we parted.自從我們分手之后，啥事也沒發生。example倒裝句：主謂Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality.當時我確實不太懂得戰爭的意義和戰爭實際上是怎么回

3、事。英語句子按其結構可分為簡單句復雜句exampleI bought the car.我買了這部車。（轉換成漢語簡單句） exampleHis idea is that we clean the floor first.他的意見是我們先清掃地板exampleDifferences between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their aproachment and co-operation.各國社會制度不同，但不應妨礙彼此接近與相互合作。（轉換成漢語偏正復句的轉折句）exampleThis was an i

4、ntelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair.這是一次精心組織起來的會議。市政廳里濟濟一堂，熱情洋溢，主持會議的是斯特朗先生。（轉換成兩個漢語句子）句子成分轉換：語序調整句子成分轉換是指英語中的某一句子成分譯成漢語時轉換成另一種句子成分。句子成分轉換在主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語之間展開。 exampleYou can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party

5、. The somebodies come late.在雞尾酒會上人們常常可以看出大人物和無名小卒來。那些遲到的就是大人物。（主語轉換為表語；謂語轉換為主語） exampleCheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他們樂觀、能干、熱情，總是想方設法使你一路上順利舒適。（狀語轉換為謂語） exampleHer presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she c

6、ould not have trusted herself to speak.她還沒有完全失去鎮靜，一時卻又找不出話可說。（主語轉換為賓語，賓語轉換為主語） 復雜句復合句:有從句的注意和并列句的區分分句轉換是指一種英語分句翻譯成漢語時轉換成另一種分句。從理解上重新調整邏輯關系。定語從句的轉換定語分句漢譯應多注意其位置；狀語化的定語分句漢譯時則應注意其意義的傳達：exampleJohn liked my sister, who was warm and pleasant.他喜歡我那熱情歡快的妹妹。（定語分句-前置定語）exampleThere are many people who want t

7、o see the film.許多人要看這部電影。(定語分句-獨立句子)定語從句的轉換1.轉換成原因狀語exampleTheir basic fear is of the slack up of protectionism , and above all, American capital outflow which to them means job outflows.example令他們最為恐慌的是放松貿易保護主義的做法， 尤其害怕美國資本外流，因為對他們來說， 資本外流就等于工作機會外流。（定語從句條件原因從句）exampleWe know that a cat, whose eyes

8、can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.我們知道，由于貓的眼睛比我們人的眼睛能吸收更多的光線，所以貓在黑夜也能看得很清楚。（定語分句-原因）定語從句的轉換2.轉換成條件狀語exampleThey felt that it was much easier and safer to rob their own people, for they knew that white policemen never really searched diligently for Negroe

9、s who committed crimes against other Negroes.覺得搶劫他們的同種人要安全得多, 如果黑人侵犯的是黑, 因為他們知道, 白人警察便從來不認真搜捕.定語從句- 條件狀語從句定語從句的轉換3.轉換成目的狀語exampleChinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries , who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments.example中國派出一些貿易代表團出訪非洲各國，以便同有關政府洽談貿易協議。

10、 定語從句目的狀語）定語從句的轉換4.轉換成結果狀語exampleThere was something original ,independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.這個方案有創見，有特色，而且有魄力，因而博得了他們所有人的歡心。（ 定語從句結果狀語從句）定語從句的轉換5.轉換成讓步狀語exampleHer great grief in this relation was that her only child, on whose education no expense had been and woul

11、d be spared, was now old enough to perceive these deficiencies in his mother. example這一方面給她造成了極大的苦悶，也就是有關她的獨生子的問題。雖然過去和今后在兒子的教育費用上既不曾也不會省掉什么錢，然而如今他的年紀已經不小，能注意他母親的這些缺點了。（定語從句讓步狀語從句） 定語從句的轉換6.轉換成并列句exampleIt seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.我認為原因有二，而兩

12、者之間又有明顯的深淺之分。（定語分句-并列分句）exampleAll the while, George Bush , who was ultimately to benefit from the try that failed, sat silently by, a nearly forgotten spectator.在此期間，喬治。布什坐在一旁，一言不發，幾乎成了一個被人遺忘的旁觀者，他卻最終從這場失敗的試探中獲得了好處。（ 定語從句并列句）狀語從句的轉換1.時間狀語從句的轉換When ,before, after, as soon as exampleWhen a representa

13、tive exceeds his allotted time, the President shall call him to order without delay.如果哪位代表發言超過了規定時間，主席應立即敦促他遵守規定。（時間狀語從句-條件句）exampleHe will starve before he will steal.他寧可餓死也決不偷東西。exampleMost forecasters believe that unemployment will rise to about 9 percent before it eases next year.大多數觀察家認為，失業率將上升

14、到大約9%，到明年才會有所緩和。狀語從句的轉換英語中含有狀語從句的復合句，譯成漢語時，有些成了偏正復句，有些成了聯合復句，還有一些成了單句。此外，有些句序調整是強制性的（required），有些是選擇性的（selective / optional），翻譯時必須加以注意。 狀語從句的轉換條件狀語從句的轉換exampleIf he actually did commit the crime, he wouldnt be punished.他即便真的犯了罪，也不會受到懲罰。（條件狀語從句-讓步狀語）比較句的轉譯既B又AGerman production lines turned out 60 per

15、cent of the 160 million cars now zooming along the highways of Europe. That has long been a source of pride as well as income in Germany.歐洲高速公路上行駛著億輛轎車，其中60%由德國汽車制造廠生產。這一直是德國收入的來源，也一直讓德國人引以為豪。是A也是BLifes transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the g

16、enesis of life.生命由海洋轉移到陸地，這和生命的產生一樣，是進化史上的巨大突破。是A不是BA rather than BDuring its history, American society has usually given priority to an individuals ability and hard work rather than to class background or family connections.在社會發展進程中，美國人首先看重的是個人才能和勤奮肯干，階級背景和家庭關系倒在其次。是A不是Bmore A than BCharles is more

17、 cautious than decisive.查爾斯謹慎有余，果敢不足。He is an expert more in name than in reality.他是個有名無實的專家。他這個專家有名無實。他是個名不副實的專家。是B不是Anot A as much as B/not so much A as BIt is not advice as much as approval that he seeks.與其說他在征求意見，不如說他在等著大家的肯定。他哪是在征求什么意見，分明是在等著大家點頭。是B不是Aless A than BAmerican presidents tend to be

18、 judged less by the good deeds they set in motion than by how well they respond to crises.美國人看總統一般先看他能是否臨危不亂、力挽狂瀾，治國之道還在其次。 不只，不僅僅，豈止是More than After all these years working together, he is more than a friend to me.他和我共事這么多年，豈止是一般朋友/泛泛之交。No one would accuse you of looking less than a gentleman if yo

19、u wore a shirt like this.你穿這樣的襯衫，誰敢說你不紳士。既不是A也不是B/A和B都不是It is no easy to impart knowledge any more than it is to acquire knowledge.獲取知識不易，傳授知識也不易。同位語的轉譯壓縮成簡單句，或同位結構或分譯exampleIt does not alert the fact that he is the man responsible for the loss.1.它改變不了損失是他造成這一事實。2.它改變不了這一事實,即損失是他造成的。Assignments:改譯1.

20、They bought newspapers to read about the lives of their favorite stars.原譯：他們買報紙來看有關他們的喜愛的明星的生活的報道.2.The movie business started about 1911 and grew fast.原譯 ;電影業大約開始于 1911年并且以迅猛的發展速度.3.The dirty old house is an offense to everyone who lives in the street.原譯：那座很臟的老房子是對所有的住在那條街上的人們的冒犯。4.Over the years，

21、tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. （1994年第73 題 ）原譯：本身作為根本創新源泉的工具和技術多年以來很大程度上被歷史學家和科學思想家們忽視了。 。5.Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.（1994年第74題）原譯：伽利略的最偉大的光輝是1609年的時候他成了用新發明的望遠鏡來觀察天空以便證實行星是圍繞太陽轉的而不是圍繞地球轉的第一人。 Answers to assignments1.They bought newspapers to read about the lives of their favorite stars.2.The movie business started ab