1、PAGE PAGE 9Summary on Medical EnglishChapter 1: 1. word-building: Prefixes: medical term firstA-CMedical prefixLaymens termsMedical prefixLaymens termsMedical prefixLaymens termsa -, an -withoutbar-.weightchole -bileab -away frombi -both,twocholecystgallbladderad -towardbrachio -armchondro -cartilag

2、eaden -glandbrady -slowcircum -aroundal -like,similarbronchi-, broncho -bronchialcol -colonamyl -starchbuccal -cheekcolp -vaginaangio -vessel (blood)carcin -cancercontra -againstankyl -crooked, loopedcardio -heartcort -coveringante -beforecarpo -wristcoxa -hipanti -againstcaud -tailcosto -ribsarteri

3、o -arterycenti -hundredth (100th)cranio -skullarthro -jointcephalo -headcubitus -elbow, forearmasthen -weakness, lackcerebro -braincut -skinaud-, aur -ear, hearirigcervic -neckcysto -bladder, sacchiro -.handcyt-, cyte -cellD-KMedical PrefixLaymans termMedical PrefixLaymans termMedical PrefixLaymans

4、termdeci -tenth (10th)epi -upper, abovehepato -liverdent -tootherythro -redhydro -waterderma -skinfaci -facies, facehyper -excessivediplo -doublefascia -band (fibrous)hypo -deficientdors -backgastro -stomachhyster -uterus, wombdys -painfulgenu -kneeile -intestine (part)ecto -outsidegingiva -gumsili

5、-hip boneedem -swelling (fluid)gloss -tongueinter -betweenencephal -braingravidpregnantintra -insideendoinside, withingyne -womaniri -iris (eye)entero -intestinehemi -halfkerat -cornea; scalyhaemo -bloodkilo -thousandL-OMedical prefixLaymans termMedical prefixLaymans termMedical prefixLaymans termla

6、bia -lipmeno -,mens -menstruateneuro -nervelacto -milkmeso -middleocul -eyelapar -abdomenmetro -uterus, wombodont -toothlaryng -larynxmicro -smallonych -finger, toe nailleuko -whitemilli -thousandth (1000th)oophoro -ovarylingua -tonguemono -one, singleophthal -eyelip -fatmyelo -bone marrow,spinal co

7、rdor -mouth, bonelith -stonemyo -muscleorchid -testeslymph -fluidmyx -mucusortho -straightmacro -largenares-/nas -nose, nostrilsosteo -bonemamm-, mast-breastnatus -birthoto -ear, hearingmelan -blackneo -newovario -ovarymening -membranenephro -kidneyovi -eggP-Z Medical prefixLaymans termMedical prefi

8、xLaymans termMedical prefixLaymans termpan -allpseudo -falsestoma -mouthpara -besidepsycho -mind,soulstric -narrowingpart -birth, labourpulm -lungsub -belowped -, pod-footpyelo -bowl of kidneysuper -abovepaed -childpyo -pussupra -aboveperi -aroundren -kidneytachy -rapidpharyng -pharynxretro -backwar

9、dthel -nipplephleb -veinrhin -nosetherm -heatphrenic -diaphragmsalpingo-tubethorac -thoraxpleur -pleura of lungsebumwax, suetthrombo -clotpneumo -lungsemin -seedtrache -tracheapoly -manysial -salivatrachel -neckpost -behindsoma -bodytrans -acrosspre -beforesplen -spleenvas -vesselpro -forwardspondyl

10、 -spinevesic -bladder, sacprocto -rectumsquam -scalyviscera -organSuffixes: Medical terms firstA-OMedical termLaymans termMedical termLaymans termMedical termLaymans term- algiapain- dyniapain - malaciasoftening - celeswelling- ectasisenlargement - megalyenlarged - centesispuncture- ectomysurgical r

11、emoval - oidlike, similar - crinesecrete within- emiablood - ologystudy of - dactylfinger,toe- genicsource, origin - olysisbreakdown - demaswelling (fluid)- gram, - graphpicture - omatumor - desissurgical fixation- itisinflammation - osisdisease, condition - ductopening- lysisseparation - ostomysurg

12、ical opening P-Z Medical termLaymans termMedical termLaymans termMedical termLaymans term- pathydisease- physisgrowth(physical)- rrhexisrupture- peniadeficiency- plastyplastic surgery- sarcomatumor, cancer- pexyfixation (tissue)- plegiaparalysis- sclerosishardening- phagiaswallow- ptosisdropping dow

13、n- scopepicture,inspection- phasiaspeech disorder- rrhagiahemorrhage- spasmcontraction- phobiafear- rrhaphysuture, stitch- stasisstoppage- phreniamental disorder- rrheaflowing- tripsycrushing- uriaurineSuffixes: Disease/change in the bodySuffix Meaning Example Suffix Meaning Example -algiapaintalalg

14、iaankle-pathy disease nephropathykidney -celeherniagastrocelestomach -penia decrease,deficiencyerythropeniared (cell) -dyniapain, swellingurodyniaurine -phagia eating, swallowing dysphagiadifficult -ectasisdilation, expansionbronchiolectasisbronchus -phasia speech aphasiawithout -(a)emia bloodleuk(a

15、)emiawhite -plegia paralysis,stroke hemiplegiahalf -genproducing, beginningcarcinogencancer -phobia fear acrophobiaheights-iasisabnormal condition, formation of, presence ofcholelithiasisgall stone -ptosis prolapse, fallingdropping blepharoptosiseyelid -itis inflammation hepatitisstomach-rrhageburst

16、 forth haemorrhageblood -malacia softeningosteomalaciabone-rrhea discharge,flow of watery stools diarrhea -megaly enlargementsplenomegalyspleen -rrhexis ruptureenterorrhexisintestines-oidresemblefibroidfibres -sclerosis hardening artheriosclerosisjoints -oma tumouradenomagland -spasm involuntarycont

17、raction,twitching bronchospasmbronchus-osisabnormal condition, dermatosisskin Suffixes used for diagnosesSuffix Meaning Example Suffix Meaning Example -gramrecord of data encephalogrambrain -metrymeasurement ofaudiometryaudio (hearing)-graphinstrument for recording cardiographheart -scope instrument

18、 for viewinglaryngoscopelarynx-graphy act of recording dataradiography-scopyexamination oflaparoscopyabdomen-meter instrument for measuring craniometercranium Suffixes: Surgery-incisionsSuffix MeaningExampleSuffix MeaningExample-ectomyremoval mastectomybreast-stomymouth, forming an opening colostomy

19、 colon-centesis tap, puncture thoracentesischest-tomyincision, to cut intotracheotomytracheaThe following suffixes also describe surgery in terms of repairing, rebuilding, reconstructing, or bindingSuffixMeaningExampleSuffixMeaningExample-desisbinding ,stabilizationpleurodesispleural membrane (linin

20、g of the lung)-clasis to break down, refractureosteoclasisbone -rrhapysuture arteriorrhaphyartery-lysis loosen, free form adhesions,destruction enterolysissmall intestine-pexy fixation,suspension gastropexystomach-tripsy to crush cholelithotripsygallstone-plastyformation,plastic repair rhinoplastyno

21、se These suffixes show the word is a small version of a thing.Diminutive endingMeaning Example-ole small, little,minuteartiole artery-icle particle piece-ule vinule veinThese suffixes indicate whether the noun is singular or plural.SingularPlural Example of singularExample of pluralaaepatella patell

22、aeax acesthorax throracesen inalumen luminaIx, exices index indicessisses diagnosis diagnoseson aganglion gangliaum a ovumovaus i digitusdigitiy ies deformitydeformitiesma mata carcinomacarcinomataThe root of body partLipcheil(o), labi(o)cheilodynia唇痛Mouthstom(at)-, or(o)stomatitis口腔炎Sinussino-sinoa

23、ortic主動(dòng)脈竇的 Tonguegloss(o), gloott-, lingua-glossocele巨舌癥Toothodont(o), dent-odontology牙科學(xué)Noserhin(o), nas(o)rhinologist鼻科醫(yī)師Cheekbucc(o),buccocclusion頰咬合Earot(o), auriotoaudio聽(tīng)力計(jì) Eyeophthalm(o), ocul(o)ophthalmocele眼球突出Foreheadfront, fronsfrontad向額(面)Headcephal(o), capit(o)cephalocentesis頭顱穿刺術(shù)Brainen

24、cephal(o), cerebr(o)cerebroid 腦樣的Skullcrani(o)craniocervical 顱與頸的Necktrachel(o), cervic(o)trachelomyitis 頸肌炎Chestthorac(o), steth(o)thoracalgia 胸痛 Breastmast(o), mamm(o)mammogenesis 乳腺發(fā)育Ribpleur(o), cost(o)pleurocentesis胸腔穿刺術(shù)Abdomenabdomin(o), lapar(o)abdominojugular腹頸靜脈的laparoscope腹腔鏡Armbrachi(o)br

25、achiogram肱動(dòng)脈脈搏圖Wristcarp(o)carpocace腕病Handchir(o)chiralgia手腫痛Finger, toedactyl(o)syndactyly并指(趾)polydactyly多指(趾)brachydactyly短指(趾)Footpod(o), ped(o)podiatrist腳病醫(yī)生Heartcardi(o)myocardiopathy心肌病LungPulmo-pulmometry肺容量測(cè)定法LiverHepato-hepatocellular carcinoma肝細(xì)胞癌StomachGastro-gastrointestinal tract胃腸道Gal

26、lbladderChole-cholestasis膽汁淤積IntestineEnter(o)-enterectomy結(jié)腸切除術(shù)PancreasPancreato-pancreatitis胰腺炎Bladdercyst(o), vesic(o)cystoscope膀胱鏡Kidneynephr(o), ren(o)nephrolith腎結(jié)石Ureterureter(o)ureterostenosis輸尿管狹窄Urethraurethr(o)urethritis尿道炎Urineurin(o), uro-uroporphyrin尿卟啉Ovaryoo(o), oophor(o), ovar(o)oopho

27、rectomy卵巢切除術(shù)Fallopian Tubesalping(o)salpingemphraxis輸卵管阻塞Vaginacolp(o), vagin(o)vaginitis, colpitis陰道炎WombHyster(o), metr(o), uter(o)hysteromyoma子宮肌瘤bodySomato-, -somesomatocyte體細(xì)胞chromosome染色體musclemyo-, musculomyopathy肌病marrowmyel-, myelo-myelocyte髓細(xì)胞nerveneur-, neuro-neurology神經(jīng)病學(xué)cellcyto-, -cyte

28、cytomegalovirus巨細(xì)胞病毒Arteryarteri(o)arteriosclerosis動(dòng)脈硬化Aortaaort(o)aortoclasia主動(dòng)脈破裂Veinphleb(o), ven(o)phlebangioma靜脈瘤Bloodhaem(o), sangui(o)h(a)emolysis溶血Blood Clotthromb(o)thrombosis血栓形成Blood Vesselangi(o), vas(o)angiogram血管造影圖numbers:ONE: un or uni/ mono/ soloTWO: bi/ di/ du or duo/ do or douTHRE

29、E: tri FOUR: qua or quad or quadr/ tetra or tetrFIVE: quin or quint/ pent or pentaSIX: sex/ hex or hexa SEVEN: sept/ hept EIGHT: oct/ octa or octoNINE: non/ novTEN: dec or deca or deci ONE HUNDRED: cent ONE THOUSAND: mille or milli MANY: multi or poly colors:Grey: glauc(o), Red: erythr(o), Black: me

30、lan(o), White: leuc(o), leuk(o), Blue: cyan(o), Yellow: cirrh(o), Green: chlor(o)THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODYI. INTRODUCTIONchemical (atomic to molecular), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and, organismII. CHEMICAL LEVELatoms, molecules, elements or substances, compounds, mixtur

31、es, solutions, colloids and suspensions, homogeneous or heterogeneous, inorganic molecules, organic molecules, Biomolecules III. THE CELL Structure and ProcessesA. The Structure of a Typical Cell1. Cell membrane or plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles (Mitochondrion, Ribosomes, Rough and Smooth en

32、doplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes), Nucleus (Nuclear membrane/envelope, Chromosomes (DNA), Nucleolus, Nucleoplasm)2. columnar, cuboidal, squamous (irregularly shaped), polygonal, and fusiform (with tapered or tipped ends) cellB. CELLULAR PROCESSESadenosine triphosphate (ATP), Passive cell

33、ular processes (diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion), Active processes (Endocytosis-Phagocytosis Pinocytosis, Exocytosis, Active transport systems)C. THE CELL CYCLE cell cycle, Cell division, Karyokinesis, Meiosis, Mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, Cytokinesis, different

34、iation (maturation) IV. THE TISSUE LEVEL HistologyEpithellial tissues (epithelium)Connective tissues: Dense and loose connective tissue, Bone (osteo-), Cartilage (chondro-), Blood (hemato/hemo), Fat (lipo-)Muscle tissues: Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscleNervous tissues: Neurons, Neurog

35、lial cells (Neuroglia, glial cells) V. THE ORGAN, ORGAN SYSTEM AND ORGANISM LEVELS1. organs (organo-), Organology2. organ system: Circulatory system, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Skeletal system, Muscular system, Endocrine system, Nervous system, Reproductive system, Integumentary system, H

36、ematological system, Lymphatic system, Urinary system3. organism or individual. VI. TERMS USED IN STUDYING THE HUMAN BODY1. anatomical position: standing, arms on the side, feet together, and the head and palms facing forward. 2. body planes or sections. Transverse or cross-sectional plane, Sagittal

37、 plane, Coronal plane3. directional terms. Term Root Word/ Combining formMeaningCephaladCaudadCephalo-Caudo-Toward the headToward the buttocks or lower partSuperiorInferiorSupero-/supraInfero-/infra-Above, upperBelow, underMidlineMid-Middle line that divides the body into equal left and right parts;

38、 central line of the bodyAnterior/ventralPosterior/dorsalAntero-, ventro-Postero, dorso-Front partBack partSuperficialDeepToward the surface of the bodyToward the core or away from the surfaceMedialLateralMedio-Latero-Toward the central line (of the body)Away from the central line; peripheralProxima

39、l Distal Proximo-Disto- Near to the point of origin or attachment (in relation to the central line)Away from the point of attachment4. different regions and spaces The major regions of the bodyRegionRoot WordsSome Parts Included in the RegionHead and Neck Cephalo-, cervico-brain, sense organs, larynxThorax (Chest)Thoraco-Lungs, HeartAbdomenAbdomino-, Laparo-Stomach, Intestines, LiverPelvisPelvico-Genitals, Urinary bladder (UB)Upper ExtremitiesBrachio-, mano-Arms, Forearms, HandsLower ExtremitiesPedi-Thigh, Legs, Feet The cavities (spaces) of the body Dorsal cavity: Cranial c