1、Digestive SystemIn this lessonUpper gastrointestinal organs Lower gastrointestinal organs The four layers of the gastrointestinal tractAccessory organs of digestionDigestive disorders and treatment(case study)The gastrointestinal tract is also called The alimentary canalAlimentary comes from the Lat

2、in word alimentum, which means nutrient.Upper Gastrointestinal TractUpper Gastrointestinal TractUpper Gastrointestinal TractMouth, oral cavity: or/o, stomat/oPharynx: pharyng/oEsophagus: esophag/oStomach: gastr/oDuodenum: duoden/oUpper Gastrointestinal TractMouthPalate: palat/oUvula: uvul/oTongue: g

3、loss/o, lingu/oTeeth: dent/o, odont/oStomachCardia area where the esophagus connects to the stomach 賁門Fundussuperior domed portion of the stomach底Bodylarge part of the stomach 胃體Upper Gastrointestinal TractstomachPylorus lower part o the stomach that connects to the small intestine 幽門Antrum 胃竇Rugaef

4、olds in the stomach lining that increases the surface area for absorption of nutrients 皺褶Upper Gastrointestinal TractLower Gastrointestinal TractLower Gastrointestinal TractJejunum：jejun/oIleum: ile/oCecum: cec/o, cecal/oAppendix: append/o, appendic/oColon: col/o, colon/oSigmoid colon: sigmoid/oRect

5、um: rect/o, proct/oAnus: an/o, proct/oLayers of the Gastrointestinal TractMucosaEpitheliumLamina propriaMuscularis mucosaeSubmocosaMuscularis externaAdventitia and SerosaAccessory Digestive OrgansLiver: hepat/oBile: bil/o, chol/ePancreas: pancreat/oGallbladder: cholecyst/oSalivary glands: sial/o141.

6、 middle section of the small intestine2. fingerlike projection located on the large intestine3. site where food enters the body4. the roof of the mouth5. medical term for throat6. superior portion of stomach7. organ that secretes bile8. portion of small intestine that connects with large intestine9.

7、 structure through which solid wastes pass to exterior of body10. structures that secrete saliva jejunum appendix3. mouth, oral cavity4. palate5. pharynx6. fundus7. liver8. ileum9. anus10. salivary glandWrite down the correct anatomic structure for the meaning given below.151. first section of the s

8、mall intestine2. organ than secretes juices that aid in digestion3. muscular tube that moves food to the stomach4. portion of colon between the rectum and the descending colon5. section of stomach that connects to the small intestine6. area where solid waste is temporarily stored7. first section of

9、the large intestine8. portion of the colon following the transverse colon9. structure that hangs in the oral cavity10. folds in the stomach lining duodenum pancreas esophagus sigmoid colon pylorus rectum cecum descending colon uvula rugaeWrite down the correct medical term for the meaning given belo

10、w.16Combining formsaliment/onutrition alimentaryan/oanus analappendic/oappendix appendical, appendicealbil/obile biliary, biliousbucc/ocheek buccalcec/ocecum cecalchol/egall, bile cholecyst/ogallbladder cholecysticRoot MeaningAdjective2022-5-217Combining formscol/o, colon/ocoloncolic, colonicduoden/

11、o duodenumduodenal enter/osmall intestineentericesophag/oesophagusesophagealdiverticul/odiverticulum 憩室diverticularherni/oherniahernialRoot Meaning Adjective2022-5-218Combining formsgastr/ostomachgastrichepat/oliverhepaticile/o ileumilealjejun/ojejunumjejunallabi/oliplabialcheil/oliplabialRoot Meani

12、ngAdjective19Combining formslapar/oabdomenabdominalabdomin/o abdomenabdominallingu/otonguelingualgloss/olip- -lith/ostone, calculuslithicodont/otooth- -dent/otoothdentalRoot Meaning Adjective2022-5-220Combining formsor/omouthoralstomat/omouthstomaticpalat/opalatepalatalpancreat/opancreaspancreaticpe

13、ps/odigestionpepticphag/oeat, swallowesophagealRoot Meaning Adjectivepharyng/opharynxpharyngealpolyp/opolypproct/o rectum and anus rect/orectum and anusrectalpylor/opyloruspyloricsial/osalivasalivarysigmoid/osigmoid colonsigmoidCombining formsRoot Meaning Adjectivecholecystectomycolonoscopyduodenale

14、sophagealhepatomegalyileostomygastrojejunostomypharyngealproctoscopystomatitisexcision of gallbladderexamination of colonpertaining to duodenumpertaining to esophagusenlargement of liversurgical opening of ileumgastrointestinal anastomosispertaining to pharynxexamination of the rectuminflammation of

15、 the mouthWrite down the meaning of the following words.2022-5-223Prefixes relatedendo-in, withinhyper-above, excessiveperi-aroundpost-after, behindretro-backward, behindRootMeaning 2022-5-224Suffixes related -algia, -dyniapain gastralgia cardiodynia, -aseenzyme lipase-celehernia encephalocele-cente

16、sispuncture thoracocentesis-emesisvomiting hematemesis-iasiscondition of cholelithiasis-malaciasoftening osteomalaciaRoot MeaningExample 2022-5-225Suffixes related -pepsia digestioneupepsia-prandial mealpostprandial-ptosis prolapsegastroptosis-rrhaphy suture herniorrhaphy-stenosis stricture esophago

17、stenosis-tripsy crushing lithotripsyRoot Meaning Example 26duoden/opancreat/ocheil/osial/obucc/opeps/opharyng/opylor/osigmoid/oodont/olapar/oduodennumpancreaslipsalivacheekdigestionpharynx, throatpylorussigmoid colontoothabdomenWrite down the meaning of the combining form.27jejunumswallowesophaguspo

18、lypbilececumtongueileumpalatenutritionjejun/ophag/oesophag/opolyp/obil/o, chol/ecec/olingu/oile/opalat/oaliment/oWrite down the combining forms for the meaning given below.28-tripsy-ase-stomy-iasisretro-ptosis-prandial-emesis-centesis-stenosis-rrhaphycrushingenzymesurgical openingconditionbackward,

19、behindsagging, prolaspemealvomitingpuncturestricture, narrowingsutureWrite down the meaning of the prefix or suffix given below.one who specializes in disorders of the rectum and anusinflammation of the liverpertaining to the cheekcrushing of stonespuncture to aspirate (fluid) from the abdomensurgic

20、al repair of the anussurgical removal of the stomachprocess of examining the colon proctologisthepatitisbuccallithotripsyabdominocentesisanoplastygastrectomycolonoscopyBuild the medical terms for the meaning given below.esophagus inflammationappendix surgical removal colon surgical openinglip suture

21、gallbladder recordnutrition pertaining topancreas diseaseesophagitisappendectomycolostomycheilorrhaphycholecystogramalimentarypancreatopathyBuild the medical terms from the combining form and suffix.Combining form for Suffix forTerm 1. dyspepsia word part _ / _/_ meaning term meaning2. hyperemesis w

22、ord part _ /_ /_ meaning term meaning3. herniorrhaphy word part _ /_ /_ meaning term meaning4. dysphagia word part _ /_ /_ meaning term meaningBreak the given medical term into its word parts and define each part.1. dyspepsia dys / peps/ia painful digestion2. hyperemesis hyper/emesis condition of ex

23、cessive vomiting3. herniorrhaphy herni/o/rrhaphy suture of a hernia4. dysphagia dys/phag/o/ia abnormal swallowingBreak the given medical term into its word parts and define each part.5. cholelithiasis word part _ / _/_ meaning term meaning6. hematemesis word part _ /_ /_ meaning term meaning7. palat

24、oplasty word part _ /_ /_ meaning term meaning8. ileostomy word part _ /_ /_ meaning term meaningBreak the given medical term into its word parts and define each part.5. cholelithiasis chol/e/lith/o/iasis formation of gallstones6. hematemesis hemat/o/emesis vomiting blood7. palatoplasty palat/o/plas

25、ty surgical repair of the palate8. ileostomy ile/o/stomy surgical opening into the ileumBreak the given medical term into its word parts and define each part.Example1. esophageal sphincter2. HP (helicobactor polyri)The least you need to knowThe digestive system is composed of the upper and lower GI

26、tracts and the accessory organs of digestionThe upper GI tract starts at the mouth and ends with the duodenum.The lower GI tract starts at the jejunum and end back at the anus.The GI tract has four layers that support digestion and help with hormonal, immunological, and homeostatic regulation. These

27、 layers are also protective.Digestion requires lots of chemicals and enzymes, which are provided by the upper GI tract and the accessory organs of digestion.Homeopathy（順勢療法）a method of treating disease with small amounts of remedies that, in large amounts in healthy people, produce symptoms similar

28、to those being treatedHomeopathy（順勢療法）16世紀末德國醫生、藥劑師塞繆爾哈內曼提出一種新的治療方法。當時放血、水蛭、抽氣罐、瀉藥和砒霜等令人發毛的治療方法正在盛行，其他藥物治療方法還很稀少。哈內曼想要放棄這些恐怖的療法。于是，他讓一些健康的人服用金雞納霜（奎寧），這些人很快出現了發熱、脈搏加快、四肢發冷等與瘧疾病人相同的癥狀。于是，哈內曼認為，這些藥之所以能夠起到治療效果，是因為它能夠產生同樣的癥狀“以毒攻毒”，于是他構架了“同類治愈同類”的治療理論。順勢療法（Homeopathy）這個源于希臘語homoios（相似）和patheia（患病）的單詞從此誕生了

29、。之后，他又做了一系列的論證，在健康的志愿者和他自己身上實驗其他藥物。順勢療法開始在一些國家流行起來，甚至一些大學專門開設了這門專業。上世紀60年代，該療法在美國盛行一時。據美國國立衛生研究院官方網站介紹，1999年的一次調查表明，大約有600萬美國人在使用這種療法。而1994年世界衛生組織還將這種療法推廣到很多國家的衛生體系中，包括德國、英國、印度、巴基斯坦、斯里蘭卡、墨西哥等。順勢療法 - 反對聲音方舟子說，順勢療法在國際醫學界被公認為偽科學、偽療法。在19世紀曾風靡一時。但是，進入20世紀后，隨著現代醫學的進步漸漸衰落。在20世紀20年代，最后一所順勢療法學校在美國關閉。目前美國正規的醫

30、學院都不開設順勢療法專業，正規的醫院也不采用這種療法。 方舟子認為，那些相信順勢療法的人是被蒙蔽了。“順勢療法的原理很簡單：藥物成分越稀，稀釋的倍數越多，治病效果越好。市場上銷售的順勢療法藥物常見的有用蒸餾水把藥物稀釋了10的30次方的。這是什么概念呢？往海洋里滴一滴水，也不過被稀釋了10的26次方，也就是說，其有效成分的濃度，比滄海一粟還要低1萬倍，事實上是什么都沒有。根據阿芙伽德羅定律，1摩爾的任何物質包含有大約10的24次方個分子，也就是說，稀釋到10的24次方以后，已不可能含有被稀釋的成分的一個分子，全都是水分子了。”所以服用順勢療法藥物，實際上就是在喝高價水。倫敦大學學院藥理學教授大

31、衛科克倫在2006年7月27日的自然雜志上發表了一篇質疑順勢療法的論文，他認為，順勢療法不過是在玩數字游戲。牛津大學一直在進行一些有關順勢療法的論證實驗，但是實驗結果也不能令人滿意。2003年的牛津大學網站上公布了對順勢療法的一個論證結果，發現用這種治療方法治療一些經常頭痛的患者并沒有起到很好的效果。6名接受順勢療法的患者，常年受到頭痛的侵擾，但是在接受順勢療法一段時間后，頭痛的毛病并未緩解。美國食品藥品管理局對順勢療法的管理也是由松到緊，1978年從非處方藥規劃到了處方藥當中，而且必須在出售之前送到食品藥品管理局進行重新檢驗以保證它的安全性。Story IStory I 斯芬克斯雕像斯芬克斯

32、雕像Story IStory Isphincter sfikt 括約肌括約肌 n. a ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube, such as the anus or the opening of the stomach【詞形構成】【詞形構成】from Greek sphinkter “bind tight”Story IStory I sphincter 括約肌括約肌 【斯芬克斯】【斯芬克斯】最初源于古埃及的神話，它被描述為長有翅膀的怪，通常為雄性，到了希臘神話里，斯芬克司卻變成

33、了一個雌性的邪惡之物，代表著神的懲罰。“Sphinx”源自希臘語“Sphiggein”，意思是“拉緊、壓縮、捆綁”，正是怪物殺死受害者的方法，因為希臘人把斯芬克司想像成一個會扼人致死的怪物。傳說天后赫拉派斯芬克斯坐在忒拜城附近的懸崖上，攔住過往的路人，用繆斯所傳授的謎語問他們，猜不中者就會被它吃掉，這個謎語是：“什么動物早晨用四條腿 走路，中午用兩條腿走路，晚上用三條腿走路？腿最多的時候，也正是他走路最慢，體力最弱的時候。”俄狄浦斯猜中了正確答案，謎底是“人”。斯芬克斯羞愧萬分，跳崖而死（一說為被俄狄浦斯所殺）。斯芬克斯的人面象征著智慧和知識。Story IStory I WordWordDe

34、finition Definition WordWordDefinition Definition sphincteric括約肌的sphincteroplasty括約肌成形術sphincterotomy括約肌切開術 sphincterectomy括約肌切除術sphincteritis括約肌炎sphincteroscope肛門括約肌鏡s p h i n c t e r sclerosis括約肌硬化s p h i n c t e r urethrae尿道括約肌sphincter vaginae 陰道括約肌sphincter vesicae 膀胱括約肌Story IIStory II chronic

35、 krnk慢性的，長期的慢性的，長期的 adj. (of an illness) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring【詞形構成詞形構成】 from Greek khronos “time” Story IIStory II 【克洛諾斯克洛諾斯】 宙斯(Zeus)的父親，宇宙最早的統治者。以推翻父親統治而起家，也害怕子女反抗自己，為保帝位而吞噬子女，但最終被兒子宙斯推翻。其行為就像無情的時間，吞噬一切，由此產生詞根“chron-”，意指“時間”。給該詞根加上形容詞后綴“-ic”，得到“chronic”，意為“時間的，慢性的”。 Story IIStory II 克洛諾斯克洛諾斯Story II Story II W