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1、賴世雄美語從頭學(xué) -初級篇(下 )1. Light up 點(diǎn)火 (不及物動詞) You can t light up here , smoking isnt allowedput out 熄滅2. It is no use + doing是沒有用的It's no use talking to her pay a heavy price付出慘痛 /很大的代價(jià)3. Stop + doing 停止正在做的事情John stopped talking to me when his father walked inStop + to do 停下去做另一件事John stopped to talk
2、 to me when he saw me 約翰看到我時(shí)便停下來與我說話4. Try + doing 嘗試/試試 一 Don 1 try swimming alone in the riverTry + to do 設(shè)法要Ill try to call you later today5. 關(guān)系代詞一共有who 、 whom 、 which 、 that 、 whose 五個(gè),均視為連詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句。該從句視為形容詞,修飾之前的名詞,下面分別說明各關(guān)系代詞的用法(關(guān)系代詞均應(yīng)緊鄰被代替的名詞之后) :1) Who 、 whom :這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞專門修飾人,換言之, who 、 whom 之前一
3、定有一個(gè)表示人的名詞。 Who 在從 句中作主語, whom 則作賓語。John is my good friend who never liesJohn is my good friend whom I trusted2) Which : which 是用以代替除人以外一切事物(如動物、植物、靜物、地方、概念等) 的關(guān)系代詞,在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,可作主語或賓語。使用時(shí)之前一定要有可被代替( 除人以外) 的名詞。He doesn t study , which makes his father angryHe lives in Shanghai , which I want to visit
4、 soon3) Whose : whose 是所有格關(guān)系代詞, 代替 his、 her、 their 、 its 等人或物的所有格代詞。 Whose 之后應(yīng)置名詞, 即“ whose + 名詞” 。 “whose + 名詞”在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中可作主語或賓語。He is John , whose father is my teacherHe is John , whose son I used to teach4) That : that 亦可作關(guān)系代詞,可等于who 、 whom 或 which 。但 that 之前不可置逗號。 Who 、 whom 或 which之前則視需要置逗號或不置逗
5、號。He is the man whom you can trust = He is the man that you can trust6. 關(guān)系代詞的限制性修飾及非限制性修飾用法:1) 限制性修飾:關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句旨在修飾名詞,使該名詞有其特殊性,此時(shí)關(guān)系代詞之前不置逗號,譯 成中文時(shí),先譯定語從句(譯成“的”),再譯被修飾的名詞。這種之前無逗號的定語從句就是限制性修飾He is a person who never lies 他是個(gè)從不說謊的人(對的 ) 他是個(gè)人,他從不說謊(錯(cuò)的 )2) 非限制性修飾:有些名詞本身就具有特殊性,如 gentleman 、 saint 。或該名詞之
6、前已有形容詞修飾,增加其特殊性,如 a good person 、 a great man 。此時(shí)這些名詞之后若有定語從句修飾時(shí),該從句并非必要,只是附加說明主語而已,故關(guān)系代詞之前可置逗號,以減低該從句的重要性。這種之前有逗號的定語從句就是非限制性修飾。譯成中文時(shí),先譯被修飾的名詞,再譯之后的定語從句。He is a gentleman, who never lies 他是君子,從不說謊以上例句也可采用限制性修飾,以更增加被修飾的名詞之特殊性He is a gentleman who never lies 他是個(gè)從不說謊的君子3) 專有名詞(如 John 、 Peter 、 Shanghai
7、) 或少數(shù)的名詞(如 my father 、 his mother) 本身就有普遍強(qiáng)烈的特殊性(即一提到這些名詞, 大家都知道指的是誰), 故之后的定語從句一定采用非限制性修飾, 即關(guān)系代詞之前一定要有逗號Here comes Mary, who is my girlfriend 瑪麗來了,她是我的女友7. When it comes to + doing說至U When it comes to spelling , Sam is the best in our class8. 名詞性從句的種類及其功能:名詞性從句的種類:1) That 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句:這種從句乃由陳述句變化而成。我們在陳述
8、句之前冠以 that ,即成名詞性從句。 陳述句: He works hard 名詞性從句: that he works hard2) Whether 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句: 這種從句乃由一般疑問句(即可用yes 或 no 回答的問句)變化而成。在一般疑問句前冠以 whether ,原倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)還原成不倒裝的型態(tài)即成名詞性從句 be 動詞:一般疑問句 Is he happy? 名詞性從句 Whether he is happy?助動詞 (can 、 will 、 have 等):一般疑問句Will he come? 名詞性從句 Whether he will come do 、 does 、
9、did 等助動詞引導(dǎo)的疑問句變成名詞性從句時(shí),先冠以 whether ,次將 do 、 does 、 did 去除,疑問句中的動詞原形再按do、 does 、 did 及主語還原成應(yīng)有的時(shí)態(tài)一般疑問句 Do they like it? 名詞性從句 Whether they like it3) 疑問詞 (what 、 where 、 when 、 how 、 why、 who 、 whom 、 which 、 whose 等)引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句,這種從句乃由特殊疑問句( 即不能用yes 或 no 回答的問句)變化而成。 我們保留原疑問詞, 原來倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)還原成不倒裝的型態(tài)而成名詞性從句be動詞
10、:特殊疑問句 who is he?名詞性從句 Who he is助動詞:特殊疑問句When will he come?名詞性從句 When he will come含有 do 、 does 、 did 的疑問句:此類疑問句變成名詞性從句時(shí),先保留句首的疑問詞,次將do、 does 、 did去除,疑問句中的動詞原形按do 、 does 、 did 及主語還原成應(yīng)有的時(shí)態(tài)特殊疑問句 How did he do it 名詞性從句 How he did it注意:特殊疑問句中,若疑問代詞 who 、 what 、 which 作主語,該疑問句變成名詞性從句時(shí),句子結(jié)構(gòu)不變特殊疑問句 Who will
11、 come/what happened名詞性從句 Who will come/what happened名詞性從句的功能:名詞性從句可以說是一種用作名詞的句子,所不同的是:4) 從句之前一定要有 that 、 whether 或疑問詞5) 從句不能做句子使用,換言之,從句不能獨(dú)立存在6) 名詞性從句與名詞一樣,在句中可用作主語、及物動詞的賓語、或置于be 動詞之后作主語補(bǔ)足語作主語: That he is a good student is trueWhether he ll come is not known yet注意:名詞性從句作主語時(shí),往往會形成主語過大的毛病,故一般接用代詞 It 代
12、替這些從句It is true that he is a good studentIt is not known yet whether he ll come作賓語: I believe that he can do it I don t know whether he ll come注意: that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作及物動詞的賓語時(shí), that 可省略 I believe (that) he can do it注意: whether 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作及物動詞的賓語時(shí), whether 可被 if 取代, if 仍譯成 “是否” 而非 “如果”I don t know whether he
13、 ll come = I don t know if he ll come作主語補(bǔ)足語: The truth is that he has no money The question is that whether hell come9. They say that = it is said that 據(jù)說 有人說 get along well with 與相處的很好10. Society 使用此單詞時(shí)通常不與冠詞連用 Kill Carl is a danger to society11. Suffer from 遭受 be stressed out 飽受壓力 Jack is stressed
14、 out because he has too much work12. Do exercise 做運(yùn)動(美式用法) take exercise 做運(yùn)動 (英式用法 )13. More and more 可作形容詞或副詞,多用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子中,用法如下:1) 作形容詞: more and more 譯成“越來越多的” ,之后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞More and more students are learning English He is making more and more money2) 作副詞: more and more 譯成“越來越多的” ,之后接副詞或形容詞He is do
15、ing things more and more carefully She is getting more and more beautiful被修飾的形容詞或副詞若屬單音節(jié)(偶有兩個(gè)音節(jié)) ,則通常直接將該形容詞或副詞變成比較級,形成下列用法:比較級 +and+ 比較級 His English is getting better and better He is walking faster and faster14. People must , therefore , learn to deal with his new kind of problemThe best way , how
16、ever , is to keep a good sense of humor以上兩句中的 therefore 及 however 均為插入在句中的副詞。它們亦均可置于句首,即:Therefore , people must learn to deal with his new kind of problemHowever , the best way is to keep a good sense of humor注意: therefore 或 however 插入在句中時(shí),這兩個(gè)單詞兩旁應(yīng)各置一逗號,習(xí)慣的用法是,它們多插于主語與動詞之間,助動詞 (will 、 can 、 may) 與動
17、詞之間,主語與助動詞之間1) 主語與動詞之間: He is nice. I , therefore , like him2) 助動詞與動詞之間/主語與助動詞之間:Father gave me money. I can , therefore , buy a pen = Father gave me money. I therefore , can buy a pen15. What s the matter with you? = what s wrong with you? = what happened to you? 你怎么了16. Be under a lot of pressure
18、受到很大的壓力17. be about the size of 約一 樣大 Bill's living room is about the size of my house18. 必須使用 that 取代關(guān)系代詞who 、 whom 、 which :1) 在有最高級形容詞修飾的名詞之后He is the best student whom Ive ever taught( 錯(cuò)的 ) He is the best student (that) Ive ever taught( 對的 )2) 在有 the only 修飾的名詞之后He is the only boy who knows
19、the answer( 錯(cuò)的 ) He is the only boy that knows the answer( 對的 )3)在有序數(shù)詞(如the first、the second the last)修飾的名次之后The last question which he asked was interesting( 錯(cuò)的 ) The last question that he asked was interesting( 對的 ) 19. Everyday 每天的,日常的。使用該單詞時(shí)其后需接名詞 This textbook was written for everyday useEvery
20、day 分開寫時(shí)作副詞,表“每天” ,通常置于句首或句尾使用 I read the newspaper every day20. Replace A with B 用 B 取代 A In modern cities , buses are being replaced with subways21. Be no exception 不例外 make a long-distance call 打長途電話 a collect call 向受話人收費(fèi)的電話22. On the pay phone 在投幣電話上名詞如 phone 、 radio 或 TV ,多與介詞on 并用23. Instead 相
21、反地,代替使用該單詞時(shí),通常將其置于句首,其后置逗號,再接主語和動詞I didn t go to the library , Instead , I stayed home and studiedInstead與of并用時(shí),形成"instead of +名詞/動名詞”的介詞短語,表“非但不反而”之意Instead of driving to work , I take the bus24. 分詞短語的形成: when 、 while 、 if、 unless 、 once 、 though 等均為連詞,其所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,主語若與主句 的主語相同時(shí),該狀語從句即可簡化為分詞短語,簡
22、化原則如下:第一步:刪除從句中的主語 第二步:主語之后的動詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞 第三步:若動詞為be 動詞,則一律變成現(xiàn)在分詞being ,而 being 均予以省略When I am rich , I will buy a watch >when being rich , I will buy a watch >when rich , I will buy a watch 注意:unless、once、though、if所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句簡化成分詞短語時(shí),原從句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)多為“主語+be動詞”,但 when 或 while 所引導(dǎo)的從句簡化為分詞短語時(shí),原從句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)則不一定要接be
23、動詞,接其他動詞也可When you do the work , you must be careful >when doing the work , you must be careful25. Take pride in = be proud of以為榮Pride comes from a fall驕兵必?cái)?6. No matter how 的用法:由于how 是副詞,表示“多么地、如何地” ,之后應(yīng)接副詞或形容詞以供修飾。 How 亦可修飾動詞,此時(shí)how 之后接主語再接動詞即可1) 修飾副詞時(shí),副詞應(yīng)緊接于how 之后No matter how hard he tried,he
24、couldnt solve the problem=However hard he tried,he couldnt solve the problem2) 修飾形容詞時(shí),形容詞緊接于how 之后No matter how nice he is , I dont like him = However nice he is , I dont like him3) 修飾動詞時(shí), how 之后接主語,再接動詞No matter how you try , you wont succeed = However you try , you wont succeed有以上例句可知, however 有下列
25、兩種詞性:1) 作副詞,表示“然而、不過” ,此時(shí) however 之后要置逗號He is nice , however , I dont like him2)作連詞,表示“不論多么 ”,此時(shí)however之后不得置逗號 However nice he is , I don't like himNo matter what的造句法:no matter what亦為連詞,表示"不論什么”,等于whatever ,亦引導(dǎo)狀語從句,修飾之后的主句。 What 是代詞,在該從句中要作主語、賓語或be 動詞之后的主語補(bǔ)足語。1) 作主語:No matter what happens,
26、I ll support you2) 作賓語:No matter what he says, I don t believe him3) 作 be 動詞之后的主語補(bǔ)足語: No matter what he is , he must obey the law27. Congratulations on + 事物 因 一 表示恭喜Congratulations on getting an A“ on your biology test28. Go on a diet 節(jié)食,照規(guī)定飲食be on a diet 在節(jié)食中29. Simply 簡單地,就是。表“就是”時(shí),為強(qiáng)調(diào)用法;在肯定句中,需置于
27、被修飾的動詞前, Paul simply said that you need to work harder在否定句中,則置于助動詞之前, I simply don t want to go to your party30. 不定式短語作狀語時(shí),可置于句首或句尾,用以表示目的,相當(dāng)于中文的“為了要”該短語可置于句首,此時(shí)短語之后應(yīng)置逗號,但該斷句亦可置于句尾,之前則不可置逗號。 置于句首: To catch the train , John got up early 置于句尾: John got up early to catch the train 表示目的的不定式短語亦可用下列短語取代:T
28、o + do = in order to + do = so as to + do = with a view to +doing = with an eye to + doingHe got up early to catch the train = He got up early in order to catch the train = He got up early so as to catch the train = He got up early with a view to catching the train = He got up early with an eye to c
29、atching the trainIn order to 引導(dǎo)的短語亦可置于句首,之后置逗號。但so as to 引導(dǎo)的短語則通常只置于句尾,而不至于句首。31. Live a - life = leada life 過著 的生活live 可作不及物動詞,作“居住”解,之后接表示場所的介詞短語或副詞 They live in the city They live therelive 也可作及物動詞,表示“過(某種)生活”,此時(shí)只能用 life 作其賓語 They lived a happy life32. Get around +地方名詞 How do youget around town i
30、f youdon thave a car33. Know + 事物/人+ like the back of one s hand 了解某事物或人有如某人的手背一樣,比喻“對某事物了如指掌”34. By taxi 乘坐出租車介詞 by 之后可置表示交通工具的名詞如 taxi、 train 、 bus 、 car、 plane 、 ship 等表示“乘坐某種交通工具”的意思。這些名詞之前不可再置冠詞 the 或不定冠詞a/antell on + 人泄漏某人的底細(xì)或打小報(bào)告,對某人產(chǎn)生不良影響35. Cheat on+ 人 欺騙某人的感情,對某人不忠實(shí)36. Toss and turn 翻來覆去睡不
31、著,輾轉(zhuǎn)反側(cè)37. Give directions 指路,告訴如何走法Can you give me directions to the train station , please?38. Be like looking for a needle in a haystack 如大海撈針39. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞均可作形容詞用,這些分詞分別有下列的意思:現(xiàn)在分詞:令人.,.,的正在的(即將的)過去分詞:感到 的 已經(jīng)的換言之,表示“令人 的”或“正在 的”時(shí),應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在分詞作形容詞;表示“感到 .的”或“已經(jīng) 的”時(shí),則應(yīng)使用過去分詞作形容詞。如普通形容詞一樣,這些分詞或可置于be 動詞之后,
32、作主語補(bǔ)足語;或可置于名詞之前,修飾該名詞。1)令人 的 It is a tiring trip 這是令人很累的一段形成The news is encouraging 這消息令人振奮2)感到的 He was tired after the long walk走完這段好長的路之后,他感到累了3)正在 的 The retiring teacher made a farewell speech這位即將退休的老師作了一次告別演說4) 已經(jīng) 的 The retired teacher was invited to give a speech yesterday這位退休老師昨天應(yīng)邀發(fā)表演說40. Be n
33、amed after以 命名 Barry was named after his uncle41. It is said that 之后由 that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句志宏的動詞為現(xiàn)在式或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式時(shí),可將that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中之主語移至句首,次接is said 或 are said ,再接虛詞 to ,并將 that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中的動詞改成動詞原形It is said that he works hard >He is said to work hard 據(jù)說他工作很努力It is said that they are learning English >They ar
34、e said to be learning English 據(jù)說他們正在學(xué)英語It is said 之后由 that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中的動詞為過去式或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),可將that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中的主語移至句首,次將is said 或 are said ,再接虛詞 to ,并將 that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中動詞的過去式或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一律改成“ have+ 過去分詞”It is said that he left an hour ago >He is said to have left an hour ago 據(jù)說他一個(gè)小時(shí)前離開了It is said that they have come
35、 back >They are said to have come back 據(jù)說他們已經(jīng)回來了It is believed that 、 It seems that 與 It is said that 有類似的用法Seems 之后有 to be 時(shí), to be 可省略: He seems to be a good boy = He seems a good boy 42.Howcome+ 主語+動詞?How come he hates her so much? = Why does he hate her so much?How come you are interested in
36、learning English? = Why are you interested in learning English?43. First name = given name 名 last name = surname = family name 姓 be named after 以 命名中國人是姓在前,名在后(Zhang ShanZhang 是 last name , Shan 是 first name)美國人是姓在后,名在前(Robert SmithSmith 是 last name , Robert 是 first name)英美人士常有和父親、母親、叔叔、嬸嬸或其他任何值得的人取
37、相同名字的習(xí)慣以示尊教。中國人沒有這習(xí)慣。44. What about+ 人? =How about+ 人?某人又如何呢?What about me ? = How about me ?What about+ 動名詞? =Howabout+ 動名詞?咱們 你看如何?How/What about going to the movies tonight?45. The bread is two days old , it is not fresh 這面包放了兩天了,所以它并不新鮮46. For+ 所有格+sake=Forthesakeof+ 名詞 為了 的緣故 For your own sake
38、, you should go on a diet47. Do one spartto+ 動詞原形 盡某人一己之力做 Weshouldalldoourparttohelpcleanupthepark48. 一般而言,形容詞多置于be 動詞或 become 、 seem 等系動詞之后,作主語補(bǔ)足語The child is clever He became strong from exercising He seems angryGet 亦可表示 “變成” 的意思, 相當(dāng)于 become , 但 become 之后可置任何的形容詞, get 之后的形容詞則有選擇,一般而言,下列形容詞可置于get
39、之后:1) 與“生氣”有關(guān)的形容詞: angry 、 mad 、 crazy He got mad when he heard the news2) 與“健康”有關(guān)的形容詞: ill 、 sick 、 well He got ill last week = He fell ill last week3) Get 之后亦可接過去分詞,形成被動語態(tài),等于“ be 動詞+過去分詞”He got injured in the traffic accident4) Get 若使用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)中,之后可接一般形容詞,這些形容詞多用于比較級,即: be getting + 比較級形容詞 and 比較級形容詞
40、 / be getting more and more+ 形容詞 She is getting more and more beautiful His English is getting better and better 49. 兩個(gè)形容詞共同修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí),本應(yīng)該使用 and 連接,但亦可使用都哈取代 and ,使該兩個(gè)形容詞的關(guān)系更加密切。 Nobody gets along with that selfish and mean guy = Nobody gets along with that selfish , mean guy有些形容詞與名詞并用, 形成一個(gè)固定的用語 (如 an
41、 old man 、 a young boy 、 a red car) , 此時(shí)之前另置形容詞時(shí),該形容詞之后不得再置逗號或and That kind old man is his father who is that beautiful young girl?50. Air-con=air conditioner 空調(diào) dispose of 對力口以處理garbage disposal垃圾處理51. It is in one s own best interest to+ 動詞原形對某人是最有利的interest此處翻譯成"利益"It is in our own best
42、 interest to avoid arguing with others 避免和別人爭論對你是最有利的52. 主句 +so that+ 主語 +may/can/will+ 動詞原形1) So that 亦可被 in order that 取代 He studied hard in order that(so that) he can pass the exam2) So that 與 in order that 所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中的主語若與主句中的主語相同時(shí), 該從句可改為 “ so as to+ 動詞原 形”或“ in order to+ 動詞原形” 。主語不同時(shí)則不能采用此句法。He
43、studied hard in order to pass the exam = He studied hard so as to pass the exam3) So as to 或 in order to 與 not 并用時(shí),應(yīng)為so as not to 或 In order not toI left early so as not to miss the train = I left early in order not to miss the train53. Be full of=be filled with 充滿 54. Be known 之后,常用的介詞有下列三個(gè):1) Be k
44、nown as+ 身份以某身份被人所知;眾所周知的 He is known as a great scientist2) Be known for+ 事物 因某事物為人所知 He is known for his musical talent3) Be known to+ 人 被某人所知 He is known to all of us55. 形容詞 famous 、 renowned 、 noted ,均表示“出名的” ,之后可使用介詞as 或 forBe noted/renowned/famous as+ 身份 以某身份被人所知 Be noted/renowned/famous for+
45、事物 因某事為人所知56. She is easy to get along with others( 錯(cuò)的 ) She is willing to get along with others( 對的 ) 兩句的區(qū)別如下:1. 人 +be 動詞+形容詞+to+ 動詞原形:在上列的句型中,形容詞必須有“出自某人心中的意愿”的涵義。常用的這些形容詞有willing 、 glad 、 eager 、 longing 、 anxious 。這些形容詞之后要接虛詞 to 引導(dǎo)的不定式短語。短語中若動詞原形是不及物動詞,之后不得置賓語;若動詞原形是及物動詞,之后應(yīng)置賓語;若短語語尾有介詞,亦應(yīng)置賓語。He
46、 is willing to go(go 不及物動詞)He is eager to do it(do 及物動詞 )2. Easy 、 difficult 、 hard 等形容詞,是修飾事情的形容詞,不可用來修飾人。He is easy( 用法錯(cuò)誤 ) The job is easy Singing is hard for me To do the work is easy以上例句中,我們可用名詞 (the job) ,動名詞 (singing) 、或不定式短語(to do the work) 作主語, be 動詞之后可接easy 、 hard 等形容詞作主語補(bǔ)足語3. 不定式短語作主語時(shí),若該
47、短語最后一個(gè)字是賓語,可將該賓語變作主語,短語的其余部分則移至句尾。該主語仍同時(shí)作句尾及物動詞或介詞的賓語。To do the work is hard(the work 是不定式短語中 do 的賓語, 故可變作主語, to do 移至句尾 )The work is hard to do 在上句中 the work 仍可作句尾do 的賓語,故不用寫成 The work is hard to do it( 錯(cuò)的, it 是多余的 )57. Most of all 重要的是,尤其是I love seafood , most of all , I love to eat tuna fish58. 名
48、詞同位語:所謂名詞同位語,就是在名詞之后另置一個(gè)名詞,而兩個(gè)名詞地位相等。此時(shí)我們稱第二個(gè)名詞為第一個(gè)名詞的同位語。This is John , a friend of mineJohn , an English professor , teaches very well名詞同位語乃由下列定語從句簡化而成: Who/which+be 動詞 +名詞This is John , who is a friend of mine=This is John , a friend of mineJohn , who is an English professor, teaches well=John, a
49、n English prodessor , teaches well由于名詞同位語均由非限制性定語從句(即關(guān)系代詞who 或 which 之前要有逗號) 簡化而成, 故名詞同位語之前應(yīng)亦有逗號。若名詞同位語在句中出現(xiàn)時(shí),之后亦應(yīng)置逗號;若在句尾出現(xiàn)時(shí)則置句號。59. Easier said than done = It is easier to be said than to be done 說起來容易做起來難60. Be a slave to 做的奴隸Oliver is a slave to his job , he is always at the office cant help doi
50、ng 忍不住一61. Be respected as被尊為of all time 自古以來be loyal to 對 忠誠 follow in one s footsteps 效法某人62. Something well begun is half done=well begun is half done 好的成功是開始的一半golden rule 金科玉律63. 關(guān)系代詞所引導(dǎo)的定語從句若屬于限制性修飾( 即關(guān)系代詞之前無逗號) ,且該關(guān)系代詞在該從句中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語時(shí),該關(guān)系代詞可予以省略1) 關(guān)系代詞作及物動詞的賓語 He is a man whom we can trust =
51、 He is a man we can trust2) 關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語 John is the man whom you can depend on= John is the man you can depend on 注意:若介詞置于句尾,關(guān)系代詞可予以省略,但若介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前,則該關(guān)系代詞不可省略。64. 定語從句可簡化為分詞短語: Something well begun is half done=Something that is well begun is half done關(guān)系代詞所引導(dǎo)的定語從句若屬于限制性修飾, 且該關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí), 可將該從句簡化為分詞短語
52、, 步 驟如下:1) 刪除關(guān)系代詞2) 將關(guān)系代詞之后的動詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞3) 若動詞是 be 動詞,變成現(xiàn)在分詞 being 之后再予以省略The girl who lives next to my house is my classmate = The girl living next to my house is my classmateJohn is a young boy who is full of energy = John is a young boy full of energy(who is變成 being ,再刪掉 being)65. Living 謀生 make a li
53、ving by+ 動名詞 靠 謀生 He makes a living by teaching動詞 +for a living 從事 以謀生 He teaches for a living66. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型:主語 +have/has+ 過去分詞 He has finished the work They haven t received his letter yet現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的功能:1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可用以表示從過去某時(shí)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作I have lived here for ten years2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)亦可用以表示過去某時(shí)已完成的動作John has finish
54、ed the work這句話籠統(tǒng)的表示John 在過去某時(shí)做完了這工作,可能是在五分鐘前、昨天或上星期。然而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)并不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間的明確性,只強(qiáng)調(diào)到現(xiàn)在為止已完成的動作。故現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不得與明確的過去時(shí)間狀語并用。He has finished the work five minutes( 錯(cuò)的 )明確的過去時(shí)間狀語在句中出現(xiàn)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)采用過去式。 He finished the work five minutes ago( 對的 )3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)亦可表示未來將完成的動作。此時(shí)表示條件的狀語從句 (多由 if、 when 、 after、 as soon as 等連詞引導(dǎo) ) 采用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),
55、而主句則采用將來時(shí)。 If I have finished all the chores , Ill go fishing with youAs soon as I have finished all the chores , Ill go fishing with you使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng):4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與“ for+ 一段時(shí)間”所形成的狀語并用時(shí),句中的動詞必須有持續(xù)發(fā)生的特性He has lived here for ten years He has learned English for five months以上這些具有“持續(xù)發(fā)生”特性的動詞所造成的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)亦可被現(xiàn)在完成
56、時(shí)(主語+have/has been+ 現(xiàn)在分詞 )取代,意思不變,但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)性。He has been living here for ten yearsHe has been learning English for five months5) 動詞若無“持續(xù)發(fā)生”的特性,仍能使用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),但不可與“ for+ 一段時(shí)間”所形成的狀語并用。He has finished the work( 對的 ) He has finished the work for five minutes( 錯(cuò)的, finished 不具有持續(xù)性)上述無“持續(xù)發(fā)生”特性的動詞可采用下列句
57、型,以補(bǔ)救其無“持續(xù)發(fā)生”的特性:It is+一段時(shí)間+since引導(dǎo)的過去時(shí)狀語從句自從.以來已有 時(shí)間了It is ten days since he finished the work=It has been ten days since he finished the work=Ten days has passed since he finished the work 注意:這些不具“持續(xù)發(fā)生”特性的動詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)中,雖無法與“ for+ 一段時(shí)間”并用,但我 們?nèi)钥墒褂门c這些動詞意思相同的形容詞,置于be 動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)( 即 have been 或 has been) 之后,表示持續(xù)發(fā)生的狀態(tài),句型如下:主語+have/has been+ 形容詞 +for+ 一段時(shí)間He has died for ten years( 錯(cuò)的 ) He has been dead for ten year
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