1、語言學試題及參考答案   I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)   1. Linguistics is the scientific study of _.  &#

2、160;A. a particular language   B. the English language   C. human languages in general    D. the system of a particular language    2. The consonant f in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: _. 

3、  A. voiceless, bilabial, stop   B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative   C. voiced, bilabial, stop        D. voiced, labiodental, fricative   3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "

4、;ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) _.   A. derivational morpheme    B. free morpheme   C. inflectional morpheme   D. free form   4. In the phrase structure rule "SNP VP", the arrow can be rea

5、d as _.   A. is equal to  B. consists of    C. has  D. generates   5. "I bought some roses" _ "I bought some flowers".   A. entails B. presupposes   C. is inconsistent with   D. is

6、 synonymous with   6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _.   X: Who was that you were with last night?   Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?   A. quality    B. quantit

7、y   C. relation    D. manne   7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, _, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.   A. phrases   &#

8、160;  B. sentences   C. morphemes D. utterances    8. In a speech community people have something in common _a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.   A. socially      B. linguistically

9、0;  C. culturally  D. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? _.   A. language and speech   B. visual and spatial skills    C. reading and writing 

10、0;      D. analytic reasoning    10. In general, the _ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.   A. babbling    B. one-word   C. two-word    D. multiword 

11、0; . Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)   11. As the first step of

12、their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f        before they can do anything else.   12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s   &

13、#160;        rules.   13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f_ morpheme.   14. A c            sentence contains two clauses joined b

14、y a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".   15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s        . 16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants a

15、re expected to observe is called the C          principle proposed by J. Grice.   17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t    

16、0;       across generations.   18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s            attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.   19. When language and

17、 thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "s        speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.   20. I     

18、   is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.   . Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you mus

19、t explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)   21. (    ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and en

20、courage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.   22. (    ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.   23. (    ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains wha

21、t it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.24. (    ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.   25. (    )

22、The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.   26. (    ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in

23、which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.   27. (    ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.   28. (    ) The

24、sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.   29. (    ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distingui

25、shing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.   30. (    ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.   . Directions: Explain the following te

26、rms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)   31. synchronic linguistics   32. displacement   33. a minimal pair   34. derivational affixes   35. syntax    36. language transfer  

27、; 37. hyponymy   38. sentence meaning   39. lingua franca   40. cerebral cortex   . Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)   41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in

28、the history of English.   42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.參考答案 一、單項選擇題（本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分）   1、C 2、B 3、C 4、B 5、A 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、B 10、C   二、填空題（本大題共10小題，每小題1分，共1

29、0分）11、 facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate      15、semantics 16、Cooperative 17、transmission 18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage   三、判斷改錯題（本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分）   21、（T）   22、（F）As there is an essential difference between t

30、he consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification. 23、（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it

31、means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.   24、（T）   25、（F）The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interpretati

32、on of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.   26、（T）   27、（F）In first language acquisition children's grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by the

33、mselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.   28、（T）   29、（T）   30、（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language developme

34、nt occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.   四、名詞解釋題（本大題共10小題，每小題3分，共30分）   31、Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during

35、 Shakespeare's time.   32、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language is not restricted by the 'here' and 'now' as animal communication is; we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in the past, what is going to

36、happen in the future, what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and even what we imagine.   33、A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.   34、Affixes added to an existing form to create a new word ,e.g

37、. in-,-er 35、Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.    36、Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously u

38、se their L1 knowledge in their learning process.   37、Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is included in the latter. For example, a cat is a hyponym of animal.38、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic

39、 property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of "The bag is heavy" results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEAVY).   39、A lingua franca is a variety of language

40、 that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon "common tongue" used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes.  &

41、#160;40、Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic

42、 skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.   五、論述題（本大題共2小題，每小題10分，共20分）   41、Sociological triggers for language change refer to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, colonialization, and language planning and stand

43、ardization policies. A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period. This means that Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for

44、about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Middle English was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as "army," "co

45、urt," "defense," "faith," "prison" and "tax" came from the language of the French rulers.   評分標準：滿分10分，其中定義占3分，典型例子占5分，例詞占2分。   42、 The four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's L2 acquisition are: 1) a

46、ge, 2) motivation, 3) acculturation, 4) personality.   The optimal age for L2 acquisition is early teenage.   Motivation refers to the learner's overall goal or orientation. There are two types of motivation：instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. The fo

47、rmer occurs when the learner's goal is functional and the latter occurs when the learner's goal is social.    Acculturation is the process in which the learner adapts to the new culture of the L2 community.   Personality is also related to L2 learning. Adult lea

48、rners who are extroverted learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than introverted learners.第一部分選擇題I. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20

49、%）1.Saussures distinction and Chomskys are very similar， but they differ in that _.A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of viewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of viewC. Saussure took a prag

50、matic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of viewD. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view2. Language is a system of _ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnaturalB. artificialC. superficial D. arbitrary3. We are born with

51、 the ability to acquire language， _.A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmittedB. therefore， we neednt learn the details of our mother tongueC. but the details of language have to be learnt.D. and the details are acquired by instinct4.A（n）_ is a phonological unit of distinc

52、tive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. allophoneC. phonemeD. sound5.The morpheme ed in the word “worked” is a（n） _ morpheme.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. freeD. word-forming6.WH-movement is _ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative

53、.A. obligatoryB. optionalC. selectional D. arbitrary7.Naming theory， one of the oldest notions concerning meaning， was proposed by _.A. GriceB. PlatoC. SaussureD. Ogden and Richards8.“John married a blond heiress.”_ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. pres

54、upposes9.In semantic analysis of a sentence， the basic unit is called _， which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.A. utterance B. referenceC. predication D. morpheme10.In Austins speech act theory， _ is the act of expressing the speakers intention； it is the act performed in saying some

55、thing.A. a perlocutionary actB. a locutionary actC. a constative actD. an illocutionary act第二部分非選擇題II. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only， and you are not al

56、lowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. P_ relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language.12. A d_ study of language is a historical study； it studies the historical development of language over a period of

57、time.13. Language is a system， which consists of two sets of structures， or two levels. At the lower level， there is a structure of meaningless sounds， which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d_.14. The articulatory apparatus o

58、f a human being is contained in three important areas： the pharyngeal cavity， the o_ cavity and the nasal cavity.15. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l_.16. S_ features such as stress， tone and intonation can influence the inter

59、pretation of meaning.17. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences， and sentences with infinite length， due to their r_ properties.18. H_ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling， or in both.19. Some important missions

60、 of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree， and to reconstruct the p_， the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.20. In Sociolinguistics， speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social group is

61、olated for any given study is called the speech c_.III. Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.（2%X10=20%）（） 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should b

62、e described and analyzed in their investigation.（） 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.（） 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another langua

63、ge.（） 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English， unlike Chinese， is a typical tone language.（） 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number， and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language

64、 are able to produce and comprehend.（） 26. When we think of a concept， we actually try to see the image of something in our minds eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.（） 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example， “Good morning！” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”（） 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.（） 29. Black English is linguistically inferio