1、 閱讀理解能力提高技巧（二）閱讀理解能力提高技巧（二）Improving your reading ability（2） 這類題目要求對文章的整體或局部（如段落）這類題目要求對文章的整體或局部（如段落）進行分析、概括，歸納相關部分的中心大意進行分析、概括，歸納相關部分的中心大意(main idea)(main idea)，選擇標題（，選擇標題（titletitle），判斷作者的），判斷作者的寫作目的（寫作目的（purposepurpose）等，主旨大意題經常是）等，主旨大意題經常是用記敘文、議論文用記敘文、議論文 。要作好主旨大意題首先要。要作好主旨大意題首先要能迅速找到文章的主題句。記敘文和

2、議論文的能迅速找到文章的主題句。記敘文和議論文的主題句常出現在文章的開頭，但有時也出現在主題句常出現在文章的開頭，但有時也出現在結尾，甚至出現在段中。要準確找到主題句更結尾，甚至出現在段中。要準確找到主題句更重要的是從全文去把握。重要的是從全文去把握。II.II.如何做主旨大意題如何做主旨大意題 做此類題目時，首先要搞清是問某一段還是做此類題目時，首先要搞清是問某一段還是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來把握文脈，全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來把握文脈，進行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標題，進行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標題，標題中的蘊含的信息往往是關鍵信息。另外，標題中的蘊含的信息往往

3、是關鍵信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出許多文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出現的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住現的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 主旨大意題主旨大意題考查對一個段落或一篇文章的考查對一個段落或一篇文章的主題思想的理解。一個段落或一篇文章通常是主題思想的理解。一個段落或一篇文章通常是圍繞一個主題展開的。圍繞一個主題展開的。 理解一個段落的主題思想首先要學會尋找理解一個段落的主題思想首先要學會尋找主題句。一般說

4、來，在英語篇章中，主題句。一般說來，在英語篇章中，主題句在主題句在段落中的位置是有規律可循的段落中的位置是有規律可循的。 III.突破方法突破方法在閱讀中，盡量運用有關信息詞確定主題句的位置，在閱讀中，盡量運用有關信息詞確定主題句的位置，如：在如：在for example, first, second,to begin with等之前等之前的句子或在的句子或在all in all, above all，in a word，in short , sum up, therefore,thus,clearly等之后的句子中尋找并等之后的句子中尋找并確定。確定。2. 3. 對于主題隱含的段落，要先弄清

5、句子的意思，對于主題隱含的段落，要先弄清句子的意思，然后快速通讀文章，逐項排除，最終確定答然后快速通讀文章，逐項排除，最終確定答案。案。 如何尋找主題句如何尋找主題句Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer ve

6、getables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主題句在段首）主題句在段首 一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細節。在議論文，科技文獻和新聞報道中多采用這證性細節。在議論文，科技

7、文獻和新聞報道中多采用這種格式。種格式。 開門見山開門見山 提出主題, 隨之用細節來解釋, 支撐或發展主題句所表達的主題思想. 最常見的演繹法寫作方式. Nowadays the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time w

8、e are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.分清分清main idea 和和supporting sentences Sample 3 Insects come in many sizesSome are big and some are smallThe smallest ones are so smal1 that it takes one hundred of them to form on

9、e inchThe biggest insects are not big，but they are one thousand times as big as the smallestThey are about ten inches in length！ 第一句即為主題句，概述本段的主題思想第一句即為主題句，概述本段的主題思想“”。接著，在主題句后面的句子里，作者為闡述。接著，在主題句后面的句子里，作者為闡述這個主題，指出昆蟲有大有小，并對最小的昆蟲和最大這個主題，指出昆蟲有大有小，并對最小的昆蟲和最大的昆蟲分別加以陳述。的昆蟲分別加以陳述。 Sample 4 Smoking cigaret

10、tes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for

11、cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.主題句在句首的文章結構是先點出主題，然后圍主題句在句首的文章結構是先點出主題，然后圍繞這一主題進行分析用演繹法闡述觀點，呈現出一繞這一主題進行分析用演繹法闡述觀點，呈現出一個正三角形的模式。據統計英語議論文和說明文大個正三角形的模式。據統計英語

12、議論文和說明文大約有約有80%是這樣寫的。是這樣寫的。Sample 5 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2 2）主題

13、句也會出現在段尾。作者先擺出事實）主題句也會出現在段尾。作者先擺出事實依據依據, , 層層推理論證層層推理論證, , 最后自然得出結論最后自然得出結論, , 即段落即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結尾句得到體現的主題。本段的中心思想在結尾句得到體現, ,它它是此段內容的結論。是此段內容的結論。 先陳述細節先陳述細節, ,后歸納要點后歸納要點, , 印象印象, , 結論結論, ,建議或結果建議或結果, , 以概括主題以概括主題. . 這是最常見的歸納法寫作方式這是最常見的歸納法寫作方式 。 A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, c

14、ompared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can

15、 control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore， man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. S

16、ample 6Sample7. One of the most important uses of gold is for moneyGold can be used to make rings，earrings，and other things，Gold is also used to make a gold leaf, a very flat ribbon of gold that is often used on picture framesCups and dishes can also be made from gold. Gold has many uses. 本段共有五句。前四句

17、主要列舉了金子的一本段共有五句。前四句主要列舉了金子的一些用途。根據上述細節，段落的最后一句給出結些用途。根據上述細節，段落的最后一句給出結論，即金子有多種用途。這種論，即金子有多種用途。這種帶結論性的句子應帶結論性的句子應視為主題句視為主題句。 Often no one looks more guilty than t he innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi- -onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may real

18、ly only be trying to hide his own weakness. 這種以先陳述細節這種以先陳述細節,后歸納要點后歸納要點, 印象印象, 結論結論,建議或結果建議或結果, 以概括主題以概括主題. 這是最常見的歸納這是最常見的歸納法寫作方式法寫作方式 。這種寫作模式呈倒三角形。這種寫作模式呈倒三角形。 Sample 9 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid o

19、f the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（3 3）在短文中間）在短文中間當主題句被安排在段中間時當主題句被安排在段中間時, , 通常前面只提出問題，通常前面只提出問題， 文中的主題由隨

20、之陳述的細節或合乎邏輯的引申在文中文中的主題由隨之陳述的細節或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導出導出, , 而后又作進一步的解釋而后又作進一步的解釋, , 支撐或發展支撐或發展. . People who live in countries with many doctors and modern hospitals are worlds healthiest people - right？Not necessarily. Some groups of people who have no doctors or hospitals at all are among the worlds healthie

21、st. For example，people who live on small, faraway islands get very few diseases because there are no outsiders to bring in germs or new illness. Sample 10本段的三個層次比較明顯。 第一句以設問的方式提出該文段要討論的主題：生活在有許多醫生和現代化醫院的國家中的人是世界上最健康的人嗎？此句起到了引出主題的作用。 第三句對前面的提問做出籠統的回答：許多生活在沒有大夫和醫院環境中的人也是世界上最健康的人。此句起到了陳述主題思想的作用，應枧為主題句。

22、 段落的最后則舉例對主題做進一步的解釋。 If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to t

23、ell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. (誘售誘售法法 )Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consider

24、ation of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buyer BewareB. Closeout(出清存貨出清存貨) Sale C. Crime Pays D. Buying a TV Set 4.主題句在段首和段尾主題句在段首和段尾 Good manners are important in all countries，but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Am

25、ericans eat with knives and forks；Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet；Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women；Japanese men do not. On the surface，it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan，and in a way this is true. But in any count

26、ry，the manners that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country. 本段主要說明本段主要說明“禮貌在所有國家都很重禮貌在

27、所有國家都很重要，然而各國表達禮貌的方式卻不同要，然而各國表達禮貌的方式卻不同”。文段的文段的第一句明確陳述了這一看法第一句明確陳述了這一看法。在段。在段尾作者再一次強調了這一看法。尾作者再一次強調了這一看法。 首尾呼應首尾呼應 為突出主題為突出主題, 作者先提出主題作者先提出主題, 結尾時再次結尾時再次點出主題點出主題, 這種首尾呼應的寫作方式較為多見這種首尾呼應的寫作方式較為多見. 但前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復但前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復, 后面后面的表述往往有進一步的引申或發展的意味。的表述往往有進一步的引申或發展的意味。5主題句暗含在段落中主題句暗含在段落中 An ant

28、can pick up an object more than fifty times its own weight. A bee can pull a load more than one hundred and fifty times its weight. If we were as strong in proportion to our size，we could pull a five-ton truck？If we had the jumping ability of a grasshopper，we could leap a third the length of a footb

29、all field！ 此段文章無主題句。所陳述的都是細節。一只螞蟻可搬此段文章無主題句。所陳述的都是細節。一只螞蟻可搬起比自身重量重起比自身重量重5050倍的東西。一只蜜蜂可拉動比自身重倍的東西。一只蜜蜂可拉動比自身重量重量重150150倍的重物。如果我們的力氣與身材成比例的話，倍的重物。如果我們的力氣與身材成比例的話，我們可能拉動我們可能拉動5 5噸的卡車。如果我們具有蚱蜢的彈跳力，噸的卡車。如果我們具有蚱蜢的彈跳力，我們可能躍過三分之一的足球場。根據以上事實，我們即我們可能躍過三分之一的足球場。根據以上事實，我們即可概括出本段落的主題思想是可概括出本段落的主題思想是: : 動物的力量動物的

30、力量”。 6無主題句 即主題句隱含在全文中即主題句隱含在全文中, 沒有明確的主題句沒有明確的主題句. 必須根據文篇中必須根據文篇中所提供的事實細節，進行全面考慮，綜合分析，然后找出共同的所提供的事實細節，進行全面考慮，綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時過于寬泛，要恰如其分。能在概括時過于寬泛，要恰如其分。 Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduat

31、ion. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q: What is the main idea of the passage? A. How Joshua Bingham became a law

32、yer. B. Bingham is a diligent student. C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education. 【解題思路】 此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個細節(detail)性的事實。因此就答案本身看，個個都對。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來，進行邏輯推理，才能構成一個沒有言明的主題思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：Joshua Bin

33、gham接受過良好的教育，所以答案是 4 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a co

34、rporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student whe

35、n he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetailtypeThe position of the topic At the beginning At the end In the middle At the beginning and end No clear topic sentenceTypes Of Paragraph Structures（NMET 2002） 1.Underground systems are already in placeMany c

36、ities have underground car parksIn some cities，such as Tokyo，Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas，The “Chunnel”，a tunnel（隧（隧道）道）connecting England and France；is now completed 第一句為主題句第一句為主題句. 本段中的其他句子都是用來本段中的其他句子都是用來說明說明“地下設施地下設施”是以何種形式在地球上是以何種形式在地球上“已經已經存在存在”的具體實例。的具體實例。3.

37、Joe is happy about being on a bowling team that bowls once a week. He also enjoys playing basketball twice a month. During the summer，he tries to play baseball on weekends. Joe really does enjoy all sports activities. He goes swimming as often as he can. Whenever he cant participate directly，he love

38、s to watch a football game or a golf or tennis match. 本段的本段的主題句為第四句主題句為第四句Joe really does enjoy all sports activities. 前三句引述了他喜歡的幾種體育前三句引述了他喜歡的幾種體育活動，主題句后面的兩句對中心思想做了進一步活動，主題句后面的兩句對中心思想做了進一步的解釋和支撐。段落結構包括三個層次：引出主的解釋和支撐。段落結構包括三個層次：引出主題題-呈現主題呈現主題-解釋主題。解釋主題。（NMET 1998）4. On the night of the party Merlin

39、rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller-skates. He rolled on and on. Suddenly，he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlins

40、grand entrance for a long time!此段落也無明確的主題句。本段說此段落也無明確的主題句。本段說MerlinMerlin按計劃拉著小按計劃拉著小提琴，穿著自制的旱冰鞋，滑進化裝舞會，令在場的人提琴，穿著自制的旱冰鞋，滑進化裝舞會，令在場的人大吃一驚，由于停不住竟然將墻上的巨大鏡子撞碎，則大吃一驚，由于停不住竟然將墻上的巨大鏡子撞碎，則更使人久久不能忘懷。根據上文及本段的描述，可概括更使人久久不能忘懷。根據上文及本段的描述，可概括出本段的主題思想是出本段的主題思想是“MerlinMerlin的閃亮登場取得意料之外的閃亮登場取得意料之外的成功的成功”。 三三. 專項訓練專

41、項訓練 閱讀下面短文，從各題所給的四個選項（閱讀下面短文，從各題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和和D）中，選出最佳選項。）中，選出最佳選項。A Wouldnt it be terrible if we didnt have grass？We would have to walk on bare soil. Can you guess what our playgrounds would look like？On a rainy day, we would get all muddy. On a dry day we would breathe clouds of dust.The short te

42、xt mainly deals with . A. why we need rain B. how grass is kept greenC. how grass helps usD. why we breathe dustCB The word Waterloo has become a synonym for defeat-total defeat and complete disaster. Waterloo, a town in Belgium, was the scene of a battle in 1851 that brought overwhelming defeat to

43、Napoleon Bonapartes French Army. At stake were the whole continent of Europe and Napoleons dream of an empire. In a few days, over forty thousand French soldiers died. With their deaths a new word for disaster was born - Waterloo.The subject of the text is . A. where Waterloo is B. who named Waterloo C. why Napoleon was defeated D. how Waterloo came to mean defeatDRats are still almost as big a danger to people as they were long ago. They still spread disease and eat crops. Much of the hunger we have today is