1、 The Complex Sentences in Junior English: 初中英語教材中涉及到的復合句主要有：The Object Clause (賓語從句)、The Adverbial Clause (狀語從句) 和 The Attributive Clause (定語從句)。其它諸如主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句等形式的復合句盡管在教材中也有出現，但在中考中沒有被列為重點考查范圍。. The Object Clause (賓語從句賓語從句) 賓語從句是英語中用來充當賓語的句子。帶有賓語從句的那個句子叫主句。賓語從句一般由“引導詞+主語+謂語+其它”構成，其語序是陳述句語序。 A)

2、 Introduced by that主句的謂語動詞是say, think, tell, know, hear, see, feel, mean, hope, wish, remember, forget等時，或主句的謂語動詞是由形容詞afraid, glad, sure, sorry等作表語的系表結構時，后面常接that引導的賓語從句。 e.g. He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster. Im sorry (that) he isnt here right now.Note: 1. that 的省略：的省略：that 引導的賓語從句用

3、來陳述事實，引導的賓語從句用來陳述事實，that本身無詞義，在從句本身無詞義，在從句中不作任何成分，在口語中或非正式文體中常常可被省略。中不作任何成分，在口語中或非正式文體中常常可被省略。e.g. I guess (that) somebody else has borrowed it. Im afraid (that) youll have to wait.2. 賓語從句的否定轉移：賓語從句的否定轉移：主句是主句是I/We think/suppose/guess/believe等時，從句中的否定等時，從句中的否定習慣上要轉移到主句中。如：我認為雞不會游泳。習慣上要轉移到主句中。如：我認為雞不

4、會游泳。誤：誤：I think chickens can not swim.正：正：I dont think chickens can swim.此外，上述情況在變成反意疑問句時，附加疑問句要看從句，此外，上述情況在變成反意疑問句時，附加疑問句要看從句，如果主句的主語不是第一人稱，則附加疑問句要看主句。如果主句的主語不是第一人稱，則附加疑問句要看主句。試比較：試比較： I think he is wrong, isnt he? He thinks he is right, doesnt he?BackB) Introduced by if/whether if/whether都可作賓語從句的引

5、導詞，意為“是否”，在一般情況下可以互換。if 多用于口語和非正式文體中，whether則多用于比較正式的文體中。如：e.g. She asked me if/whether I could help her with her English. I dont know if/whether it is going to rain.BackNote: 只用whether的四種情況：1. 在介詞后Im thinking of whether we should go fishing.2. 直接與or not連用時I dont know whether or not they will come t

6、o help us.3. 在動詞discuss后面的賓語從句中We discussed whether we would have a sports meeting next week.4. 賓語從句提前時只能用whetherWhether this is true or not, I cant say.BackC) Introduced by relative pronouns and adverbs（連接代詞和（連接代詞和連接副詞）連接副詞）一、構成：一、構成： 1. 1.賓語從句可由連接代詞賓語從句可由連接代詞what, who, whom, which等引導，等引導，它們在賓語從句中可

7、作主語、賓語、表語和定語等，因此不它們在賓語從句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語等，因此不能省略。能省略。 Do you know who will come this afternoon? (作主語作主語) Did you hear what he said? （作賓語）（作賓語） I dont know whose that is. （作表語）（作表語） Could you tell me which gate we have to go to? （作（作gate的的定語）定語） 2. 賓語從句可由連接副詞賓語從句可由連接副詞when, where, how, why等引導，等引導，它們在賓語

8、從句中作狀語，不可省略。它們在賓語從句中作狀語，不可省略。 We didnt know when she would come back. Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? No one knows why she is late again.二、難點：二、難點： 1. 避免重復出現連接代詞或連接副詞； e.g. *I cant see that what is over there. （應去掉that） 2. 從句中的語序為陳述語序； e.g. *Do you know how old is she? (應改為：how o

9、ld she is) 3. 從句中的時態與主句時態前后呼應。 e.g. *She didnt tell me when she will come. (應改為：when she would come) 三、轉換：三、轉換： 由連接代詞和連接副詞引導的賓語從句可用疑問代詞和疑問副詞動詞不定式替代，進行句型上的轉換。 e.g. Ive no idea what were going to do next. = Ive no idea what to do next. Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? = Could you te

10、ll me how to get to the post office?四、賓語從句的時態四、賓語從句的時態主句中謂語動詞是一般現在時，從句中謂語動詞的時態不受主句中謂語動詞是一般現在時，從句中謂語動詞的時態不受限制，可根據具體情況選用適當的時態；主句謂語動詞是一限制，可根據具體情況選用適當的時態；主句謂語動詞是一般過去時，從句中也必須要用某種過去時態，以保持時態的般過去時，從句中也必須要用某種過去時態，以保持時態的前后呼應。特別要注意的是當賓語從句表示的是客觀真理、前后呼應。特別要注意的是當賓語從句表示的是客觀真理、科學原理、自然現象、名言時，則用一般現在時，不受主句科學原理、自然現象、名言

11、時，則用一般現在時，不受主句時態的限制。試比較：時態的限制。試比較：He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible.He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible.Tom says that he is mending his car.Tom said that he was mending his car.The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.賓語從句中考題練兵：賓語從句中考題練兵： 一、單項選擇一、單項選

12、擇( ) 1. I dont think he will come here on time, ? (重慶重慶) A. wont he B. will he C. does he D. is he( ) 2. Will you please tell me ? (上海上海) A. where Pudong Airport is B. how far Pudong Airport was C. how can we get to Pudong Airport D. when was Pudong Airport built( ) 3. Its not polite to ask people i

13、n England. (常州常州) A. how much money you have got B. what the weather is like C. what your city looks like D. how old are you( ) 4. I wonder if he tonight. If he , Ill let you know. (揚揚州州) A. will come; will come B. comes; comes C. will come; comes D. comes; will come( ) 5. I cant say I want to see h

14、im again. We havent seen each other for nearly three years. (鎮江鎮江) A. how long B. how soon C. how often D. how much( ) 6. Mr. Green told me that he on a trip next Sunday. (通化通化) A. are going B. was going C. will go D. would going( ) 7. Our geography teacher told us that Japan the east of China.(河北河北

15、) A. is in B. was in C. is to D. was to( ) 8. Nobody knows hell come or not. (遼寧遼寧) A. that B. if C. / D. whether 二、按要求改寫句子二、按要求改寫句子 1. “Do you want to try something new?” Toms mother asked him. (改為復合句改為復合句,句意不變句意不變) (濟南濟南) Toms mother asked him to try something new. 2. Could you tell me the way to

16、the station? (改寫句子改寫句子,句意不句意不 變變) (青島青島) Could you tell me to the station? 3. “I have finished my homework.” John told me. (改為復合句改為復合句, 句意不變句意不變) (天津天津) John told me that homework. 4. I dont how I can reach the zoo. (改為簡單句改為簡單句) (宿遷宿遷) I dont know the zoo.三、根據漢語提示三、根據漢語提示,完成句子完成句子.1. 我還沒有決定是否去參加邁克的生

17、日聚會。(黑龍江) I havent decided I will go to Mikes birthday party .2. 據說在南京長江上又建了一座橋。（南京） Its said that bridge _ _ _ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing.3.請你告訴我這把鎖是用什么制成的好嗎？(無錫) Would you please tell me me ?4. 你能告訴我他從美國回來多久了？ Can you tell me ?. The Adverbial Clause (狀語從句狀語從句) 狀語從句是副詞性從句，其句法功能是修飾謂語或整個句子等

18、，在句中作狀語，通常由從屬連詞引導。A) The Adverbial Clause of Time (時間狀語從句時間狀語從句) Introduced by when (表示主句的動作和從句的動作同時或先后發生，意為表示主句的動作和從句的動作同時或先后發生，意為“當當時時”。)e.g. When you get off the bus, you mustnt push others. 2) Introduced by before (表示主句發生的動作發生在從句動作之前，意為表示主句發生的動作發生在從句動作之前，意為“在在之之 前前”。)e.g. They had already had br

19、eakfast before they went to school. 3) Introduced by after (表示主句發生的動作發生在從句動作之后，意為表示主句發生的動作發生在從句動作之后，意為 “在在 之后之后”。) e.g. They talked about the party after the people left. 4) Introduced by until (表示主句發生的動作發生在從句動作之前，意為表示主句發生的動作發生在從句動作之前，意為“直到直到為止為止”。主句用肯定式，謂語是延續性的動詞，表示動作一直。主句用肯定式，謂語是延續性的動詞，表示動作一直延續到延續

20、到until所表示的時間為止所表示的時間為止) e.g. I will wait until he comes. Note: (until 用于否定句時，主句的動作發生在從句的動作之前，并且謂語動詞是非延續性動詞，表示某一動作到until所表示的時間才發生。notuntil 意為“直到才”。） e.g. She wont go to bed until she finishes her homework. 5) Introduced by as soon as (表示主句發生的動作發生在從句動作之后， 意為“一就”。) e.g. My brother went out as soon as I

21、 got home. Note: 在時間狀語從句中，主句和從句之間的時態應按下列在時間狀語從句中，主句和從句之間的時態應按下列 規律確定。規律確定。1) 主句一般將來時，從句用一般現在時：主句一般將來時，從句用一般現在時：e.g. The boy will be a writer when he grows up.2) 主句含有情態動詞，從句用一般現在時：主句含有情態動詞，從句用一般現在時：e.g. When the lights are red, the traffic must stop.3) 主句為祈使句時，從句用一般現在時：主句為祈使句時，從句用一般現在時：e.g. Please do

22、nt go to bed before you finish your homework.4) 主句為一般過去時，從句也用過去時態：主句為一般過去時，從句也用過去時態：e.g. I liked reading when I was young. B) The Adverbial Clause of Place (地點狀語從句地點狀語從句) 1) Introduced by where e.g. Put the medicine where you can easily get it. 2) Introduced by wherever e.g. Ill go wherever you go.C

23、) The Adverbial Clause of Manner(方式狀語從句方式狀語從句)1) Introduced by as e.g. Ill do all the things as you told me.2) Introduced by as if/though(可用陳述語氣表示符合事實的情況，也可用虛擬語氣表示與事實相反的情況) e.g. It looks as if its going to rain. He looks as if he were young.3) Introduced by the way e.g. I dont like the way he talks.

24、D) The Adverbial Clause of Reason (原因狀語從句原因狀語從句) 1) Introduced by becausebecause語氣最強，它著重說明原因。用語氣最強，它著重說明原因。用why提問的提問的問句必須用問句必須用because回答，不能用回答，不能用as, since； e.g.-Why didnt he come? -Because he was ill. 2) Introduced by sincesince語氣比較弱，表示關系上的自然結果，尤其用語氣比較弱，表示關系上的自然結果，尤其用于對已經清楚了的因素，常譯成于對已經清楚了的因素，常譯成“既然

25、既然”，“鑒于鑒于”，通常從句放在主句前；通常從句放在主句前； e.g. Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr Smith wanted to give John a chance. 3) Introduced by as as語氣最弱，只表示一般的因果關系，從句放在主句前或后均可；e.g. As he didnt know the meaning of the word, he looked it up in his dictionary. Note: for是并列連詞，引導的句子不置于句首，是一種非直接的、隨便附加說明的理由或推斷。

26、e.g. The oil must be out, for the light went out. E) The Adverbial Clause of Condition (條件狀語從句條件狀語從句)1) 條件狀語從句通常由if或unless(=if not)引導，從句中常用一般時代替將來時一般時代替將來時，即if或unless后的句子謂語用一般現在時或一般過去時。但是，主句則通常用將來時，情態動詞或祈使句。 e.g. If he doesnt come on time, we wont know what to know. He must come if he is told. Pleas

27、e let me know if he comes back. Ill go there unless it rains. 2) If 條件句的替代形式：條件句的替代形式： （1）祈使句祈使句 + and/or + 陳述句陳述句（謂語動詞通常用將來時態）。（謂語動詞通常用將來時態）。其中，其中，and表示句意順承；表示句意順承；or表示轉折，意為表示轉折，意為“否則否則”。 e.g. If you work hard, youll pass the exam easily. = Work hard, and youll pass the exam easily. If you dont wor

28、k hard, youll fall behind others. = Work hard, or youll fall behind others. （2）用介詞）用介詞with, without的替代形式：的替代形式： e.g. If there is no water, the fish may die. = Fish may die without water. If you help me, Ill finish my task on time. = With your help, Ill finish my task on time.F) The Adverbial Clause

29、of Concession (讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句) 1) Introduced by though/although e.g. Though he tried many times, he failed to work it out. 2) Introduced by wh-ever e.g. Whatever he says(=No matter what he says), dont believe him. 3) Introduced by even if/even though e.g. Even if he is poor, she loves her husband. (He

30、 may be poor, yet she loves him.) 即使他窮了，她也仍然愛他。 Even though he is poor, she still loves her husband. (He is poor, yet she loves him.) 盡管他窮，但她仍然愛他。 G) The Adverbial Clause of Result (結果狀語從句結果狀語從句) 1) Introduced by so thate.g. There are big trees around the house so that it can hardly be seen by passe

31、rs-by. 2) Introduced by sothat/suchthat e.g. He walked so fast that I couldnt keep up with him. He made such a good report that everybody was pleased.H) The Adverbial Clause of Purpose(目的狀語從句目的狀語從句) 1) Introduced by so that e.g. He got up much earlier than usual so that he could catch the first bus.

32、2) Introduced by so that e.g. He explained it so clearly that he wanted everyone of us to understand him better. I) The Adverbial Clause of Comparison (比較狀語從句比較狀語從句) 1) Introduced by asas/not soas; than e.g. This question is not so difficult as I thought. The film is much better than we expected. 2)

33、 Introduced by The more, the moree.g. The more he heard the song, the less he liked it.狀語從句中考題練兵：狀語從句中考題練兵：一、單項選擇一、單項選擇( ) 1. Somebody rang me up just now, but he hung up I could answer the phone. (無錫無錫) A. when B. until C. before D. since( ) 2. Mr Smith usually reads a newspaper hes waiting for the

34、 bus. (徐徐 州州) A. if B. the C. because D. while( ) 3. You must leave here now your mother can get some more rest. (常州常州) A. because B. though C. so that D. so( ) 4. The meeting is important that you mustnt miss it. (鹽城鹽城) A. very B. such C. so D. too ( ) 5. Im going to the supermarket. - you are ther

35、e, would you please buy me some vegetables? (鎮江鎮江) A. If B. Because C. While D. After( ) 6. Do you know what he did all day? (鎮江鎮江) -He spent as much time playing as he . A. studying B. was studying C. studied D. did studying( ) 7. If Mg in O2, we MgO, and it combination reaction (化學變化化學變化). (泰州泰州)

36、A. will burn, get, calls B. burns, will get, called C. will burn, can get, is calling D. burns, will get, is called( ) 8. he talked with her for a long time, he failed to convince(說服說服) her. (黃岡黃岡) A. Though B. But C. Since D. As 二、同義句改寫二、同義句改寫1. Wherever he is, he can make himself at home. (廣州廣州) h

37、e is, he can make himself at home.2. Miss Smith left here after the rain stopped. (淮安淮安) Miss Smith leave here the rain stopped.3. If you work hard, you will pass the exam. (鹽城鹽城) , and you will pass the exam.4. Tom was too happy to get to sleep. (大連大連) Tom was happy he couldnt .5. Get off the bus w

38、hen the driver tells you. （寧夏）（寧夏） Dont get off the bus you _ _ _. 三、根據漢語提示三、根據漢語提示,完成句子完成句子.1. 你看的歷史書籍越多，你了解的知識就越多。你看的歷史書籍越多，你了解的知識就越多。 （無錫）（無錫） , the more knowledge youll get.2. 他是一個好人，與每個人都相處的很好。（常州）他是一個好人，與每個人都相處的很好。（常州）He is such a kind man .3. 山姆一拿到新書就迫不及待地看了起來。（連云港）山姆一拿到新書就迫不及待地看了起來。（連云港）Sam

39、couldnt wait to read the new book .4. 盡管學電腦花費許多時間，但我認為學好它還是有用的。（南京）盡管學電腦花費許多時間，但我認為學好它還是有用的。（南京） , I think it useful to learn computer well. 5. 看起來要下雨了。（甘肅）看起來要下雨了。（甘肅） It looks . . The Attributive Clause (定語從句定語從句) 在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。定語從句必須放在先行詞之后，對其先行詞起限定作用。 This is Tom. Tom

40、gave us a talk yesterday. -This is Tom who (that) gave us a talk yesterday. 先行詞 定語從句 引導定語從句的關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which 引導定語從句的關系副詞有：where, when, why 一一 、who, whom, whose引導的定語從句引導的定語從句 1. who 在從句中作主語，不可省略，它所引導的定語從句所修飾的先行詞必須是人。e.g. This is the doctor who came her yesterday.2. whom在從句中作賓語，它所引導

41、的定語從句所修飾的先行詞必須是人，可以省略。e.g. The man (whom) you saw last week has left the town.注意：在從句中作介詞賓語時，介詞一般可放在注意：在從句中作介詞賓語時，介詞一般可放在whom之前，也可放在原來的位置上。在含有介詞的固定動詞之前，也可放在原來的位置上。在含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中介詞只能放在原來的位置上。詞組中介詞只能放在原來的位置上。e.g. a) The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei. = The man whom I borrowed the book from

42、 is Li Lei. (前句中的whom不可省略，后句中的whom可省略) b) The girl whom he is taking care of is ill. (take care of是固定詞組) 3. whose在從句中作定語，表示所屬關系，其所修飾的先行詞既可是人也可是物。e.g. I know the woman whose husband is a doctor. He lives in the house whose window faces south. 二、二、that, which引導的定語從句引導的定語從句這兩個代詞均指物，它們所引導的定語從句所修飾的先行詞是這兩

43、個代詞均指物，它們所引導的定語從句所修飾的先行詞是物物,通常情況下，它們可以互換。通常情況下，它們可以互換。1. that, which在從句中作主語，不可省略。在從句中作主語，不可省略。 e.g. Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.2. that, which在從句中作賓語，可以省略。在從句中作賓語，可以省略。 e.g. Is this the film (that/which) you talked about last week?注意：關系代詞在作介詞賓語時，只能用注意：關系代詞在作介詞賓語時，只能用which

44、且不能省略。且不能省略。 e.g. The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room. = The house (which) he once lived in is a meeting-room.知識拓展：知識拓展：引導定語從句的關系代詞引導定語從句的關系代詞that和和which，在一般情況下，盡管，在一般情況下，盡管可以互換使用，但在下列情況下，只能用可以互換使用，但在下列情況下，只能用that，而不用，而不用which： 1. 先行詞是復合不定代詞先行詞是復合不定代詞everything, anything, nothing等時。等時

45、。 e.g. She didnt forget anything (that) her mother had told her to buy.2. 先行詞被序數詞或先行詞被序數詞或the last修飾時。修飾時。e.g. This is the first textbook (that) I studied in the primary school.He is in the last row that is next to the window.3. 先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時。先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時。e.g. That is the highest building (that) I

46、have ever seen.4. 先行詞被先行詞被the only, the very, the same等修飾時。等修飾時。e.g. This is the very novel (that) you want to borrow. 5. 先行詞是或被先行詞是或被all, no, some, any, little, much等修飾等修飾時，時， e.g. Ive written down all (that )the teacher doesnt allow us to do. They havent got any dictionaries (that) we need. 6. 先行詞既包含人又包含物時。先行詞既包含人又包含物時。e.g. He told us many interesting things and persons (that) we had never heard.7. 主句是以主句是以who, which引導的特殊疑問句時。引導的特殊疑問句時。e.g. Who is the man (that) you spoke to just now? Which is the book that was stolen by him? 8. 先行詞是主句的表語或關系代詞在定語從句中作表語先行詞是主句的表語