1、三、代詞(一) 知識(shí)概要英語(yǔ)中代詞可以分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞。人稱代詞主要有主格和賓格之別。請(qǐng)看下表人稱 我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們 主格I you he she it we you they 賓格 me you him her it us you them 物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。請(qǐng)看下表人稱 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我們的 你們的 他們的 形容詞性 my your his her its ours your they 名詞性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 反

2、身代詞可見下表人稱 我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們 反身代詞 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves 指示代詞主要有this, that, these, those疑問代詞有：who, whom whose, what, which,還有疑問副詞when, how, where, why。不定代詞在初中課本中主要有some, any， many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either(二) 正誤辨析

3、誤Tom's mother is taller than my. 誤We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish them.誤He and you should go to the library to return the books.正You and he should go to the library to return the books.析這主要是英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上的用法。當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列時(shí)其排列順序一般為you, he, she, I,而復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)為we, you，

4、 they:如男女并列時(shí)，應(yīng)先男后女，如：He and she 如果在表示不好意思，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)，單數(shù)時(shí)用，I, he, she, you, 復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用They, you， we, 如：Tom and I are good friends.You, he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon.We, you and they have been there before.I, he and you have to pay for it.誤He or his brother is doing their homework

5、.正He or his brother is doing his homework.析由eitheror, neithernor, or 連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果兩主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)時(shí)，用單數(shù)代詞，如兩主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一單一復(fù)兩名詞時(shí)，一般將單數(shù)名詞放在前，復(fù)數(shù)名詞放在后，要用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：The teacher or his students will clean their classroom together.誤His brother is t

6、aller than him.正His brother is taller than he.析than是連詞，其后應(yīng)視為省略句，than he is.所以要注意區(qū)分其主格與賓格的用法。I like you as much as she.析asas 其后也應(yīng)看作是省略句。應(yīng)為as I like her.所以應(yīng)用賓格。而第一句應(yīng)譯為我像她那樣喜歡你。兩句語(yǔ)法都是對(duì)的但含義不同。誤Myself did it yesterday.析反身代詞不可作主語(yǔ)，但可以用作主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)。誤Take care of ourselves.析祈始句的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)看作第二人稱you.誤Please bring your dau

7、ghter with yourself.正Please bring your daughter with you.析反身代詞不能作介詞賓語(yǔ)，除非是由不及物動(dòng)詞與介詞組成的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，如： The old woman spoke to herself.誤Make yourself home.正Make yourself at home.析這是英語(yǔ)中的習(xí)慣用法，意為“像在家里一樣”。這樣的用法還有：enjoy oneself 玩得開心make yourself at home 像在家中一樣help yourself to something 自己拿某物lost oneself 迷路seat ones

8、elf 就坐dress oneself 穿衣誤Who's this speaking.That's Mary.正Who's that speaking.This is Mary.析在電話用語(yǔ)中，this指講話人自己，而that指對(duì)方。誤The days in summer are longer than this in winter.正The days in summer are longer than those in winter.析在比較句中往往為了避免重復(fù)，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是單數(shù)時(shí)用that,復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用those，如：The wea

9、ther in Beijing is hotter than that in Chang Chun.誤It is so a good book that everyone likes to read.正It is such a good book that everyone likes to read.正It is so good a book that everyone likes to read.析在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)可用so+形容詞+不定冠詞+名詞+that從句，也可用such+不定冠詞+形容詞+that從句。在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，只用such, 如：It is such good

10、weather that I want to go swimming. They are such good books that I want to buy them all.在many, much, few, little這4個(gè)詞前僅能用so,如： She has so much money that she can buy everything she wants.而在so與that之間僅存形容詞時(shí)，則不能用such,如:She is so sweet that everyone likes her.誤I want to buy a same dictionary as yours.正I

11、 want to buy the same dictionary as yours.析same與定冠詞the是固定搭配不可更改。這樣的用法還有all the same(仍然)。誤I hope she might pass the exam.I don't hope so.正I hope she might pass the exam.I hope not.析在作肯定回答時(shí)，I think so. I hope so. I believe so.但作否定回答時(shí)為：I don't think so. I hope/believe not.誤He studied very hard

12、this term. So she did.正 He studied very hard this term. So did she.誤 English is difficult to learn. So is it.正 English is difficult to learn. So it is.析在對(duì)話中如果某一動(dòng)作同時(shí)適用于兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，這時(shí)在答語(yǔ)中要用縮寫且要用倒裝句。如第一組句，即studied hard既適用于he,也適用于she.但答語(yǔ)僅僅是對(duì)前句的重復(fù)，即僅僅是第一句的縮寫時(shí)則不要用倒裝句。如第二組句子為：英語(yǔ)難學(xué)。答語(yǔ)為：是的，難學(xué)。這時(shí)縮寫的答語(yǔ)不要用倒裝句。誤Everyon

13、e should do one's best.正Everyone should do his best.析one作代詞時(shí)，它的復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones,所有格形式是one's，反身代詞為oneself.如果講One should do one's best.則是對(duì)句。如果one與別的詞組成其他詞，如： someone, anyone, everyone或only one 則要用his/her，來作其所有格形式。誤 Who won the game? None.正 Who won the game? No one.析由who提問的句子的否定回答中的簡(jiǎn)略說法是no one,而由H

14、ow many提問的句子的否定回答中的簡(jiǎn)略語(yǔ)是None.如：How many books are there? None.誤There are many trees on either sides of the street.正There are many trees on either side of the street.正There are many trees on both sides of the street.析either作代詞時(shí)由兩個(gè)含意，其一是兩者中隨便哪一個(gè)，如：You can take either.其二是兩者中的每一個(gè)。但要注意的是either后要加單數(shù)名詞，如果作主

15、語(yǔ)則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)形式。誤Either you or I are right.正Either you or I am right.析在eitheror,或neithernor連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與和其相近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)相配。誤I have three sisters. Neither of them is a doctor.正I have three sisters. None of them is a doctor.析neither用于兩者中無一是，而none則用于多于兩者中的人或事物無一是。誤He doesn't like Beijing opera. I don'

16、t like too.正He doesn't like Beijing opera, I don't like either.析either作為“也”講時(shí)，要用于否定句中，而too則用于肯定句中。誤We like both this little boy.正We both like this little boy.析both作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，它在句中的位置有：在be動(dòng)詞之后，如：We are both students.在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前，如：The parents both want to go to the cinema.用于第一助動(dòng)詞之后，如：We have both read t

17、hese English novels.使用時(shí)要注意以下句子的實(shí)際含意：Both of us are not right.應(yīng)譯為：我們倆不都對(duì)。Neither of us is right.才應(yīng)譯為：我倆都不對(duì)。又如：I can't give you both of the books.意為：兩本書我不能全給你，而I can't give you either of the books.才為：兩本書我全不能給你。誤We each has a ticket for the concert.正We each have a ticket for the concert.析each作句

18、子主語(yǔ)時(shí)其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式，如：Each of us wants to learn English well，但each作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，則應(yīng)以原名詞的數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。誤Every of us has to pass the exam.正Each of us has to pass the exam.析every只可作形容詞，不可作代詞，而each既可作形容詞，又可作代詞，在作形容詞時(shí)each側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，而every 則側(cè)重于全體。誤Everyone of us should do housework two hours a day.正Every one of us should do housewo

19、rk two hours a day.析everyone不可與of結(jié)構(gòu)相連接使用，而every one則可以這樣用。誤I should read English everyday.正I should read English every day.析要注意的是every day是“每天”，而everyday則是形容詞為“日常的”。如：everyday English日常英語(yǔ)，everyday life日常生活。誤There are trees on every sides of the street.正There are trees on each side of the street. 析ev

20、ery用于三者或三者以上的每一個(gè)，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一個(gè)。因?yàn)榻值乐挥袃蓚?cè)，所以只能用each而不能用every.誤All my parents are engineers.正Both my parents are engineers.析all用于三者或三者以上的全部，而both 則用于兩者的全部。誤All of students might make some mistakes.正All of the students might make some mistakes.正All students might make some mistakes.析非特指的名詞前可用all但不可

21、用all of結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是講all of結(jié)構(gòu)后面的名詞前一定要有定冠詞。其他與all有關(guān)的習(xí)慣用法還有：all the year round, all week, all day, all winter誤The all village was flooded.正All the village was flooded.析all作修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)要用在所有修飾詞之前。誤The post office is on other side of the street.正The post office is on the other side of the street.析單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞如在泛指某一個(gè)時(shí)用anoth

22、er,而特指時(shí)則要用the other,因街道只有兩邊，而不在這邊必定是在另一邊，所以要用特指。請(qǐng)參考下表的用法以便于記憶。 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 泛指 another形容詞 作定語(yǔ) 作名詞 another代詞 other others 特指 the other形容詞 the other代詞 the other the others 誤There are ten students here Where are the others students?正There are ten students here.Where are the others?正There are ten students here

23、 Where are the other students?析the others=the other students.誤The old man has two sons. One is a teacher, another is a doctor.正The old man has two sons. One is a teacher, the other is a doctor.析another用于泛指，如：Is it far from here to the station?I'm sorry. I have no idea. One may say it is quite ne

24、ar; another may say it is far from here.但在特指時(shí)則要用the other.它可以用作定語(yǔ)，the other one,也可以用作代詞the other,但the other用作代詞時(shí)它的含意一定是單數(shù)。如果指三者或者三者以上的情況時(shí)，則要用oneanotherthe other.或者onea secondthe third誤Some people like sports. The others like reading.正Some people like sports. Others like reading.析在泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前用someothers

25、others來表示某些人某些人某些人。誤Please remember to water the flowers each other day.正Please remember to water the flowers every other day.析every other day為每隔一天。是習(xí)慣用法，不要隨意改動(dòng)。又如：on the other hand另一方面。誤Many know him， but few likes him.正Many know him, but few like him.析few用于可數(shù)名詞，意為幾乎沒有，但few作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，而a few為有一

26、些。誤You have few friends, haven't you?正You have few friends, have you?析little與few用于句中時(shí)，均要按否定句看待。誤Much of what you said are true.正Much of what you said is true.析much用于不可數(shù)名詞，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。而many用于可數(shù)名詞，它作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。誤This room is enough large for the students to live in.正This room is large enough for

27、 the students to live in.析enough 可以用作代詞，如：There is enough of the food. 又如：Enough has been done for the work，但enough 還可以作形容詞來修飾名詞，這時(shí)enough可以放在名詞之前，也可放在名詞之后，如：money enough 與enough money都是對(duì)的。但當(dāng)enough作副詞修飾形容詞時(shí)，則只能置于形容詞之后了。誤I want any books to read. Do you have any?正I want some books to read. Do you have

28、 any?析按照語(yǔ)法any用于疑問句和否定句，而some用于肯定句。誤Would you like any thing to drink?正Would you like something to drink?析在由would you like發(fā)出的問句中，表達(dá)了說話者真心實(shí)意要為對(duì)方提供些飲料，或在說話者想得到對(duì)方的肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，在疑問句中要用some而不用any。誤Someone want to meet you.正Someone wants to meet you.析不定代詞應(yīng)被看作單數(shù)，即使用and連接兩個(gè)不定代詞，也要看作單數(shù)，如：Anyone and everyone has the

29、right. 任何人，每一個(gè)人都有這樣的權(quán)力。誤New York is much colder in winter than before.正It is much colder in New York in winter than before.析it常常用在英文的句子中來代表時(shí)間、距離、天氣、自然現(xiàn)象，或用在句中作形式主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，如：It is ten o'clock now. (代時(shí)間)It is far from here to the airport. (代距離)It is very hot.(代天氣)It is very difficult to learn English

30、well. (作形式主語(yǔ))We found it very difficult to answer the question. (作形式賓語(yǔ))誤Be careful. Don't drink too many.正Be careful. Don't drink too much.析這里much所代的應(yīng)是飲料或水，所以應(yīng)為不可數(shù)名詞。 (三) 例題解析1 These are books. Yours are over there.A I B my C me D mine答案B.析這里應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞。2 is she? She is a teacher.A What B How

31、 C Who D Where答案A.析這里的四個(gè)疑問詞放在問句中全都成立，但其意義不同。What is she?應(yīng)譯為“她的工作是什么?”或“她是做什么的?”而How is she?應(yīng)譯為“她身體如何?”而Who is she?應(yīng)譯為“她是誰(shuí)?”其答語(yǔ)應(yīng)為“她叫什么名字。”而Where is she?應(yīng)為“她在什么地方?”由答語(yǔ)決定了這道題的選擇。3 is wrong with my watch. It has stopped.A Something, working B Something, to workC Any thing, working D Anything, to work答案A

32、.析因?yàn)槭强隙ň渌詰?yīng)用Something,其后由于表停止工作了，則stop后要用動(dòng)名詞。4 Mary, help to the bananas, please.A you B your C yourself D yourselves答案C.析help oneself to something為“自己拿某物”。yourself為“你一個(gè)人”，而yourselves為“你們”。5 do you go to school every day? By bus.A How B Why C When D Where答案A.析這題的答案是由問句決定的。6 My skirt is popular than.

33、A much, her B much, hers C more, her D more, hers答案D.析因句中有than,所以應(yīng)選用比較級(jí)，而than后要選用名詞性物主代詞。7 Can you speak English? Yes, but only.A few B a few C little D a little答案D.析因會(huì)講某種語(yǔ)言的多少要用a little,把它看作不可數(shù)名詞對(duì)待，此答語(yǔ)為：是的，但僅僅會(huì)講一點(diǎn)。8 Mr.Smith is an old friend of.A I B me C my D mine答案D.析這里應(yīng)選名詞性物主代詞，這也是英語(yǔ)的一種習(xí)慣用法，而不要選

34、擇my。9 “ do you hear from your parents?”“About once a month.”A How long B How manyC How often D How much答案C.析How often問的是某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生的頻率，即在單位時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生多少次。10 Mr Green wouldn't say at the meeting.A everything B nothing C anything D something答案C.析在否定句中應(yīng)用anything11 “Mum, Ann's coming tonight. Let's giv

35、e her to eat.”“Good idea!”A anything nice B nice anythingC something nice D nice something答案C.析肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代詞的修飾詞應(yīng)放其后而不要放在其前面。12 When shall we meet, this evening or tomorrow evening? I don't mind. time is OK.A Some B Neither C Either D Both答案C.析因如選用both則名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)名詞，也要用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，由于答語(yǔ)前有I

36、 don't mind 則決定不能選擇neither.13 This is not her kite,but.A he's B him C he D his答案D.析要注意“他的”名詞性物主代詞與形容詞性物主代詞是同形的。14 Don't worry, Mum! news is good news. I'm sure daddy will come back soon.A No B Many C Those D Two答案A.析這是一條諺語(yǔ)，即沒有消息就是好消息。 15 Mary has six apples. Her brother has three. Sh

37、e has apples than he.A few B many C more D fewer答案C.析由于是比較級(jí)，根據(jù)題意應(yīng)選“多于”而不是“少于”。 16 There isn't in today's newspaper.A anything interestingB something interestingC nothing interestingD interesting anything答案A.析由于句子是否定句，應(yīng)選擇anything，而且不定代詞的修飾語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在其后面。17 September 10th is Day?A Teacher B Teachers

38、C Teacher's D Teachers'答案D.析教師節(jié)Teachers' Day,兒童節(jié) Children's Day, 婦女節(jié) Women's Day18 In England, people eat a lot of “takeaway” food. What about people in your country? A So we do. B We do so. C So do we. D We so do.答案C.析在答語(yǔ)中用簡(jiǎn)略方式表達(dá)上文的一個(gè)動(dòng)作同樣適用于另一個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，則要采用倒裝句，但如果僅僅是對(duì)上句的重復(fù)則不要倒裝。19 Sh

39、all we go into that shop and have a look? Sorry. I won't. I have to do there.A everything B anything C something D nothing答案D.析這個(gè)答案的選擇應(yīng)由上下兩句對(duì)話內(nèi)容作出決定。20 Oh, dear! Who broke the glass? Sam Bruce. It was the cat.A Both, and B Not, but C Neither, nor D Either, or答案C.析neithernor意為既不也不21 The students

40、are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake.are climbing the hill.A Others B Other C Another D The other答案A.析這里因?yàn)槭谴鎻?fù)數(shù)名詞，所以應(yīng)用名詞性的復(fù)數(shù)代名詞。22 She is not a nurse. I'm not.A also B either C neither D too答案B.析在否定句中該用either,而不用too和also.23 I have two pencils. One is red, is blue.A th

41、e other B another C others D the others答案A.析兩者中的另一個(gè)應(yīng)為特指。而且應(yīng)為單數(shù)形式的代名詞。而another是泛指單數(shù)代名詞。others是泛指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞，而the others是特指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞。24 Sorry, I can't answer your question.I know about the subject.A little B a little C few D a few答案A.析中文講我對(duì)此知道的不多，而英文中要用little。其含意為否定句。25 My sister doesn't like skating. A

42、 So do I B So I don'tC Neither I don't D Neither do I答案D.析這是表達(dá)上面否定句中的動(dòng)作，也同樣不適合于第二個(gè)人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒裝句。26 Yesterday morning there were only three boys in our room,.A you, he and I B I, you and heC he, I and you D you, I and he答案A.析這是若干人稱代詞并列時(shí)的順序問題。請(qǐng)參看辨析中的例子。27 All the students are busy, soo

43、f them will go to the concert.A many B little C a few D few答案D.析student為可數(shù)名詞。28 The teacher gave student a new book.A nobody B both C each D any答案C.析both其后的名詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)，而any用于疑問句和否定句中只有each可以修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。29 Black is neither a teacher a worker.A or B either C nor D and答案C.析neithernor為“既不也不”的固定搭配。30 Our teacher gave uson studying.A ma