1、非限定性定語從句中的關系代詞作主語作賓語作定語指人whowhomwhose/of whom指物whichwhichwhose/of which特殊情況：只能用that的情況，1. 先行詞為everything，all，little，much等不定代詞時；2. 先行詞被all，every，no，any，some，little，much，one修飾時；3. 先行詞被the only，the very，the same，the last修飾時；4. 先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時；5. 先行詞是be的表語或there be 的主語時；6. 先行詞有人又有物時；7. 當主句是以who或which開

2、頭的特殊疑問句時。不能用that的情況1. 介詞前置時；2. 非限定性定語從句中多用who，不用that的情況1. 先行詞為all，anyone，one，ones時；2. 先行詞為those，he和people時；這些詞代替指人，whom在定語從句中指人，"who"和“that”既可作主語又可作賓語（作賓語可以省略,who作賓語變為whom），that可以指人也可以指物, who不可指物 。在從句中所起作用如下：（1）Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那個想見你的男人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）（2）He is

3、the man （whom/that） I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見到的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 剛剛和你說話的那個男人是我們的英語老師。（whom在從句中作賓語）注：who在定語從句中指人，作主語和賓語，作賓語時可省略；做及物動詞或介詞的賓語，可省略。2,which，that 用來指物（有六種情況只可用that而不用which）(用作主語、賓語，作賓語時可以省略），例如：（1）The prosperity which/that ha

4、d never appeared before took on in the countryside.農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。（which/that在從句中作主語）（2）The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿那個包裹快要散開了。（which/that在從句中作賓語）注：which在定語從句中指物，可作主語或及物動詞或介詞的賓語，作賓語時可省略；that在定語從句中既可指人又可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語和表語，作賓語時可省略，指人時，相當于who或whom，指物時，相當于whi

5、ch，作介詞賓語時，介詞不可提到that前，當介詞提前時，需要用which或whom來代替。2、whose(只用作定語)“whose”表示誰（可以為人也可以為物）的（東西）例：A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.雙親都死了的孩子叫做孤兒。（“whose parents”表示那個孩子的雙親）He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那個房子的窗戶是朝南的。（“whose”表示那個房子的窗戶）關系代詞：在句中作主語、賓語或定語。1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，“which”代

6、表事物；它們在從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語可省略“that”在從句中作賓語時?？墒÷躁P系詞，“which”在從句省略。eg：This is the book （which）you want.2.如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關系代詞which的前面，但有的則放在它前面的位置。3. 代表物時的that常被省略；c）被形容詞最高級修飾時；既有人又有物時；e）整個句中前面已有“which”，“why”行關系副詞：在句中作狀語關系副詞=介詞+關系代詞why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on which（介詞同先行詞搭配）wh

7、en=during/ on/ in/1. “where”是關系副詞，當然也不用“that”引導。By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 當你到達倫敦的時候，我們在那里已經待了兩個星期。I still remember the place where I met her for the first time. 我仍然記得我第一次見到她的地方。Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessi

8、ties, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc. 他每次出差都帶著生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等其他東西。2. 當從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時，常用“there is”開頭。There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 這里有人要和你說話。分作進一步說明，通常是引導詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。4關系副詞編輯1、why

9、關系副詞why主要用于修飾表原因的名詞（主要是the reason），同時它在定語從句中用作原因狀語。如：We dont know the reason why he didnt show up. 我們不知道他為什么沒有來。She didnt tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她沒跟我講她拒絕這項工作的原因。與關系副詞when和where不同，why可以換成that或省略。如：Thats one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 這就是我請你來的原因之一。另外，與關系副詞wh

10、en和where可以引導非限制性定語從句不一樣，why只能引導限制性定語從句，不能引導非限制性定語從句。如：他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。誤：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.(同位語從句)2、when關系副詞when主要用于修飾表時間的名詞，同時它在定語從句中用作時間狀語。如：There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必須作出抉擇的時候到了。G

11、one are the days when they could do what they liked. 他們為所欲為的日子一去不復返了。Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我們將把野餐推遲到下星期，那時天氣可能會好一點。注意不要一見到先行詞為時間名詞，就以為一定要用關系副詞when來引導定語從句，同時還要看它在定語從句中充當什么成分如果在定語從句中用作時間狀語，就用when；如果在定語從句中不是用作時間狀語，而是用作主語或賓語，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：

12、Dont forget the time (that, which) Ive told you. 不要忘記我告訴你的時間。關系代詞that / which在定語從句中用作動詞told的賓語，正因為是用作賓語，所以也可以省略。3、where關系副詞where主要用于修飾表地點的名詞，同時它在定語從句中用作地點狀語。如：This is the village where he was born. 這就是他出生的村子。Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer. 這就是我們去年夏天住的旅館。Barbary was working in Aubu

13、ry, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奧伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽車去上班。與前面when的情況一樣，注意不要一見到先行詞為地點名詞，就以為一定要用關系副詞where來引導定語從句，同時還要看它在定語從句中充當什么成分如果在定語從句中用作地點狀語，就用where；如果在定語從句中不是用作地點狀語，而是用作主語或賓語，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如：He works in a factory that which makes TV sets. 他在一家電視機廠工作。5限定性編輯限定性定語從句意義：限定性定語從句對被修飾的先行詞有限定制

14、約作用，使該詞的含義更具體，更明確。限制性定語從句不能被省略，否則句意就不完整，例如I met some one who said he know you.1. 在引導限定性定語從句時，that有時相當于in which,at which,for which或on which（1）Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對白日做夢的態度正在改變，這與人們對夜間做夢的看法的變化有非常

15、相似之處。（2）I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂，而他恰恰與我相反。（3）We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了。2. 在限定性定語從句中，當關系代詞在從句中擔任動詞賓語時，關系代詞可省略。（1）The book (that/ which) I am reading is very interesting. 我在讀的書很有趣。（2）Is there anything (that) you w

16、anted? 想要什么東西嗎?6非限定性編輯非限定性定語從句意義：非限定性定語從句起補充說明作用，缺少也不會影響全句的理解。在非限制性定語從句的前面往往有逗號隔開，如（1）The house,which I bought last year,has a lovely garden.我去年買的的房子帶著個漂亮的花園。（2）This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本我已經讀過三遍的小說很感人。1.非限定性定語從句可將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾,這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數，例如：（1）He seems

17、not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。（2）Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態水變為蒸汽，這就叫做蒸發。2. 在非限定定語從句中，有時as也可用作關系代詞，若as在從句中作主語，其引導的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。例如：（1）The boy has as much progress as we had expected. 正像我們所預料的那樣，這個男孩取得了大的進步。（2） As ever

18、yone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history . 每個人都知道，中國是一個有著悠久歷史的美麗國家。3. 在非限定性定語從句中，不能用從句做主語（1）The boys ，who are playing football ，are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩們是一班的。（2）I helped an old man ，who lost his way ，yesterday . 昨天，我幫助了一個迷路的老人。7關系編輯一、先行詞和關系詞1）Whoever spits in public will be pu

19、nished here.（“Whoever”可以用“anyone who”代替）2）The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. （“what”可以用“all that”代替）但這兩句句子已經不是定語從句了，是名詞性從句。因為定語從句一定要有先行詞，而名詞性從句沒有。將“Whoever”、“what”分別用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定語從句，先行詞分別是“Anyone”、“all”。An invitation from her boss, _came as a

20、 surprise.A. itB. thatC. whichD. he答案C。a選項it，使前后成為兩個句子，中間無連詞連接，語法錯誤；b項that，此為非限定性從句，不能用“that”修飾；c選項which，which在從句中做主語，用來代指前面的這件事；d選項he；前半句中是her boss，所以不正確。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it答案BA選項不能用來引導定語從句，C選項只能引導限定性定語從句，而D選項習慣上并不適用。

21、3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. asD. it答案B“as”和“which”在引導非限賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點：（1）importance to me, as my own is.在一定的語言環境里，有些名詞可以具有形容詞的性質。這些名詞主要是那些表示人的身份、職業、狀態的名詞。值得一提的是，在這些具有形容詞性質的名詞之后，引導定語從句的關系代詞不能用“who / whom”。（2）動詞短語先行成分。這種動詞短語既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是動態動詞

22、短語，它們在從句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代動詞“do”和“as / which”一起代替?！癲o”可以出現，也可以不出現，但不能用其它動詞代替。（3）句子作先行成分。這句子可以是整個主句也可以只是主句中的一個從句。有時是連續幾個句子，有時甚至可以是一個完整的故事。二、“as/which”特殊定語從句在句中的位置。由于先行成分的構成成分”特殊定語從句在句中的位置有以下幾種情況：1. 形容詞作先行成分時：形容詞的“which”特殊定語從句置于先行成分之后。2. 動詞短語作先行成分時，“as / which”特殊定語從句置于先行成分之后。但是，當從句中含有表示主觀意志的插入成分時，“as”特殊

23、。3. 句子作先行成分時：“as”特殊定語從句的位置較靈活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引語，“as”特殊定語從句與否定詞的相對中則常用一些表示“合乎自然規律”、“眾所周知”或“經常發生”等意義的詞語，如natural, known to all, usual等。4. 有無狀語意要是方式狀語意義，而“which”特殊定語從句則無狀語意義?！癮s”特殊定四、關系代詞“as”與“which”一詞。如：Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.1). “Which”作主語時，謂語動詞不限，主動被動

24、皆可，只是謂語動詞為被動語態時助動詞“be”省略。2). “as”和“which”都可以在特殊定語從句中賓語。3). “as”和“which”在特殊從句中作補語。如：We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.“as”特殊定語從句中可以主謂倒裝，“which”從句中則不能主謂倒裝。如果先行成分不是主語補語或賓語補語，關系代詞用“which”而不用“as”。如：He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.5."as"用法：1)."as"引導

25、限制性定語從句a."such.as"He is not such a fool as he looks.I have never heard such a story as he tells.b."the same .as"This is the same book as I lost last week.(區分"the same.as"與"the same.that"：兩者都引導定語從句。that從句中說明的名詞與the same修飾的名詞是同一個。as從句中說明的名詞與the same修飾的名詞是同一類，而非同

26、一個。舉例：This is the same pen that I lost. 這支鋼筆就是我丟的那一支。This is the same pen as I lost. 這支鋼筆跟我丟的那支筆一模一樣。)c."as.as"As many children as came were given some cakes.2)."as"引導非限制性定語從句常用句式:as is said above 綜上所述as is known to all 眾所周知as is often the case 通常如此as is reported in the newspaper

27、 如報紙所報道的6. “which”在特殊從定法（1）不用that的情況（a）在引導非限定性定語從句時。（c）The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.（b）介詞后能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.（2）只能用“that”引導：如先行詞被“last,just”修飾時，只用“that”。（d）先行詞為序數詞、數容詞，又有人和物時。（f）先

28、行詞指物，在主句中作是“the way”或“the reason”時，“that”可作關系副詞，也可省略。（h）主句的主語是疑問詞“who /which”時，避免重復要用“that”舉例：Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?這是你在圖書館借的書嗎？Who that break the window should be punished誰打碎了窗戶誰該受罰。All that needed is a supply of oil.所需的是石油供應。The thief gave out everything that he had sto

29、len to the police.那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。定語從句只能“that”引導的情況：1、先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾。This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.2、先行詞是序數詞或被序數詞修飾。The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.3、先行詞是不定代詞時，如"all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、something"This is the very good dicti

30、onary that I want to buy.4.、先行詞既有人又有物時Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?5、先行詞被“only”、“the every”、“no”、“one of”、“the right"、“the same"等修飾He is the only person that l want to talk to.6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom” 引起的問句中，為避免重復，常用"that"Who is the man that

31、is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?7、“there be”句型中8、先行詞在主句中作表語，或者關系代詞本身作從句的表語時宜用“that”“that”在作賓語時可省略。（五）區分定語從句和同位語從句1、定語從句修飾先行詞，它和先行詞是修飾關系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內容，是補充說明的關系。（1）The boy who is playing football is my classmate.（定語從句）2、定語從句由關系代for advice.（3）The fact that the moon moves aro

32、und the earth is known to all.（4）The fact is that the moon moves around the earth.(這是一個表語從句?。?六)特殊的定語從句1)but也可用作關系代詞來引導定語從句，意思接近于that(who).not(這種用法已經有些陳舊）There is no tree but bears some fruit.沒有不結果實的樹。There are very few but admire his talents.很少有人不佩服他的才華。Surely there isn't a mother but faces thi

33、s problem.可以肯定，凡是母親都面臨著這個問題。2）whereby,wherein,whereupon也可以引導定語從句，相當于by which,in which,upon/on which.這種用法已經有些陳舊，且僅用于書面語。定語從句介詞+關系詞1）介詞后面的關系副詞不能省略。2）“that”前不能有介詞。3）某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關系詞"結構可以同關系副詞“when”和“where”互換。例如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過的房子。This is th

34、e house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club？ 還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎？Do you remember the day when you joined our club？二、介詞與關系代詞“介詞+關系代詞”的結構1. “介詞+ which”在關系分句中分別可作時間、地點和原因狀語，代替相應的關系副詞when, where和why。如：I still remember the day on which (= when) I first came to sc

35、hool. 我仍然記得初來學校的那一天。The factory in which (= where) I work is a large one. 我工作的工廠是一個大廠子。2. “介詞+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”在關系分句中作地點狀語，表示存在關系，關系分句主謂常須倒裝。如：They arrived at a farm house, in front of which sat a small boy. 他們來到一處農舍，前邊坐著一個小男孩。I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird. 我看見一個人，他的頭上有一只鳥。3. “不定代

36、詞或數詞+ of + which（指物）/whom（指人）”在關系分句中作主語，說明整體中的一部分。如：China has a lot of islands, one of which is Diaoyu. 中國有許多島嶼，其中之一是釣魚島。There are a lot of students here, none of whom like the film. 這里有許多學生，他們之中無人喜歡這部電影。4. “介詞+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”在關系分句中作目的、方式或地點狀語。如：Could you tell me for whom youve bought this coat

37、? 你能告訴我這件衣服是給誰買的嗎？The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer. 這人是一位工程師，我是從他那里得到這個消息的。5. “介詞+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”用于被動結構的關系分句中，作狀語，說明動作的執行者。如：The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 傷害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是一個好獵手。6. “名詞+ of which”代替“wh

38、ose +名詞”在關系分句中作定語。如：I saw some trees, the leaves of which (= whose leaves ) were black with disease. 我看見一些樹，它們的葉子因害病而發黑。He mentioned a book, the title of which (= whose title) Ive forgotten. 他提到一本書，書名我忘了。7. “介詞+ which（指物）/whose（指人）”修飾后邊的名詞。如：It rained all night and all day, during which time the shi

39、p broke into pieces. 雨下了一天一夜，就在這期間輪船撞碎了。The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps. 司機就是那個男人，她從他的房間偷走地圖。8. “介詞+ which +不定式”。此種用法多見于正文體中，相當于一個帶有主語和謂語的定語從句。如：She had only 1.87 with which to buy (= she could buy) Jim, her husband, a present. 她只有一元八角七分錢，用這些錢她給丈夫吉姆買一件禮物。分句中分別可作時間、地點和原

40、因狀語，代替相應的關系副詞when, where和why。如：The factory in which (= where) I work is a large one. 我工作的工廠是一個大廠子。Thisis the reason for which (= why )he was put in prison. 這就是他為什么被關起來的原因。三、介詞的正確選擇1. 根據后面動詞和介詞的搭配關系選擇。如：This is not the book of which the teacher spoke in class. (speak of 意為“談論”，相當于talk about)The two t

41、hings of which they felt proud were Jims gold watch and Dellas hair. (be / feel proud of 為固定短語，意為“以自豪”。)2. 根據前面的名詞的搭配關系選擇。如：Ill never forget the day on which I first met him. (表示具體的某一天，介詞用on)The boy pointed to the direction in which he would run. （“朝方向”，介詞用in）3. 有時需同時考慮動詞和介詞的搭配關系及介詞和名詞的搭配關系。如：The cl

42、ever boy made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was happening inside the house.三、介詞和關系代詞1）介詞后面的關系代詞不能省略。2）“that”前“Do you”作介詞的賓語，且可以省略。例如：（1）The school（that/which）he once studied in is very famous.“that/which”可以省略。= The school in which he once studied is very famous.“which”不可省略。（2）

43、含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of等。T This is the watch which/that I am looking for.（T=正確）F This is the watch for which I am looking.（F=錯誤）2. 若介詞放在關系代詞前，關系代詞指人時用“whom”，不可用“who”或者“that”；指物時用“which”，不能用“that”；關系代詞是所有格時用“whose”（1）The man with whom you talked is my friend.（

44、T）The man famous.（2）I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.四、關系代詞關系代詞（一般情況下）“that”可用在從句做主語，謂動詞的賓語，但是不能做介詞的賓語。“which”指物，在從句中作主語；“whom”在從句中作賓語；“why”在從句中修語，先行詞通常是“the reason”；有時“why”也可用“for+which”代替。例：A doctor who looks after people's health.主語 謂語 先行詞 定語從句修飾先行詞五、判斷介詞和關系

45、代詞方法一： 用關系代詞，還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。不及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關系副詞或者是介詞加關系代詞；而及物動詞后接賓語，則要求用關系代詞。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.判斷改錯:（錯） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（對） This is the mountain villa

46、ge (which) I visited last year.（對） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.例. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one,解析： 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。關系詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、賓語時，選擇關系代詞（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應選擇關系副詞（“where”地點狀語，“when”時間狀語，“why”原因狀語）。8從句區別編輯限定性從句和非限定性從句的區別（1）從結構上來看，限定性從句不能用逗號與先行詞分開；而非限定性從句卻必須用逗號分開。引導非限定性從句的關系代詞不能省略。例如：The clock，which my great-grandfather bought,is still