1、.非謂語動詞：過去分詞過去分詞(短語）作狀語過去分詞表示完成或被動，作狀語時，表示動作發(fā)生的背景或者情況，在意義上相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句，其省略的主語（邏輯主語）是主句的主語，且與主語之間存在被動關(guān)系。過去分詞作狀語可以表示時間、條件、方式、原因、讓步等。過去分詞的否定式是將not放在其前面。一、過去分詞作狀語時的具體用法：1) 過去分詞作時間狀語時，相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句。有時過去分詞前可加連詞when或while來強調(diào)時間概念.例：1. Asked (When he was asked) what had happened, his face turned red.當(dāng)他被問及發(fā)生了什么的時候，

2、他的臉紅了。 2. When heated (When it is heated), water changes into steam. 當(dāng)加熱時，水變成水蒸氣。 3.Told that his mother was ill（When he was told that his mother was illl), Li Lei hurried home quickly. 李蕾得知母親生病了時，馬上趕回了家。4. Seen from the moon(When it is seen from the moon) , the earth looks green. 從月亮上看時，地球是綠色。2) 過去

3、分詞作原因狀語時，相當(dāng)于一個由as, since, because等詞引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。例：1. Deeply (Because they were) moved by the movie, the children began to cry.由于被電影深深地感動，孩子們哭了起來。2. Frightened (Because she was frightened) by the horror movie, the girl didntdare to sleep alone. 因為被驚悚電影嚇壞了，這個女孩不敢單獨睡覺。3. Caught in a heavy rain (Because he

4、 was caught in a.), he was all wet.4. Satisfied with what he did (Because the teacher was satisfied with.), the teacher praised him in class. 由于老師對他所做的事情很滿意，于是在班上表揚了他。3) 過去分詞作條件狀語時，通常放在句子的前面，相當(dāng)于if,unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。例：1. Compared with you (If we are compared) , we still have a long way to go.和你們比起來，我們

5、還有很長的一段路要走。2. Grown (If these seeds are grown) in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.如果種在肥沃的土壤里，這些種子能長得很快。3. Given more time (If we were given more time), we would be able to do the work much better.4. Given a few minutes (If I am given a few minutes), Ill finish it. 再給幾分鐘的時間，我就會完成了4) 過去分詞作讓步狀語時，相

6、當(dāng)于一個以though / although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，這類分詞或分詞短語一般放在句子前面。例：1. Left (Although he was left) at home, John didntfeel afraid at all.雖然John被單獨留在房間里, 他一點都不害怕。2. Invited by him (Though I was invited by them) , I wont take part in the party.即使被邀請，我也不會參加聚會的。 3. Explained a hundred times (Although he was explained.)

7、 , he still cant understand it. 即使給他解釋一百篇，她還是不會明白。4. Trained ten hours a day (Though he was trained.), he will still be a fool. 即使每天訓(xùn)練十個小時，他也還會是個傻瓜。5) 過去分詞作狀語表方式或伴隨狀語時不用狀語從句替換，但可以改寫成并列句。 例：1.She walked out of the house, (and she was) followed by her little daughter.她走出房子，后面跟著她小女兒。 2. (She was) Dress

8、ed in white, (and) she looked really pretty. 穿著白衣服，她看起來確實很美。3. She sat by the window, (and shewas ) lost in thought.二、過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的區(qū)別：1) 過去分詞表完成、被動，與主句的主語之間是被動關(guān)系；現(xiàn)在分詞表進行、主動，與主句的主語之間是主動關(guān)系。試比較：Following the old man, we went upstairs. 跟著那個老人, 我們上了樓。= We followed the old man, and we went upstairs.Follow

9、ed by the old man, we went upstairs. 我們上了樓, 后面跟著那個老人。= We were followed by the old man, and we went upstairs.Seen from the top, the stadium looks like a bird nest. 從上面看,體育場好像一個鳥巢。Seeing from space, the astronaut can not discover the Great Wall. 從太空看,宇航員看不到長城。2) 若分詞主語與句中主語不一致，則可以用其他方法來修正。用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)等.

10、改為相應(yīng)的狀語從句來表達。給分詞添加自己的主語，構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)改變語態(tài)。例如：完成作業(yè)后，孩子們出去踢足球了。Finished their homework, the children went out to play football. ()Their homework finished, the children went out to play football. (獨立主格)Having finished their homework, the children went out to play football. (現(xiàn)在分詞完成形式)With their homework fini

11、shed(表時間), the children went out to play football. (with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))After finishing their homework, the children went out to play football. (介詞+動名詞)例如：當(dāng)他過馬路時，一輛車撞到了他。誤：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.誤：Crossed the road, he was knocked down by a car.正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a c

12、ar. 過馬路時他被車撞倒了。正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他過馬路時車子把他撞倒了。注意：分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的由來解決狀語分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的問題，也可在分詞前加一個名詞或代詞，使之成為分詞的邏輯主語。由于加在分詞前的名詞或代詞要用主格形式，例：He crossing the road, a car knocked him down. The job finished, we went home. 工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。The weather being fine, we went swimmi

13、ng. 天氣很好，我們就去游泳了。He being absent, nothing couldnt be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。誤：Barking madly，I led the dog out. 正：The dog barking madly, I led it out.正：Barking madly，the dog was let out by me. 正：Becuase the dog was barkling madly, I led it out.正：With the dog barking madly, I led it out. 三、有些過去分詞因源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)，

14、已經(jīng)被形容詞化。故作狀語時不表被動而表主動，表示人的狀態(tài)。get lost; be lost in（沉溺于)； be seated; be compared with be dressed in; be born; be tired of (厭煩); be tired from be worried about(表狀態(tài))be interested in; be moved by; be disappointed at; be surprised at四、選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是主句的主語發(fā)出，分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。Used for a long

15、 time, the book looks old.Using the book, I find it useful. Looking at her, he jumped with joy. Looked at by her, he jumped with joy.五、正如第四點所說，不論是動詞不定式作狀語、-ing分詞做狀語，還是動詞的過去分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語必須是句子的主語。但是，有一些非謂語動詞短語已經(jīng)游離出來，成為單獨的短語，在句子中作狀語。如：(1) exactly / honestly / frankly / generally speaking, 準(zhǔn)確地說不過去/ 老實地說 /

16、 坦率地說 / 一般說來。例：1. Exactly speaking, he got here at eight fourteen this morning. 準(zhǔn)確地說，今天早晨他是十八點十四分來到這里的。2. Generally speaking, a snake wont attack a man unless it is bothered. 一般說來，蛇是不會攻擊人的除非你冒犯了它。(2) judging from / by. 從 / 根據(jù)某東西判斷例：1. Judging by his accent, he is from Hunan. 從他的口音來判斷，他是湖南人。2. Judgin

17、g from what he said, he is very honest. 從他所說的話來判斷，它是很誠實的。(3) providing / provided 假如 / 如果例：1. Providing he follows our advice, we can help him. 要是他按我們的建議去做，我們就能幫助他。2. Provided he is free, he is sure to come. 如果他有空，他肯定會來。(4) considering. 考慮到例：1. Considering he was just a little boy, we didnt punish h

18、im. 考慮到他還只是一個小孩，我們就沒有懲罰他了。2. Considering it was late, we didnt discuss the question. 考慮到時間不早了，我們就沒有討論這個問題了。(5) thinking of. 想到 / 考慮到例：Thinking of the environment we live in, the waste cant be thrown away around directly. 考慮到我們所生存的環(huán)境，廢物不能直接到處亂扔。(6) talking of. 談到 / 說到例：Talking of math, he became exci

19、ted. 談到數(shù)學(xué)，他就興奮起來了。此外，還有短語：o consideration 把某事考慮進去；calculating roughly, 粗略地計算；supposing. 假定；to tell you the truth 實話告訴你；to be frank 坦白地說；to begin with 首先要做的是；so to speak 可以這么說；taken as a whole 從整體上來看；put frankly, 坦率地說；given that 鑒于等。. v.Ilearn過去分詞：作狀語練習(xí)Multiple Choices （Given a lever, anyon

20、e can move the earth with it. )1. _ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. A.TranslatingB. TranslatedC. To translateD. Having translated2. _ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.A. GivingB. Having givenC. To giveD. Given3. _ an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous. A. OfferB. OfferingC. OfferedD. To offer4. _ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. A. Being bittenB. BittenC. Having bitten