1、 獨立主格結構講解一、獨立主格結構的概念獨立主格結構（Absolute Structure）是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構成的一種獨立結構，用于修飾整個句子。獨立主格結構中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞等構成邏輯上的主謂關系。這種結構與主句不發生句法上的聯系，它的位置相當靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號將其與主句分開。需特別注意的是，獨立主格結構與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。二、獨立主格結構基本構成形式名詞(代詞)+（形容詞；副詞；介詞短語；動詞ing形式；不定式；過去分詞；名詞；）1. 名詞(代詞)+形容詞 An air accident happened to the plane,nob

2、ody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。 The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse 特洛伊人睡著了，于是希臘士兵從中空的木馬里悄悄爬了出來。Computers very small, we can use them widely. 電腦雖小，我們卻能廣泛地利用它們。2.名詞(代詞)+副詞He put on his sweater

3、 ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束，他們就都回家了。 The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散會了，校長很快就離開了會議室。The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 燈熄了，我們不能繼續工作了。3.名詞(代詞) +介詞短語The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。 Mary was

4、 sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。 4.名詞(代詞)+ 動詞ing形式The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。There being no bus, we ha

5、d to walk home. 由于沒有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。5. 名詞(代詞)+不定式在“名詞/代詞+動詞不定式”結構中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如果存在著邏輯上的主謂關系，動詞不定式則用主動的形式；如果是動賓關系，則用被動形式。He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一個回了家，一個去了書

6、店。 The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 種上許多的樹、花和草后，我們新建的學校看上去將更美。6. 名詞(代詞)+過去分詞The problems solved(= As the problems were solve

7、d), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質量已經提高了。 Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。He was listening attentiv

8、ely in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。7. 名詞(代詞)+名詞His first shot failure，he fired again他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 兩百人死于事故，其中有許多兒童。8.其他形式 There being +名詞（代詞）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 Th

9、ere being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。 It being +名詞（代詞）如：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節的緣故，政府機關都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。 三、with，without 引導的獨立主格結構with ( without)+賓語（名詞/代詞）+賓語補足語，賓語通常由名詞或代詞充

10、當，但代詞一定要用賓格。上文的獨立主格結構的幾種情況都適用于此結構。with結構的構成 它是由介詞with或without+復合結構構成，復合結構作介詞with或without的復合賓語，復合賓語中第一部分賓語由名詞或代詞充當，第二部分補足語由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式或分詞充當，分詞可以是現在分詞，也可以是過去分詞。With結構構成方式如下： 1. with或without-名詞/代詞+形容詞； 2. with或without-名詞/代詞+副詞； 3. with或without-名詞/代詞+介詞短語； 4. with或without-名詞/代詞 +動詞不定式； 5. with或wit

11、hout-名詞/代詞 +動詞ing形式。6. with或without-名詞/代詞 +過去分詞。 下面分別舉例： 1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名詞+形容詞，作伴隨狀語） 2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名詞+副詞，作時間狀語） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名詞+介詞短語，作伴隨狀語。） The teacher ent

12、ered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名詞+不定式，作伴隨狀語） He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代詞 +不定式，作條件狀語） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名詞+現在分詞 ，作伴隨狀語）二、with結構的用法 在句子

13、中with結構多數充當狀語，表示時間、條件、原因(前)方式，伴隨（后）情況。1、She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名詞+形容詞，作伴隨狀語） 2、With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名詞+副詞，作時間狀語） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名詞+介詞短語，作伴隨狀語。） The teacher entered the classroom wi

14、th a book in his hand. She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含著淚，離開了辦公室。4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名詞+不定式，作伴隨狀語） He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代詞 +不定式，作條件狀語） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.

15、（with+名詞+現在分詞 ，作伴隨狀語） Without anything left in the cupboard， shewent out to get something to eat.（without+代詞+過去分詞，作為原因狀語）6.He was covered with a national flag with his face exposed.一面國旗蓋在他身上，臉露在外面。表示伴隨狀況7.With his key lost, he couldn't get into the office.由于鑰匙丟了，他進不了辦公室。表示原因8.With the weather ch

16、anged, we decided to put off the sports meet.由于天氣變化，我們決定推遲舉行運動會.表示原因9. The children began to watch TV with the homework done.孩子們完成作業以后開始看電視。表示時間11.The meeting was over with the problem settled.問題解決以后，會議結束了。表示時間12.Id like to see the new film with time permitting.如果時間許可，我想看那部新電影。表示條件13.We will have an

17、 outing tomorrow with weather fine.如果明天天氣好的話，我們要去郊游。表示條件14.The battle ended with the enemy defeated.戰斗結束了，敵人被打敗了。表示結果15.They have finished the peace talks with the agreements reached.他們結束了和談，達成了協議。表示結果 .With結構在句中也可以作定語。例如： 1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs. 2.From space the earth looks like a

18、huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water. 3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.4.She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides.她看到一條兩岸長著紅花、綠草的小溪。5.The woman with a baby in her arms is Tom”s aunt.抱著小孩的那位婦女是湯姆的姑姑

19、。6.The city lies in a valley with high mountains around it.這位城市位于一個由高山環抱的山谷中。7.Any man with eyes in his head can see that he”s exactly like a rope.任何頭上長了眼睛的人都會看出他十足像一條繩子三、 with結構的特點 1. with結構由介詞with或without+復合結構構成。復合結構中第一部分與第二部分語法上是賓語和賓語補足語關系，而在邏輯上，卻具有主謂關系，也就是說，可以用第一部分作主語，第二部分作謂語，構成一個句子。例如： With him

20、 taken care of，we felt quite relieved.（欣慰）（He was taken good care of.） She fell asleep with the light burning. （The light was burning.） With her hair gone，there could be no use for them. （Her hair was gone.） 2. 在with結構中，第一部分為人稱代詞時，則該用賓格代詞。例如： He could not finish it without me to help him. 幾點說明： with

21、結構在句子中的位置： with 結構在句中作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因時一般放在句子前面，并用逗號與句子分開；表示方式和伴隨狀況時一般放在句子后面，不用逗號分開。若with結構作定語，則放在所修飾的名詞之后，一般不用逗號隔開。 2. with結構作狀語時，不定式、現在分詞 、和過去分詞的區別： 在with結構中，不定式、現在分詞作賓補，表示主動，但是不定式表示將要發生的動作，而現在分詞表示正在發生或發生了的動作；過去分詞表示被動或完成。 例如： With the boy leading the way，we found he house easily.（小男孩已領過路） With the bo

22、y to lead the way，we will find the house easily tomorrow.（小男孩明天將領路） He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.（寢室被關著）The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。（without +名詞/代詞+動詞的-ing形式）Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。（with

23、out+名詞/代詞+動詞的-ed形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。（with+名詞/代詞+動詞不定式）The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父親在前，小孩在后走著。（with+名詞/代詞+副詞）He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。（with

24、+名詞/代詞+介詞短語） With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. 由于兒子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快樂。（with+名詞/代詞+形容詞）在with (without) 的復合結構中，多數情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。with結構可以作定語，獨立主格結構則不能；獨立主格結構通常在句中作狀語，但也可以作主語，而with結構則不能。 獨立主格在口語中不常用，往往由一個從句代替，而with結構較口語化，較常用。例如： There were rows of white houses with trees i

25、n front of them.（"with+復合賓語"結構，在句中作定語） A strong man working a whole day could not jump this high.（名詞+現在分詞構成的獨立主格結構，作主語） The boy said，turning to the man，his eyes opened wide and his hand raised.（獨立主格結構，表示伴隨狀況或行為方式，作狀語） Then last night，I followed him here，and climbed in，sword in hand.（名詞+介詞短

26、語構成的獨立主格結構，作狀語，表示伴隨情況）四、獨立主格結構的句法功能獨立主格結構在句中一般作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等，相當于一個狀語從句或并列句。 1.用作時間狀語The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。 2.用作條件狀語Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。Such being the

27、 case，you have no grounds for dismissing him如果情況如此的話，你沒有理由解聘他。3.用作原因狀語The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那個男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important l

28、ecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 4.用作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。 5.表示補充說明We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們

29、加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。 Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十個學生報名參加了這次競賽，年紀最小的是個12歲的男孩。*注：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當于一個并列句，通常放于句末。 五、獨立主格結構注意事項1. 獨立主格結構多用于書面語，尤其是描述性語言中，在口語和非正式文體中，一般用從句或兩個句子來代替。獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在，名詞或代詞與后面的分詞等邏輯上是主謂關系，

30、獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。2. 動詞不定式表示動作沒有發生或即將發生，動詞-ed形式表示動作已經結束，動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 經理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經理本人來處理，用不定式to settle，表示將來的時間）The manager looks relaxed, m

31、any things settled. 許多事情已經處理好了，經理看上去很輕松。（事情已經處理好了，用過去分詞settled表示動作已經結束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個動作同時進行）3. 獨立主格結構介詞使用的問題 當介詞是in時，其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用復數。但 with 的復合結構不受此限制。A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)劫匪手里拿著刀闖進房間。當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主

32、語時，及物動詞用現在分詞，不及物動詞用過去分詞。He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那兒，牙關緊閉，雙拳緊握，兩眼直視上方。4. 獨立主格結構與獨立成分的異同有些分詞短語可以獨立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，作為習慣用法。這些短語有：Generally speaking （總的說來），Frankly speaking （坦率地說），Judging from （從判斷），Supposing （假設），等等。Generally speaking, the rule is

33、 very easy to understand. 總的說來，這條規則很容易懂。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所說的來判斷，他一定是一個誠實的人。有些固定短語是帶 to 的不定式，表明說話人的立場或態度，在句中作獨立成分。這些短語有：to be honest（老實說），to be sure （確實），to tell you the truth （說實話），to cut a long story short （長話短說），to be frank （坦率地說），to make matters / things wors

34、e （更糟糕的是），等等。To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 說實話，我犯了一個拼寫錯誤。To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情況更糟的是，許多男人都去城市找工資較高的工作，而留下附近村莊的婦女來繼續承擔修復工作。5獨立主格結構與分詞短語都可以轉換為

35、狀語從句。但是獨立主格結構轉換為狀語從句后，它有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉換為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語一致。If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 轉換為：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果時間允許,我們最好周末去度假。When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.轉換為：Seeing from the h

36、illtop, we can find the city more beautiful. 從山頂上看，我們發現這個城市更美了。還必須注意，分詞結構的邏輯主語并不總是和主句的主語一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷，花費了警察很長一段時間。（Searching短語的邏輯主語是主句中的policemen）注意事項1.獨立主格與狀語從句的轉換當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：

37、After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后，學生很快離開了課室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。 (2)在There being+名詞的結構中。如：There being no bus, we ha

38、d to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。 3. 在“名詞（或代詞）+介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走進了課室，手里拿著一本書。比較with的復合結構。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會。(比較動名詞復合結構。) 示例請看下面一道題： Not far