1、;.Brief Introduction to Translation I. Brief history of translation in ChinaII. The nature of translationIII. Translators qualificationsSession 2;.Brief history of translation in ChinaFour important periods of translation in China1. East Han Dynasty Tang Dynasty2. Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty 3. May 4t

2、h Movement the 1950s 4. the 1980s -;.Major Works Translated for each period1st period: Sanskrit Buddhist Scripture2nd period: Science & technology; social sciences and literature 3rd period: Literature; social sciences4th period: Social sciences; Literature ;.Major Translators for each period 1s

3、t period: 1st translators:安世高， 支謙，道安; Four outstanding translators: Indian scholars: 鳩摩羅什(Kumarajiva)，真諦(Paramartha); 玄奘，義凈/不空.2nd period:徐光啟,利瑪竇； 嚴(yán)復(fù)， 林紓， 梁?jiǎn)⒊K曼殊，伍光鍵3rd period:魯迅， 郭沫若，茅盾，張谷若，朱生豪，傅東華，錢鐘書, 懂秋斯，傅雷4th period:楊憲益，戴乃迭，許淵沖，張培基等 ;.Specific works translated: examples2nd period: 徐光啟: 幾何原本；嚴(yán)復(fù)

4、: 天演論(Evolution and Ethics) ; 林紓: 巴黎茶花女遺事(La Dame aux Camelia by Alexander Dumas fils.) Lin Shu (translated 156/185 literary works). 3rd period:張谷若: 還鄉(xiāng)(The Return of the Natives),苔絲Tess of the Durbervilles朱生豪: 31 Plays by Shakespeare傅東華: Gone with the Wind傅雷: 高老頭 ,追憶逝水年華(A La Cherche du Temps Perdu)

5、 4th period: many foreign literary works into Chinese. Chinese literary works into English. 楊憲益，戴乃迭，Chinese classics translation e.g. A Dream of Red Mansion, 許淵沖, Chinese poetry translation. 張培基, modern Chinese prose translation. ;.Features of translation in each period(1)1st period: Translation met

6、hod: Literal translation is advocated and preferred. Translation theory: 支謙在法句經(jīng)序中提出“因循本旨，不加文飾” 。道安：案本而傳(convey as the original says)； 提出“五失本，三不易”five deviations from the original; three difficulties)玄奘: 五不翻(transliteration in five cases)彥琮: 八備( eight conditions for translators)2nd period: many forei

7、gn literary works were translated into classic Chinese. Rewriting characterizes the translations. ;.Features of translation in each period(2)3rd period: Most translators tend to translate liberally.Lu Xun put forward the standard of faithfulness rather than smoothness. Zhu Shenghao argues that the t

8、ranslator should keep the flavor and spirit of the original. Fu Lei puts forth the standard of shengshi.Qian Zhongshu puts forth huajing ;.Features of translation in each period(3)Many translation theorists such as Nida, Catford, Peter Newmark have become familiar to Chinese scholars and other reade

9、rs. Many schools of translation theory have been introduced to China. ;.I. The nature of translationTwo statements about the nature of translation: 1.Translation is a cross-lingual , cross-cultural and communicative activity 1).cross-lingual: between two different languages. 2).cross-cultural: A lan

10、guage is the carrier and expression of the culture. 金雞電影節(jié)金雞電影節(jié); 玉皇大帝玉皇大帝; God; Satan; afterlife He is as stubborn as a mule.Two examples about culture in literary translation 3). Communicative activitySource text writer-translator- target reader2.Translation is a science, an art, and a craft.;.Two e

11、xamples about culture in literary translation1. “一肚皮的酒，幾乎全化成酸醋” (-圍城) “The wine in Hsin-meis stomach turned to sour vinegar in his jealousy.” (Fortress Besieged )C.f. His heavy consumption of alcohol burning through his veins inflamed him with jealousy.He was filled with jealousy fuelled by drinking

12、 a large dose of alcohol.He experienced such a burning sensation of jealousy after consuming too much alcohol.;.2. 圍城中孫柔嘉嫌丈夫方鴻漸不知好歹，竟然對(duì)她姑姑給找的工作不感興趣，怒斥他道：“你不要飯碗，飯碗不會(huì)發(fā)霉”譯文如下：If you dont want the rice bowl, it wont get moldy. C.f. If you can manage without bread and butter, who cares?If you want to qua

13、rrel with your bread and butter, I wont stop you.If you refuse to earn your bread and butter, its your damn problem.If you dont earn want bread and butter, they wont become stale.If you dont care about a meal ticket, plenty of others will.If you throw away a meal ticket, someone else will pick it up

14、.;.translation is an art:some examplesHe had left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face.他留下一封短信， 對(duì)我表示歡迎，那信寫得熱情洋溢，一如其人。;.Translation is a craft: examplesUniversity applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.報(bào)考大學(xué)的人，有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的優(yōu)先錄取;.one definition of translat

15、ionTranslation is a cross-lingual and cross-cultural communicative activity. It reproduces the message of the source text into the message of the target text to make the target reader understand what the source text is about. ;.Passage Example for Translation is an art and a craftTips for comprehens

16、ion:This passage is an essay. The difficulty of its translation does not lie in its comprehension but in its expressing in Chinese. The translation should be readable like a Chinese essay.;.Food for ThoughtThere are moments in life when you miss someone so much that you just want to pick them from y

17、our dreams and hug them for real!When the door of happiness closes, another opens, but often times we look so long at the closed door that we dont see the one which has been opened for us.Dont go for looks; they can deceive. Dont go for wealth; even that fades away. Go for someone who makes you smil

18、e because it takes only a smile to make a dark day seem bright. Find the one that makes your heart smile.;.Food for Thought生命中有多少這樣的時(shí)刻，我們對(duì)一個(gè)人朝思暮想，只想一把把她從夢(mèng)中拉出來，擁她人懷!一扇通往幸福的門關(guān)閉了，另一扇通往幸福的門會(huì)打開。可有多少次啊，我們徘徊在那扇關(guān)閉的門前，卻忽略了那扇早已為我們開啟的新的幸福之門。不要以貌取人，花容月貌也許會(huì)欺騙你;不要追逐錢財(cái)，錢財(cái)會(huì)消蝕枯竭;去尋找那個(gè)讓你笑口常開的人吧，一個(gè)微笑就可以使郁悶的日子云開霧散，風(fēng)和日麗

19、;去追尋那個(gè)令你心靈愉悅的人吧。;.Food for ThoughtDream what you want to dream; go where you want to go; be what you want to be, because you have only one life and one chance to do all the things you want to do.May you have enough happiness to make you sweet, enough trials to make you strong, enough sorrow to keep

20、you human, enough hope to make you happy.The happiest people don t necessarily have the best of everything; they just make the most of everything that comes along their way.;.Food for Thought做你想做的夢(mèng)，去你想去的地方，走你想走的路，因?yàn)樵谶@單程的生命旅途中，我們僅有一次機(jī)會(huì)來做我們想做的事情。愿你與幸福永伴，親切可愛;愿你歷經(jīng)磨難，堅(jiān)韌不拔;愿你痛徹心肺，懂得同情;愿你滿懷希望，天天快樂。世界上最幸福的

21、人并不一定要擁有一切最好的東西，他們只是最充分利用、珍惜了他們生命中的一切;.Food for ThoughtLove begins with a smile, grows with a kiss and ends with a tear.The brightest future will always be based on a forgotten past, you can t go on well in life until you let go of your past failures and heartaches.When you were born, you were cryin

22、g and everyone around you was smiling. Live your life so that when you die, you re the one who is smiling and everyone around you is crying. ;.Food for Thought愛始于微笑，育于親吻，凋于流淚。我們最亮麗的未來扎根于我們對(duì)過去的遺忘，只有對(duì)曾經(jīng)的失敗與挫折不再耿耿于懷，生命才會(huì)變得更加美好。當(dāng)你呱呱落地，啼哭不已時(shí)，周圍的人卻笑逐顏開;要認(rèn)真地生活，只有這樣，當(dāng)你走到生命盡頭時(shí)，你才會(huì)含笑而眠而周圍的人卻會(huì)痛哭不已。 ;. Translat

23、ion is a craft: example The Beauty of Britain （1）I suspect that we are always, faintly conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island, with the sea always round the corner. （2）We know that everything has to be neatly packed into a small space. （3）Nature, we feel, has carefully adjusted things-mountains, plains, rivers, lakes-to the scale of the island itself. （4）A mountain 12,000 feet high would be a horrible monster he