1、概括大意完成句子練習題概括大意完成句子第一篇 Heartbeat of America1New Yorkthe Statue of Liberty, the skyscrapers, the beautiful shops on Fifth Avenue and the many theaters on Broadway. This is Americas cultural capital. It is also her biggest city, with a population of nearly 8 million. In the summer it is hot, hot, hot

2、and in the winter it can be very cold. Still there are hundreds of things to do and see all the year round.2Manhattan is the real center of the city. When people say “New York City,” they usually mean Manhattan. Most of the interesting shops, buildings and museums are here. In addition, Manhattan is

3、 the scene of New Yorks busy nightlife. In 1605 the first Europeans came to Manhattan from Holland. They bought the island from the Native Americans for a few glass necklaces worth about $26 today.3Wall Street in Manhattan is the financial heart of the USA. It is also the most important banking cent

4、er in the world. It is a street of “skyscrapers.” These are those incredible, high buildings, which Americans invented, and built faster and higher than anyone else. Perhaps the two most spectacular skyscrapers in New York are the two towers of the New York World Trade Center. When the sun sets, the

5、ir 110 floors shine like pure gold.4Like every big city, New York has its own traffic system. Traffic jams can be terrible. Its usually quickest to go by subway. The New York subway is easy to use and quite cheap. The subway goes to almost every corner of Manhattan. But it is not safe to take the su

6、bway late at night because in some places you could get robbed. New York buses are also easy to use. You see more if you go by bus. There are more than 30,000 taxis in New York. They are easy to see, because they are bright yellow and carry large TAXI signs. Taxis do not go outside the city. However

7、, they will go to the airports. In addition to the taxi fare, people give the taxi driver a tip of 15 percent of the fares value.5Central park is a beautiful green oasis in the middle of New Yorks concrete desert. It is surprisingly big, with lakes and woods, as well as organized recreation areas. N

8、ew Yorkers love Central park, and they use it all the time. In the winter, they go ice-skating, and in the summer roller-skating. They play ball, ride horses and have picnics. They go bicycling and boating. There is even a childrens zoo, with wild birds and animals.6Along the east side of Central Pa

9、rk runs Fifth Avenue, once called “Millionaires Row.” In the 19th century, he richest men in America built their magnificent homes here. It is still the most fashionable street in the city, with famous department stores.7Broadway is the street where you will find New Yorks best-known theaters. But a

10、way from the bright lights and elegant clothes of Broadway are many smaller theaters. Their plays are called “off-Broad-way” and are often more unusual than the Broadway shows. As well as many theaters, New York has a famous opera house. This is the Metropolitan, where international stars sing from

11、September until April. Carnegie Hall is the citys more popular concert hall. But nightlife in New York offers more than classical music and theater. There are hundreds of nightclubs where people go to eat and dance.1. Paragraph3¬_2. Paragraph4_3. Paragraph5_4. Paragraph6_第二篇 Intelligence: a Cha

12、nged View1.Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity, some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements. Its value therefore, was as a predictor of childrens future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex t

13、asks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious. Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age; and at 11 these tests were superior to

14、 measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education.2.Today, we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years, research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself. There is

15、 considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more

16、fortunate classmates.3.There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence. Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating he environment. We cannot observe and measure innate intell

17、igence, whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment. Researches have been investigating what happens in this interaction.4.Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly, t

18、he greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological as

19、pects of the parent-child relationship. Much of the difference in measured intelligence between “privileged” and “disadvantaged” children may be due to the latters lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences.5.These research findings have led to a revision

20、in our understanding of the nature of intelligence. Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of he mind, we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and, indeed, one of hem is learning how to learn.6.The mod

21、ern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. In one respect a change is already occurring. With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes, fewer children will be given the label “low IQ” which must inevita

22、bly condemn a child in his own, if not societys eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people.1.It was once believed , and thus we can tell now successful he/she will be in he future accord

23、ing to his/her intelligence.2. More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited ¬¬¬¬¬¬ .3.It can be inferred from the passage that a child will if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language.4. Children were not j

24、ust, but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school.第三篇 Caring for the Old1.The old do not have to look exclusively to the past. Relieved of some of lifes responsibilities and fortified by many years of experience and knowledge，they may have a much better idea of how to spend their time enj

25、oyably than they did in their youth. And not all enjoyment is restricted to the mental or philosophical. Healthy physical activity remains quite possible for most of us well into our later years.2.Old people sometimes display surprising freedom and forthrightness in the expression of their thoughts

26、and feelings，and an ability to transmit affection. It is as though some of the rituals which constrict us in earlier life fall away.3.But a higher percentage of people suffer from emotional distress in old age than at any other time in adult life，and the gap between need and care is often filled by

27、dubious measures，such as heavy-handed prescription of medicine. For many years it was assumed that old people were not appropriate candidates for psychotherapy. But a few clinicians have risen to the challenge and discovered that individual and group psychotherapy is just as effective with the old a

28、s with the young.4.It is easy to understand why an earthquake causes terror. Yet in old age there may be terror of a very private nature，a sense of disintegration sometimes stemming from inner conflicts，sometimes from a premonition of death or the fear of becoming dependent.5.Dependency is a grim ch

29、oice: insecurity and deprivation must be weighed against loss of autonomy and integrity. But if there is nothing shameful about the dependency of a baby or a young child，there should be nothings shameful about the dependencies natural with old age and diminishing physical resources.6.The complexity

30、and impersonality of the bureaucratic establishments，which have the means to provide help，are often threatening to old people. The younger generation today，on the other hand，will have had many decades to interact with “the system” by the time they reach old age.7.Many of us，including healthcare prov

31、iders，assume that we know what old people and dying people want，but our assumptions are often a reflection of our own thoughts and feelings based on personal interpretations of scanty bits of observation. Such assumptions are really an excuse to avoid close contact with the terminally ill. Assuming

32、we “know” what they want，we absolve ourselves from being with them，and sharing their thoughts about the end of life.1.Paragraph1 _.2.Paragraph2 _.3.Paragraph3 _.4.Paragraph5 _. A Knowing better how to enjoy life B Freedom in expressionC Psychotherapy effective with some of the old D Period of greate

33、r emotional distress E Dependency: a grim choice F Guiltless dependency5.Old people may well be active _.6.Older people sometimes know better _.7.It is all very natural _.8.We often think that we know the feeling of a dying person， _.第四篇 Why Does Food Cost So Much?3. But farmers claim that this incr

34、ease was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers，meat packers，manufacturers of packages and

35、other food containers，and the owners of stores where food is sold. They are among the “middlemen” who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?4. Of the 1,311 family food bill in 1972，middlemen received 790，which was 33

36、per cent more than they had received in1959.It appears that the middlemens profit has increased more than farmers. But some economists claim that the middlemans actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank，the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to

37、 less than one per cent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent. By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices.5. Who then is actually responsible

38、for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives，but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food c

39、osts more now because women dont want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market.6. Vegetables and Chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to

40、pay more when several “TV dinners” are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals，Consisting of meat，vegetables，and sometimes desert，all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. Thus，a

41、s economists point out: “Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods，which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processors plant.”1.Paragraph3 _.2.Paragraph4 _.3.Paragraph5 _.

42、4.Paragraph6 _. A The Cost of ConvenienceB A Surprising Answer Given by the Economists C The Effect of InflationD Middlemens Limited Share in the Additional ProfitE Farmers Denial Of Increased Profit F Housewives Need to Find Jobs5.Many people agree that food prices have increased sharply but they h

43、ave failed _.6.The Farmers have not been benefited very much. _.7.Housewives have to pay for the time they save _.8.The economists have come to the conclusion that the cause of increased food prices lies in _.第五篇The Mir Space Station1. The Russian Mir Space Station，which came down in2001at last afte

44、r15years of pioneering the concept of long-term human space flight，is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space.2. During Mirs lifetime，Russia spent about US$4.2 billion to build and maintain the station.3. The Soviet Union lau

45、nched Mir，which was designed to last from three to give years on February 20，1986，and housed104astronauts over 13 years and seven months，most whom were not Russian. In fact，it became the first international space station by playing host to 62 people from 11 countries.From1995 through1998，seven astro

46、nauts from the United States took burns living on Mir for up to six months each. They were among the 37Americans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuttles.4. The more than400million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only kept Mir operating，but also gave the

47、Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations.5. A debate continues over Mirs contributions to science. During its existence，Mir was the laboratory for23，000experiments and carried scientific equipment，estimated

48、 to be worth 80 million，from many nations. Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings，from the first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in space. But for those favouring human space exploration，Mir showed that people could live and work

49、in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from1994 to1995. And Sergie Avdeyev accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest American stay was that of Shannon Lucid

50、，who spent188days aboard Mir in1996.6. Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished，1997was a bad year out of15for Mir.In1997，an oxygen generator caught fire. Later，the main computer system broke down，causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures.7. Most of these problems were

51、 repaired，with American help and suppliers，but Mirs reputation as a space station was ruined.8. Mirs setbacks are nothing，thought，when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mir was a tremendous success，which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the space station that showed

52、 long-term human habitation in space was possible. But its time to move on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better，but it owes a great debt to Mir.1.Paragraph 4 _.2.Paragraph 5 _.3.Paragraph 6 _.4.Paragraph 8 _. A Undeniable Mirs achievementsB Rewards follo

53、wing the U.S. financial injection C Mirs problem yearD Mir regarded as a complete failureE Mirs firsts in scientific experiments and space explorationF A great debt owned to the International Space Station5.Mir enhanced the confidence in the scientists that humans living in space for a long time was

54、 _.6.In Mir，the U.S. astronauts created _.7.When we think of Mir in terms of its achievements，its setbacks are _.8.The writer tend to think that Mir was _.第六篇 Screen Test1.Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disea

55、se can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.2.But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because th

56、e radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.3.Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating he

57、 womens cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.4.The mathematical model recommended by Britains National Radiological protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figur