1、abstractthis paper focuses on the development of an energy efficent street lighting remote management system making use of low-rate wireless personal area networks and the digital addressable lighting interface (dali) protocol to get a duplex communication, necessary for checking lamp parameters lik

2、e lamp status, current level ,etc.because of the fact that two thirds of the installed street lighting systems use old and inefficient technologies there exists a huge potential to renew the street lighting and save in the energy consumption. the proposed system uses dali protocol in street lighting

3、 increasing the maximum number of slave devices (ballasts) that can be controlled with dali-originally it can only have 64 ballasts. some aspects regarding the lighting control protocol and the communication system are discussed, presenting experimental results obtained from several tests.introducti

4、ontwo thirds of the current installed street lighting systems still use very old and inefficient technologies, that is , there exists a huge potential to renew the existing street lighting and save in the energy consumption1. it is estimated that nearly the 5% of the energy used in lighting applicat

5、ions is consumed by the street lighting, being the most important energy regarding the energy usage in a city . new industrial approaches have been develop recently in order to achieve an efficient lighting, which can be summarized in improvements in lamps' technology and electronic ballasts, so

6、ft start systems, noiseless performance and lighting automatisms. saving energy in street lighting can be achieved with two methods,by controlling the light duration or by dimming. there also exist remote management systems that allow the user to keep an individual remote control and monitorization

7、of every single lamp. by making use of these systems the operator can monitor the main parameters of any light point from a central or mobile unit. the obtained data are ready for processing, allowing the reckoning of statistical consumption, lamp status, voltages, anomalies,ect,decreasing the mean

8、time to repair. another interesting parameter could be the arc voltage level, which can mean the change of a corrective or preventive maintenance to a predictive one, saving money in the maintenance cost.in order to have an optimum control, the remote management system should allow a duplex or half/

9、duplex communication between the user and the ballast; otherwise we could not know the lighting status. the management system is implemented using a communication system and a lighting control protocol. the communication system can be wired,such as ethernet, optical fiber and power line carrier(plc)

10、 or wireless. among the last group we have gsm/gprs, rf,wifi,wimax,ieee802.15.4 and zigbee have brought about the boom of wireless sensor networks(wsns).a comprehensive study of the state of the art of wsns and both standards can be found in 2 and 3.a wsn consists of tiny sensor nodes, sink nodes, a

11、n information transport network and personal computers. usually, wsn architecture consists of three layers, the physical layer, the mac layer and the application layer. the ieee802.15.4 standard deals with low-rate wireless personal area networks(lr-wpan); its aim is to standardize the two lower lay

12、ers of osi protocol stack, i.e.physical layer and medium access control layer. it only considers star and peer-to-peer network topologies. on the other hand , zigbee defines the upper layers, network and application layers, its main contribution is to provide the ability of forming cluster,tree and

13、mesh network topologies to ieee802.15.4 applicationsas regards the lighting control protocol, it can be chosen between an open protocol,like tcp/ip , bacnet, dmx512,lonworks,x-10, 0-10 v or dali, or proprietary.dali stands for digital addressable lighting interface, it was defined by annex e.4 of ie

14、c 60929 as a digital signal controller for tubular fluorescent lamp ballasts' control interface and modified by iec 62386, which also integrates other application of dali apart from lighting and extends the kind of lamp to high intensity discharge (hid), halogens, incandescent, leds,etc. this pa

15、per focuses on developing a street lighting management system by making use of wireless sensor networks and dali ballasts, materials used in the system are described and results about tests and measurements are presented.background several scientific researches have been carried out in order to take

16、 the wsn advantages to the street lighting systems. for example, reference4 explains the development of a wireless control system based on zigbee. their system allows the user to control and monitor the state of the lighting , but they do not focus on the energy efficienty, just the maintenance and

17、the removal of wires in public areas for the people safety. reference5 gives a more complex exemple of wsn applied to street lighting, they develop a system that consists of sensor nodes placed in streetlight poles, a sink node in transformer station which controls every sensor node placed in a pole

18、 that belongs to that transformer station. the information of any sink node is sent to the control center via gprs. the system also has individual or bank dimming up to 60% in order to save the energy consumption. reference6 states the main features of a wsn to be used as a street lighting control s

19、ystem, they use 6lowpan instead of zigbee due to zigbee routing protocols drawbacks and the ease of adapting 6lowpan, which does not define routing protocols, to any specific system文摘 這一張主要是關(guān)注基于無線節(jié)能局域網(wǎng)和dali協(xié)議的節(jié)能型路燈的遠程控制系統(tǒng)之間的連接，用于檢查單個路燈，比如路燈的位置、路燈的電流等。因為2/3的路燈都是用的老式低效的安裝系統(tǒng)所以重新安裝這里面潛在著巨大的節(jié)能價值。這個基于dali

20、協(xié)議的路燈控制系統(tǒng)的提議在最大程度上增加了設(shè)備（鎮(zhèn)流器）不過能被原始dali控制的鎮(zhèn)流器最多只有64個。有些意見認為路燈控制協(xié)議和通信系統(tǒng)還需討論，需要從實驗得到幾個測試結(jié)果。介紹 2/3路燈的電流安裝系統(tǒng)仍然用的是老式低效率技術(shù)，這就是說，重新安裝來減少能源浪費存在著巨大的潛在價值。據(jù)估計只有5%的能源應(yīng)用于路燈的照明，認為是成為城市最為重要能源用途。最近為了有效率的照明新的工藝方法真在發(fā)展，可以總結(jié)為燈的技術(shù)和電子鎮(zhèn)流器的改進、軟件控制開關(guān)、無噪聲性能和照明控制。 路燈的節(jié)能可以通過兩種方法達成，控制照明時間和昏暗度。同樣存在這樣的遠程控制系統(tǒng)允許使用者對每個單獨路燈的控制和檢測。使用這種

21、系統(tǒng)的話經(jīng)營者可以監(jiān)測到任何中央或是移動單元的照明點的主要參數(shù)。獲得的參數(shù)馬上可以處理，可以估算統(tǒng)計消耗、燈的位置、電壓、異常等，減少維修時間。另外一個有趣的參數(shù)是弧電壓的水平，（這個。），減少維護經(jīng)費。 為了得到最佳控制，這種遠程控制系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該允許運用者和鎮(zhèn)流器之間可以雙工或者辦雙工工作；不然我們就不知道照明的位置。這個控制系統(tǒng)的實施要用到一個通信系統(tǒng)和一個照明控制協(xié)議。通信系統(tǒng)可以是有線的，比如以太網(wǎng)、光釬、plc或者是無線無的。我們已有的gsm/gprs、rf、wifi、ieee802.15.4和zigbee給我們在無線傳感方面帶來了巨大的繁榮。關(guān)于無線傳感的綜合學習標準可以在注解2和3中找到。 無線傳感網(wǎng)絡(luò)由微小的傳感器節(jié)點、匯點，傳輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)和個人計算機組成。通常，無線傳感網(wǎng)的筑建是由三層的，物理層、ma