1、.第四講 定語從句（一） 在復合句中充當定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句的作用相當于形容詞，用來修飾主句中的某一名詞或代詞或整個主句，所以，也稱作形容詞性從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫關系詞。關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞兩種。一、關系代詞引導的定語從句 引導定語從句的關系代詞主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它們分別代替前面的先行詞，并在定語從句中作主語、賓語或定語。 Awho 指人，在定語從句中作主語。 What was the name of the man who lent y

2、ou the money 借錢給你的那人叫什么名字？（定語從句修飾先行詞the man） He who laughs lst laughs best. 誰笑到最后誰笑得最好。（定語從句修飾先行詞he） The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 會議主席坐在我右邊，他先發言。（定語從句修飾先行詞the chairman） Bwhom 指人，在定語從句中做賓語。在口語或非正式文體中，whom可省略或可用who來代替，但在介詞后面以及在非限制性定語從句中只能用whom。 There are some people (

3、whomwho)we like and others (whomwho) we dislike. 有些人我們是喜歡的，有些人則是我們討厭的。（定語從句分別修飾先行詞people, others） The people whomwho I work with are all friendly. 和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定語從句修飾先行詞the people） Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan. 昨晚我在電話里和卡特先生交談過，他對我們的計劃很感興趣。（非限制性定語

4、從句中不能用who代替whom） Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. 兩個人來到我的辦公室，我以前從未見過他們。（在介詞后面不用who） Cwhose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語，后面要緊跟被修飾的名詞。 There are some people whose faces you can nevr forget. 有些人，他們的臉你永遠難以忘懷。（定語從句修飾先行詞people） I saw some trees whose leaves were black because o

5、f the polluted air. 我看見一些樹的樹葉由于空氣污染而發黑。（定語從句修飾行詞trees） Dwhich 1指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語。做賓語時常可省略。 English is a language which is easy to learn. 英語是一門容易學的語言。（which在定語從句中作主語，不能省略） This is a folk song which is now very popular. 這是目前非常流行的一首民謠（which在定語從句中作主語，不能省略） The river which flows through London is the Thame

6、s. 流經倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。（which在定語從句中作主語，不能省略） The children like cookies (which) my wife makes. 孩子們喜歡我夫人做的餅干。(關系代詞which作makes的賓語，可以省略) 2which引導的非限制性定語從句可以修飾前面的整個主句，相當于and this。 Jim passedhis driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通過了駕駛考試，這使大家都感到驚訝。（定語從句修飾的是整個主句，而不是the driving test） Sheila couldn't com

7、e to the party, which was a pity. 希拉不能來參加聚會，真遺憾。（定語從句修飾的是整個主句，而不是the party） 3which在非限制性定語從句中有時也可以作定語。 John stayed here for a week, dring which time we visited the West Lake together. 約翰在這里呆了一星期，在此期間我們一起游了西湖。 It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing. 周末可能下雪，在這種情況下，我們就不去北京了

8、。 Ethat 指人時，相當于who 或whom；指物時，相當于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語（做賓語時常可省略）。 He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那個人。（定語從句修飾先行詞the man，作主語） I don't like stories that have unhappy endings. 我不喜歡結尾悲傷的故事。（定語從句修飾先行詞stories，作主語） The dress (that) Ann boughtdoesn't fit her very well. 安買的衣服不太合身。（定語從句修飾先行詞th

9、e dress，that作賓語可省略） Is there anything (that) I can do for you 有我能為你效勞的事嗎？（定語從句修飾先行詞anything，that作賓語，可省略） 提示： 在口語中，that有時還可以作關系副詞，相當于when或介詞+which結構。 We left the day (that) he arrived. 他來的那一天，我們就走了。（that替when） He doesn't see things the way (that) we see them. 他看問題的方法和我們不一樣。（that代替in which） Imagin

10、e the speed (that) he drives his car! 很難想象，他開車的速度那么快！（that代替at which）F其他關系代詞 as 和but也可作關系代詞，引導定語從句。1as as可以在限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句中作主語或賓語。 在限制性定語從句中，as可跟在由suc, so, the same修飾的先行詞之后。 Such men as heard him were deeply moved. 聽過他說話的人，都會深受感動。（as在定語從句中作heard的主語） I've never heard such stories as he tells. 我

11、從未聽過像他講的這樣的故事。（as在定語從句中作tell的賓語） He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift. 他搬起別人都搬不起的大石頭。（as在定語從句中lift的賓語）比較： 在the sameas結構中，as也可用that代替。但嚴格地說，the sameas強調相同，the samethat注重同一。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的衣裙。（as指的是與先行詞相似的同類事物） She wore the same dress tha

12、t she wore at Mary's wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。（that指的是與先行詞同一事物） 在非限制性定語從句中，as可代表主句整個句子，引導的定語從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗號與主句分開。 As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China. 眾所周知，臺灣屬于中國的領土。 He is from the outh, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，這一點我們從他的口音可以知道。必背： 一些由as引導的定語從句常位于句首，已形成了固定的說法。 as is

13、 known to all 這是眾所周知的 as has been said before 如前所說 as is often the case 情況常常如此 as may be imagined 這可以想象得出 as has been pointed out 正如已經指出的那樣 as often happens 這種情況常常發生 2but but作關系詞只能引導限制性定語從句，同具有否定意思的主句連用，相當于thatnot, whonot或whichnot。 There is not a single student in my class but would like to study mo

14、re. 我班上沒有一個學生不愿意多學一點的東西的。（but = whonot ） There are very few but are against war 很少人不反對戰爭。（but = whonot） G介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句 介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句是一種非常常見但也比較復雜的定語從句結構。 1. 介詞+關系代詞中介詞的位置 關系代詞whom, which在從句中作介詞賓語時，可以跟介詞一起放在從句與主句之間（that, who不可以），也可以把介詞放在從句中有關動詞的后面，使關系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞。 He is a man of rich experience, fr

15、om whom much canbe learned. = He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from. 他是個經驗豐富的人，從他那兒可以學到很多。 The school in which he once worked is a key school. =The school (which that) he once worked in is a key school. 他曾經工作過的學校是一所重點學校。 The manager in whosecompany I work pays much attention

16、to improving our working conditions. =The manager whose company I'm working in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 我就職的那家公司經理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。 2介詞+關系代詞的常見結構 介詞+whichwhom This is the famous singerabout whom we have often talked. 這就是那位我們經常談論的著名歌唱家。 Fortunately we had a map, witho

17、ut which we would have got lost. 很幸運，我們帶了一張地圖，如沒有的話，我們就會迷路了。 名詞+of+ whichwhom Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 請把那本藍封面的書遞給我。（也可用whose cover） 數詞+o+ whichwhom She's got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses. 她有三只幸運筆，其中兩只從未用過。 In our school there are about 200 teachers, t

18、hirty percent of whom are women. 我校大約有200位教師，其中百分之三十是女教師。 代詞+of+ whichwhom In the basket I find many apples, some o which have gone bad. 我發現籃子里有好些蘋果，有些已經壞了。 There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities. 我們班有50個學生，其中大多數來自大城市。 Norman won $50,000, half of which he gave to his

19、 parents. 諾曼贏得五萬美元，他將其中一半給了他父母。 Tom tried on three shirt, none of which he was satisfied with. 湯姆試穿了三件襯衫，都不滿意。 最高級+of+ whichwhom China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中國有數千個島嶼，其中最大的是臺灣。 介詞+which+名詞 He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors

20、 ad windows. 他通常十點鐘回家，在這時候他爸爸鎖好所有的門窗。 His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad. 他的妻子病得很重，在這種情況下，他不得不放棄出國的機會。 3關系代詞前介詞的選擇 在介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句中，應注意介詞的正確選擇。 根據后面動詞和介詞的搭配關系選擇。 The two things of which they felt prud were Jim's watch and Della's hair. 他們引以

21、為豪的兩樣東西是吉姆的手表和德拉的頭發。（feel proud of是固定搭配詞組） In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街道上沒有一個她可以求助的人。（turn to sb. for help是固定搭配詞組） 根據與前面名詞的搭配關系選擇。 I'll never forget the ay on which I first met him. 我永遠忘不了我第一次遇見他的那一天。(the day前面一般用介詞on) Can you imagine a

22、proper situation in which the expression can be used 你能設想一個使用這個詞語的場合嗎？(a situation前面一般用in) 有時須同時考慮動詞和介詞的搭配關系及介詞和名詞的搭配關系。 Galileo made a telescope through which he could tudy the sky. 伽里略制作了一個望遠鏡，通過它他得以研究天空。(study the sky through the telescope) Is that the house in which you once lived 那就是你曾經住過的房子嗎？(

23、live in the house) 根據所要表達的意思來確定。 This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly. 這是我的眼鏡，離了它我什么也看不清。注意： 當關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，謂語動詞應與先行詞的人稱和數保持一致。 I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you. 我是你的好朋友，我會盡我一切所能來幫你。 The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a

24、month. 這家人很愛音樂，他們每月都去聽一次音樂會。 He is one of the boys in ourclass who speak English well. 他是班上英語說得很好的男生之一。（one of +復數名詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句謂語動詞用復數形式） He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well. 他是班上唯一英語說得很好的男生。（the (only) one the very one the right one of +復數名詞+關系代詞 引導的定語從句謂語動詞用單數形式）二、

25、關系副引導的定語從句 引導定語從句的關系副詞有when, where或 why等。when, where, why分別在定語從句中作狀語，在意義上相當于介詞+which結構，分別代替表示時間、地點或原因的先行詞。 Awhen 指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學校的那一天。(when= on which) He came at a time when we needed him most. 他是在我們最需要他的時候來的。(when= at which)

26、 We will never forget the year 1949, when th People's Republic of China was founded. 我們永遠忘不了1949年，那是中華人民共和國成立的一年。(when= in which)Bwhere 指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。 I recently went back to the town where I was born. 我最近曾回過一次我出生的城市。(where = in which) I would like to live in a country where there is plety of

27、sunshine. 我想住在一個陽光充足的國家。(where = in which) What's the name of the place where you spent your holiday 你度假的那個地方叫什么名字？(where = at which)Cwhy 指原因，在限制性定語從句中作原因狀語。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 請告訴我你誤機的原因。(why = for which) Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受懲罰的原因我們

28、都不知道。 注意: 無論是關系代詞，還是關系副詞，都在定語從句中取代了先行詞，因此，先行詞在定語從句中不復出現。【誤】This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday. 這就是我昨天借的書。（that在定語從句中取代了先行詞the book，作borowed的賓語，因此，要去掉it）【誤】The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken Eng

29、lish.【正】The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English. 英語角是人們經常去練習英語口語的地方。（where在定語從句中取代了先行詞the pace，作go的狀語，因此，要去掉there）定語從句練習1.The place _interested me most was the Children's Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2.Do you know the man _?A. whom I

30、spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3.This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when D. on which5.That is the day _I'll ne

31、ver forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6.The factory _we'll visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working.A. where B. that C. which D. there8.This is one of the best films _.A.

32、that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9.Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talkedC. about that you talked D. that you talked10.The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with which B. in which C. on whic

33、h D. by which11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy.A. whom B. who C. which D. that12.The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old.A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country?A. who B. who's C. which D. w

34、hose14.I'm interested in _you have said.A. all that B. all what C. that D. which15.I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday.A. which B. who C. what D. as16.He isn't such a man _he used to be.A. who B. whom C. that D. as17.He is good at English, _we all know.A. that B. as C. whom

35、 D. what18.Li Ming, _to the concert enjoyed it very much.A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him19.I don't like _ as you read.A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels20.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school.A

36、. which B. that C. whom D. what1. A. which用作關系代詞，在定語從句中作主語。2C. "和誰講話”要說speak to sb. 本題全句應為Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是關系代詞，作介詞to的賓語，可以省略。3. D. where是關系副詞，表示地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。4. C. when是關系副詞，表示時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。5A. which是關系代詞，在從句中作forget的賓語。其他幾個答案都不能作賓語。6C. 解析同第5題。7. A. 解析見第3題。8. A. 本句話的

37、先行詞應該是films,因此，關系代詞that是負數概念，其謂語動詞應用復述的被動語態have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠詞the，則the one應該視為先行詞。9. A. “談到某事物”應說talk about sth.。about是介詞，其后要用which作賓語，不能用that。10. A. with which是"介詞+關系代詞"結構,常用來引導定語從句.with有"用"的意思,介詞之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定語從句中作狀語,即he is writing with a pen.11.

38、C. in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse. In front of which在從句中作狀語.12. D. with whom引導定語從句.with whom放在從句中即為:my father works with the engineer.13. D. whose引導定語從句,在從句中作主語family的定語.14. A. that引導定語從句,因為先行詞是all,所以只能選用that引導.15. D. the same.as是固定用法, as引導定語從句時,可以作主語,賓語或表語.在本句話中,as作從句的主語.16. D. such as是

39、固定用法,as引導定語從句時,可以作主語,賓語或表語.在本題中,as作表語.17. B. as作關系代詞可以單獨用來引導非限制性定語從句。這時as所指代的不是主句中某個名詞，而往往指代整個主句的含義。as在從句中可以作主語、賓語。從句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作賓語.18. B. Li Ming enjoyed it very much是主句,with whom I went to the concert是定語從句.with whom放在從句中為:I went to the concert with Li Ming.19. C. as引導定語從句時通常構成suchas或the

40、 sameas固定搭配，其中such和same修飾其后的名詞，as為關系代詞，指代其前的名詞引導定語從句。 as在從句中可以作主語、表語或賓語。Such修飾單數名詞時,要用such a.,本題中such books, such直接修飾復數名詞.20. B. things和persons是先行詞.當定語從句要修飾的先行詞是既表示人,又表示物的名詞時,其關系代詞要用that.二、改錯“People which talk and sing to plants are crazy.”A agriculture expert said in the newspaper.“In fact, singing

41、 or talking to plants make them grow better.”The reason is quite simple. When we sing or talk to plants, we breath out carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) what plants need to live or grow. Plants take in the carbon dioxide during sunlight hour and produce oxygen which people need to live. Singing and talking are

42、helpful, however, only during the night.16.which talk改成who talk17.plants are改成plants are not18.A agriculture改成An agriculture19.make them改成makes them20.what plants改成that/which plants21.to live or grow改成to live and grow22.hour and produce改成hours and produce23.are helpful改成is helpful閱讀：Scientists have

43、helped people understand the dangers the earth is facing.As people live on the earth, we should be fully ready to deal with the dangers.If we do not pay more attention to the problems caused by air pollution, our earth may no longer be a healthy place for plants, animals, and people to live.Cleaning

44、 up the air is a job that all countries must work on.The problems caused by air pollution can be solved, but a lot of work needs to be done.Governments around the world are beginning to work together to lower the levels of dangerous gases in the atmosphere (大氣層).If this can be done well, the ozone l

45、ayer (臭氧層) can rebuild itself, global warming can be controlled, and acid rain can be reduced.In 1967, the government of the United States passed the Clean Air Act.More parts were added to the act in 1970, 1977 and 1990.As a result of these laws, cars now must reduce the amounts of harmful gases.Pow

46、er factories must use “clean coal” methods to reduce acid­rain gases they produce.In 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was set up.The EPA's job is to make sure that the environmental laws are being followed and to find out new dangers and offer solutions.The first Earth Day wa

47、s also ce­lebrated in 1970.While it is very important to address with air on a global scale, each person can also do something to protect the earth.Here are some things you can do every day：(1)Turn down the heat and air conditioning.(2)Use the dishwasher only when there are full of dishes.(3)Pr

48、actice the 3 Rs: recycle, reuse, and reduce.(4)Plant a tree.(5)Walk or ride your bike.()6.If we don't care about _ problems, our earth may no longer be a healthy place.A.air pollution B.water pollution C.noise pollution D.sea pollution()7.Every country should _ to solve the problems caused by ai

49、r pollution.A.rebuild the ozone layer B.clean up the air C.produce harmful gases D.reduce acid­rain gases()8.All the things the EPA can do is to _.A.make more laws B.find out new dangers C.protect the environment D.plant trees()9.The Clean Air Act was passed _ by the American government.A.In 19

50、67 B.In 1970 C.In 1977 D.In 1978()10.In our daily life, we can do something to protect the earth by _.A.using more cars B.riding the bikes C.cutting down trees D.turning up the heat配對閱讀左欄是對五個人閱讀興趣的描述，右欄是對七個報紙新聞的簡介。請為每個人選擇最合適閱讀的新聞版塊。()11.James cares about sports events and how the sports players are now.()12.Bruce is fond of readin