1、細節理解題的解題步驟和方法細節理解題是高考英語閱讀理解最重要的一類題型。根據分類，所有的閱讀理解題型按照答案在文中出現的位置和形式不通，可以分為細節理解和主旨大意兩大類，而前一類在整個題量當中大概會占到80%甚至以上的比例。二、細節理解題的分類細節理解題的答案往往不是文章中的細節在選項中的簡單重復，而是根據文中的細節經過合理的推理 或轉化得出的。1. 同樣，按照答案在原文中出現的位置，細節理解題可以分為集中型細節理解題和分散型細節理解題。(1) 集中型：就文章的單個細節提問，答案在原文中出現的位置一般也位于單句話或幾句話中。 因為具體細節不同，出題形式千變萬化，因題而異。如：【2010 江蘇】

2、 57. According to the passage, the ancestors of the Potter family most probably【2010 上海】70. As is mentioned in the card, the limitationof the research paper mainlylies in that (2) 分散型：題目涉及到文章某一段或幾段，甚至貫穿全文的各個位置，需要考生尋找文章中的 多個細節。請注意，分散型細節理解題并不意味著題目的正確答案出現在文章的不同位置，正確答案 往往也是關于文章的某一個句子或細節。只是說文章的干擾選項是關于不同的

3、細節，需要我們在定位 的時候閱讀某一個區域。分散型細節理解題常見的出題方式有：Which of the followi ng is not true?We can lear n/infer from the passage thatWhich of the following isNOT mentioned about ？也有因題而異的，有些看似集中的其實也分散在文中，需要考生仔細定位。如：【2010 江蘇】 61. Some people are against killing wolves because .原文所陳述的原因有很多段，而并不是單個的句子。2. 就題目形式而言，細節理解題的表

4、現形式是多種多樣的，最常見的有：(1) 文章細節：針對文中細節直接提問(2) 指代判斷：判斷文中某個代詞或特定詞組的指代關系(3) 圖表數據：對題目中的圖標和數據進行簡單的計算(4) 詞義猜測：推測文中某個詞或詞組的含義(5) 順序排列：選擇文中細節出現的正確的時間順序或邏輯順序(6) 態度目的：作者在文中引入某個細節的目的，或對某個細節或細節人物的態度三、細節理解解題方法三大法寶：順序原則、定位詞、排除法1. 把握解題的順序原則。一般來說隱含題目答案的位置與題目的順序是一致的，這能幫助我們縮小尋找范圍，大大提高效率。我們做題時可以采用采用步步為營法，看一題做一題。【2010廣東】CFood

5、sometimes gets pois oned with harmful thin gs. A pers on who eats such food can get anillness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly, The symptoms of food pois oning usually begi n with in hours of eati ng the pois oned food. Feveris one of the most c

6、om mon symptoms.Certain microorganisms (微生物 )cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and othermicroorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny livi ng things release (釋放)pois ons that make people sick.Some chemicals can also cause food

7、pois oning. They are ofte n added to food while it isbeing grow n, processed, or prepaid. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to killweeds and in sects.Somepeople may have a bad reacti on to those chemicals when they eat the crops.Some pla nts and ani mals con tain n atural pois ons t

8、hat are harmful to people. These in clude certa in kinds of seafood, grains, nu ts, seeds, bea ns, and mushrooms.When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoningis very small Microorganismsmultiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touc

9、h food with ditty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from gnawing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorga nisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eat ing it. Fin ally, people shoul

10、d not eat raid mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be pois ono us.Most people recover from food pois oning after a few days of rest ing and drinking extra water. If people

11、eat natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.51. Which of the followi ng stateme nts isNOTtrue?A. Food whe n pois oned can make people sick.B. Food pois oning means death.C. Food poisoning comes in varieties.D. Food pois oning can be serious.52. We know

12、 from the passage that the symptoms of food pois oning.A. are always accompa nied by a feverB. are too com mon to be no tedC. can be no ticed withi n hoursD. can be ignored53. Food poi soning can be caused by all the followi ng EXCEPT .A. some chemicals B. low temperturesC. some tiny living things D

13、. certain natural materials54. From Paragraph 5, we can lear n thatA. mushrooms should not be eate nB. vegetables are safer tha n meat and seafoodC. n atural pois ons are more dan gerous tha n chemicalsD. differe nt types of food should be han dled differe ntly55. It can be in ferred from the passag

14、e thatA. n atural materials are safe in food process ingB. chemicals are n eeded in food process ingC. food pois oning can be kept un der con trolD. food pois oning is out of con trol該篇文章除了最后一題是主旨大意題外，其他都是細節理解題，而且答案位置的先后順序與題號順序 是基本一致的。2. 通過定位詞尋找出題點定位詞和主題句是英語閱讀理解解題方法的最重要的兩個要素，前者適用于解答細節理解題，后者用 于解答主旨大意

15、題。通過定位詞解題，就是說我們在閱讀題干的時候迅速的把題干中有標記意義的詞或詞 組劃記出來，然后用這個詞回到原文當中定位。（1）什么詞才算是定位詞呢？我們首先要關注的是表示人名、地名等的專有名詞和表示年份、數字、百分數等的數詞，以及題干中 出現的大寫的名詞。女口【2010 遼寧】 64. According toCaliforniastudy, the low-scoring group might【2010 全國卷 II 】51. Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in theEurope ?【2010 遼寧】61. What does the

16、 writer dislike most about dinner parties inNew York?【2010 全國 I 】61. How did Christy McKi nley kn ow Ms. Schatzma n s op inion of the chi tea?【2010 山東】57. was created for . 【2010 湖南】62, We can know that before 1995 Mary .【2010 四川】46. What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communitie

17、s Standards ? 在上面的例子當中，表示地名的California, NewYork, Europe ;表示人名的 ChristyMcKinley, Ms.Schatzman，表示時間的1995以及大寫的特殊專有名詞，Green Communities Standards等都是定位詞，在原文當中都有出現，能幫助我們迅速地找找到出題點。可是我們不一定每次都運氣好碰到專有名詞等，在沒有上面這些類詞的時候我們需要留意一些表示實體意義，指代一件具體事物的具象的名詞。如：【2010 廣東】48. When your colleague brings about a problem, you s

18、hould.【2010 江蘇】56. Which of the following do thesurnames in the passage NOT cover?【2010 全國 I 】56. Where is the nearestparking place to Shakespeares Birthplace ?【2010 全國 I 】66. Why do hoatz ins collect together in smaller groups whe n therainy seas oncomes?如果我們在題干中連一個實體名詞都找不到的話應該怎么辦呢？這時我們還可以關注題干中詞義鮮明

19、的動詞、形容詞、副詞等。但是因為動詞、形容詞、副詞的同義表達太多，題干中這些詞往往是原文中的同義表達或轉化，需要引起我們的注意。這個我們在下文中還會專門提到。請看下面一個用形容詞、副 詞作定位詞的例子：【2010 上海】 67. Indian elephants are gettingincreasingly angry and they revenge because在原文中我們可以找至U對應的句子： Increasingly, the Indian elephant is angry : for many years,illegal hunters have attacked it and

20、 its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of Iand. It is now fighting back.在找定位詞的時候，請同學們注意以下幾點：(1)文章中反復出現的專有名詞是全文描述對象的中心，沒有唯一出處，所以不能算是定位詞。我們如果發現大部分題干中都有這個專有名詞的，就應該排除它作為定位詞的可能。如：【2010全國II】A篇(文章略)41. What wouldBrow nie do whe n some one was ill in the family?A. Look at them sadly. B. Ke

21、ep them compa ny.C. Play games with them. D. Touch them gen tly.42. We can infer from Paragraph 2 thatBrow nie.A. world eat anything whe n hungry B. felt sorry for her mistakeC. loved playing hide-and-seekD. disliked the author s daddoes the author say thatBrownie was more than just a family pet?A.

22、She was treated as a member of the family.B. She played games with anyone she liked.C. She was loved by everybody she met.D. She went everywhere with the family.44. Some people got frightened byBrownie when she.A. smiled B. barked C. rushed to them D. tried to be funnyof the following best describes

23、Brownie ?A. Shy B. Polite C. Brave D. Cari ng我們發現，這篇文章的每一個題目的題干中都有Brownie,因此Brownie不是定位詞。這也是在上面講第一類首選定位詞的時候給出例子里全國卷I的56、66兩題不把hoatzinsShakespeare s Birthplace當做定位詞的原因。他們雖然是特殊名詞或專有名詞，但是在文中反復出現,沒有定位價值。(2) 大多數時候我們選擇的定位詞都是名詞，因為名詞的可替代性相對較低，容易找到唯一出處。但是我們所找的名詞要盡量是實體名詞，也就是能指代一件具體事物的名詞。一般來說，下面兩類名詞都不可取。a. 扌由象

24、詞。女口 opinion, idea, result, information, role, effect, trend, theory等等。b. 言語詞。女口 statement, argument, comment, response, reaction, enquiry, answer, reason等等。如：【2010 江蘇】60. According to the passage, some people in North America favor killingwolvesfor all the followi ng reaso ns EXCEPT that .文章所敘述的地區正

25、是North America ,因此在這個題干中 North America不能算是定位詞。那么reason算不算呢，它是一個言語詞，在文章當中通常也是不出現的，不能算是定位詞。(3) 并不是所有的我們在題干中找到的定位詞在原文中都會對應出現，有些情況下，原文中出現的只是題干定位詞的轉換形式。在這種情況下，劃出定位詞并在腦中留下印象也有利于我們在瀏覽文章是迅 速發現文中定位詞的對應形式，從而找到題目答案的位置。一般來說，定位詞的轉換有下面幾種形式：a.同義改寫。題干將原文中的詞或詞組換成另外的詞或者詞組，詞性和結構不變，意義相近。如：【2010全國II】A篇When I was six, Da

26、d brou ght home a dog one day, who was called“ Brow nie ”，My brothers andI all loved Brow nie and did differe nt things with her. One of us would walk her, ano ther would feed her ,the n there were baths, playi ng catch and many other games .Brow ni e, in return, lovedeach and every one of us. One t

27、hing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them. We always felt better whe n she was around.41. What would Brow nie do whe n some one was ill in the family?A. Look at them sadly.B. Keep them compa ny.C. Play games with them.D. Touch them gen tly.這里原文中的

28、sick被轉換成了題干中的ill 。【2010廣東】A篇When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mother s Chinese English. Becauseof her En glish, she was ofte ntreated un fairly . People in departme nt stores, at ban ks, and atrestaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to

29、 understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.41. Why was the author s mother poorly served ?A. She was un able to speak good En glish.B. She was ofte n misun derstood.C. She was not clearly heard.D. She was not very polite.我們發現原文中的treated unfairly與題干中的poorly served意義相近，因此在瀏覽文章的時候就能夠注意到

30、treated un fairly，并在這個定位詞附近尋找正確答案。【2010江蘇】D篇But the key issue is really money . China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expa nsion68. According to the passage , the greatest challengeto the new high-speed railway planis .A. technical issues BC. financial problems D

31、safety of the system maintenance of railway tracks這里文章中的名詞詞組key issue轉換成了題干中的 greatest challenge,意義相近.【2010陜西】B篇Tuesday s Daily News said 29-year who left the spot quickly after the rescue last Saturday.51. What did Duret do shortly after the ambula nee came?A. He was in terviewed by a n ewspaperB.

32、He asked his girlfrie nd for his dry clothesC. He went to the hospital in the ambula neeD. He disappeared from the spot quickly這里文章中的quickly 轉化成了題干中的 shortlyb.轉變詞性與結構：題干定位詞并不一定與原文中相關詞的詞性和結構形式一致，而是做了一定的概 括與總結。如將名詞詞組轉化為意思相近的動詞、形容詞等等。【2010江西】CCon fucius suggested Rule as a prin ciple for the con duct o

33、f life:“ Do not do to others whatyou would not want others to do to you.” He assumed that all men were equal at birth, thoughsome pote ntial tha n others, are that it was kno wledge thatset men apart . Socrates focused onin dividual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. H

34、e believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did. Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior（下層的）classes.66. What made some peopledifferentfrom others according toConfucius ?A. FamilyB. Pote ntialC. KnowledgeD. Commu nity我們發現文章中的 set m

35、en apart 即有題干中的 differe nt 之意。這里將一個動詞詞組轉化成為一 個形容詞。因此看題干的時候如果劃出了定位詞differe nt （ Co nfucius在文中反復出現）就容易讓我們定位至U set men apart 這里來。我們已經了解了怎樣在閱讀題干是找出其中的定位詞，現在讓我們用高考真題來演練一下定位詞是如 何幫助我們迅速解決細節理解題的。【2010江蘇】D篇It 11 be a win-win project . For other countries , the railway network willdefinitelycreatemore opport

36、un itiesfor bus in ess , tourism and so on, not to men ti on the better com muni cati on amongthose coun tries.For China , such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources , but would also help develop China s far west . We foresee that in the comin

37、g decades, millionsof people will migrate to the western regions , where the land is emptyand resources unu sed. With high-speed trains , people will set up factories and bus in ess cen ters in the west once and for a11. And they 11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries .67. China

38、s new high-speed railway plan will be awin-win project because.A. China will get much-needed resources and develop its western regionsB. China and the coun tries in volved will ben efit from the project in various waysC. Chi na will develop its railway system and com muni cati on with other coun tri

39、esD. the foreig n coun triesin volved will develop their railway tran sportati on, bus in ess andtourism我們發現題干中的引號處的wi n-win project”是一個特色比較鮮明的名詞，對應到文章中馬上找到原詞。根據后面的for other coun tries和for Chi na我們可以發現，中國的高速鐵路計劃應該是對外國和中國雙方都是十分有利的。因此本題的正確選項應該為B選項。【2010湖南】A篇HOW TO TAKE LIPITORDOTake Lipitor as prescri

40、bed by your doctorTry to eat heart-healthy foods while you take Lipitor.Take Lipitor at any time of day, with or without food.If you miss a dose（ 一劑）,take it as soon as you remember . But if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose , wait . Take the next dose at your regular time.Don t

41、:Do not cha nge or stop your dose before talk ing to your doctor.Do not start new medici nes before talk ing to your doctor.58. If it has bee n over12 hours since you missed a dose, you should.A. cha nge the amount of your n ext doseB, eat more whe n tak ing your next doseC. have a dose as soon as y

42、ou rememberD. take the n ext dose at your regular time這是一篇藥品說明書，我們在58題的題干中發現了一個很典型的表示時間的定位詞12 hours, 對應到文中我們知道如果漏服了一劑藥超過十二個小時以后應該在下一次正常服藥的時候服一次藥即可。因此 這里應該選擇 D選項。【2010全國II】A篇Brownie turned out to be more than just our family pet, she went everywhere with us .People would stop and ask if they could pe

43、t her. Of course she d let anyone pet her. She was just themost lovable dog. Th ere were many times when we d be out walking and a small child would come over and pull pm her hair. she n ever barked（吠）or tried to get away. Funny thing is she wouldsmile. This frightened people because they thought sh

44、e was showing her teeth. Far from the truth, she lovely every one.44. Some people got frighte ned by Brow nie whe n she.A. smiled B. barked C. rushed to them D. tried to be funny這個題目的題干中我們只能找到動詞frighte ned 有可能充當定位詞。在文中我們瀏覽frighte ned 所在的前一句和后一句發現，Brownie是因為“微笑”的時候露出牙齒才嚇到別人的，所以本題應該選擇A選項。請注意：離散型細節理解題的

45、解題步驟和技巧基本上與集中型是一致的，但是離散型細節理解題在題干中除了告知特定的目標段落之外，往往找不到定位詞。這就需要我們在題干找不到定位詞時，迅速的瀏 覽一下選項，在選項中找到定位詞。例如：【2010山東】C篇Rae Armantrout, who has been a poetry professor at the Universityof CaliforniaSan Diego（UCSD）for two decades, has won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize in the poetry category for her most recent book,“ V

46、ersed ”.“ I m delighted and amazed at how much media recognition that thePulitzer brings, ascompared to eve n the Nati onal Book Critics Award, which I was alsosurprised and delighted towin, ” said Armantrout.“ For a long time, my writing has been just below the media radar, and to have this kind of

47、 attention, suddenly, with my10th book, is really surprising. ”Armantrout, a native Californian, received her bachelor s degree at UC Ber keley, whereshe studied with no ted poet DeniseLevertov, and her master s in creative writ ing from SanFran cisco State Uni versity. She is a founding memberof La

48、n guage Poets, a group in America n poetry that an alyzes the way Ian guage is used and raises questio ns to make the reader think.In March, she won the National Book Critics Circle Award for“Versed. ”“This book has gotten more attention,” Armantrout said, “but I don t feel as if it sbetter.The firs

49、t half of“Versed” focuses on the dark forces taking hold of the United Statesas it fought the war aga inst Iraq. The sec ond half looks at the dark forces casti ng a shadow over her own life after Arma ntrout was diag no sed with can cer in 2006.Arma ntrout was shocked to lear n she had won the Puli

50、tzer but many of her colleagues were not.“Rae Armantrout is a unique voice in American poetry,” said Seth Lerer, head of Arts andHuma nities at UCSD.“Versed” , published by the Wesleyan University Press, did appear in a larger printing than her earlier works, which is about 2,700 copies. The new edi

51、ti on is scheduled to appear in May.66. Accord ing to Rae Arma ntrout,.A. her 10th book is much betterB. her winning the Pulitzer is un expectedC. the media is surprised at her worksD. she likes beingrecog ni zed by her readers我們發現，這是一個離散型細節理解題，題干中沒有明顯的定位詞（文章主人公是Rae Armantrout ,全文貫穿她的話，所以Rae Armantr

52、out不是定位詞）。所以我們這個時候需要快速地瀏覽一下選項看看有沒有我們需要的定位詞。快速瀏覽之后，我們分別標記了10th， Pulitzer ，surprised ， recognized作為定位詞。根據出題順序原則，我們然后帶著這些詞語瀏覽文章的開頭，很快就發現了這些定位詞在文中出 現的位置。A選項屬于過度推測，Rae Armantrout只是說她的第十部作品獲獎讓她感到十分意外，這并不 意味著這部作品就更優秀。C選項說媒體驚嘆于她的作品，而實際上原文說 I was also surprised anddelighted to win,”這說明是 Rae Armantrout自己為她的獲獎

53、感到驚訝，所以C選項是斷章取義地對文章作了錯誤的理解。D選項recognized我們在原文中并沒有找到，我們也不能推測出她喜歡受到讀者的認 同，因此D選項也是過度推測。3.排除法排除法是解答閱讀理解題的另一個重要的方法。因為有的時候如果是給填空題讓我們做，我們也許不 能填出正確答案，但是如果給出四個選項讓我們選的話，我們可以通過對比排除錯誤選項。那么怎樣通過 排除法做題呢？(1 )正確選項的特征正確選項雖然一般不是原文照搬，但是一般是原文的改寫，意思不變。如換一個同義詞，把否定改 為肯定，把肯定改為否定等。【2010 江蘇】68. According to the passage, the g

54、reatest challenge to the new high-speed railwaypla n is .A. tech nical issuesC. finan cial problemsB. safety of the systemD. maintenance of railway tracks我們在原文中發現了定位詞greatest challenge 的轉化形式key issue 。原文是這樣的 But the keyissue is mon ey.我們知道遇到轉折連詞時我們重點要看的是轉折連詞的后半部分，本題的正確答案實際上是money的轉換形式。所以我們可以選擇本題的正確答

55、案C。光了解了正確選項特點還不夠，我們更需要知道錯誤選項為什么是錯誤的，這樣才能夠洞察出題者的 出題意圖，規避有意給我們設置的陷阱。那么干擾項究竟有哪些特點呢？(2 )錯誤選項的特征a 張冠李戴：把 A事物的特點說成是 B事物的，企圖混淆視聽。【2010江蘇】A篇Other early surn ames came from people s occupati ons. The most com mon occupati onal n ame is Smith, which mea ns a pers on who makes things with iron or other metals.

56、 In the past, smithswere very important workers in every town and village. Someother occupational names are: Carter a person who owned or drove a cart;Potter a person who made pots and pans.57. According to the passage, the ancestors of thePotter family most probably .A. owned or drove a cart B. mad

57、e things with metalsC. made kitchen tools or contains D. built houses and furnitureB 選項是指 Smith 這個姓氏而不是 Potter ，根據定位詞所指示的句子，我們發現 Potter 是指生產壺 和罐等廚房用具的職業，所以選擇C選項。雖然這些器具都是金屬的，但是以生產金屬制品為特點更確切的是 Smith 。b. 斷章取義：抓住一個字眼或細節做文章，對作者本意歪曲的理解。c. 過度猜測：文中并沒有出現和選項一致的直接信息，選項對文意進行了不切實際的過度猜測。【 2010 全國卷 II 】 B 篇Whenyoure lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera, the stresses （ 壓力） of the world seem a million miles away. Hey, stop! This is no vacation-you have to fi