1、 中考總復習（牛津譯林版）一系動詞和助動詞1系動詞 連接主語和表語。它不表示動作，與表語一起描述主語的性質、特征、狀態、身份等。它也不能單獨作謂語，但它有自己的漢語意思，和其后面的形容詞等一起構成句子的謂語。英語系動詞分為兩類。例如：1）表示情況的。如：be, look, keep,等。 He is a student.（表示身份） The coat is nice and cheap.（表示性質） The cat looks like a hat.（表示特征）2) 表示變化的。如get, grow, become, turn等。 Winter is coming, the weather g

2、ets colder and colder. The rice grows fine. Our country becomes stronger and stronger.Spring comes, the tree turn green again.常見的連系動詞有： be + adj. / n. 是，在 become + n. /adj. 變成 turn + adj. 變得 get + adj. 變得 grow + adj. 長得 keep + adj. 保持著 feel + adj. 感到 look + adj. 看上去 seem + adj./n. 看起來好象 smell + adj.

3、 聞起來 fall asleep 入睡 2助動詞 本身無詞義，不能單獨作句子的謂語動詞。在句中，它主要幫助句子中的謂語動詞構成各種時態、語氣、否定和疑問結構等。如果句子是否定結構，not必須放在助動詞后面。英語助動詞有shall, will, should, would, be, have, do等。例如：The students are playing football now. (構成現在進行時) He does not like playing football. (構成否定句) Do you like playing football? (構成一般疑問句) Do come here t

4、omorrow! （構成強調句 ）典型錯句解析1. You must look after yourself and keep health.解析 healthhealthy. keep作系動詞用時，后接形容詞。2. He will become a pianist.解析will becomebecame become作系動詞用時，一般不用于“將來成為”的意思。此句又可改為 He has become a pianist.3. You will twenty-five years old next month.解析 willwill be。助動詞will本身沒有詞義，可用在各種人稱的將來時態中

5、。 Will在將來時態中后接動詞原形。 will + be才能構成完整的謂語。4.He works even harder than you work.解析 workdo。助動詞do代替主要動詞，以避免重復。二代詞 代詞是用來代替名詞或名詞詞組的詞，因此代詞在句子中的功能和名詞一樣，可作主語、賓語和表語，有些代詞還可修飾名詞。 英語代詞可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、疑問代詞、關系代詞、連接代詞、不定代詞、相互代詞等九種。現把學過的六種代詞介紹如下：代 詞單 數復 數第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱人稱代詞主格Iyouhe, she, itweyouthey賓格m

6、eyouhim, her, itusyouthem物主代詞形容詞性myyourhis, her, itsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshis, hers, itsoursyourstheirs反 身 代 詞myselfyourselfhimself, herself, itselfourselvesyourselves themselves指 示 代 詞this, thatthese, those不定代詞可數 each, one, many, (a)few, both, another, either, neither不可數 much, (a) little可數、不可數 al

7、l, some, none, such, any, other復合不定代詞 anybody(one, thing), somebody(one, thing), nobody(thing), everybody(one, thing)疑 問 代 詞 who, whom, whose, which, what 1人稱代詞 表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”“它”“我們”、“你們”、“他們”等的詞，叫做人稱代詞。人稱代詞的排列有以下幾種； 我、你、他 第二人稱第三人稱第一人稱 即：you，he and I 她和老師 名詞人稱代詞 即：the teacher and she 我、他和一些別的人 人稱

8、代詞其他代詞 即： he，I and some others 第三人稱兩性（性別）并用時，如：他和她；即：he and she 人稱代詞的主格作主語，賓格作及物動詞賓語或介詞賓語。作表語時，書面語用主格，口語中則用賓格。例如：You must speak English as often as possible He told me the bad news He didnt listen to me Whos going to go? （以上代詞在句中分別作什么成份？）2物主代詞 物主代詞表示所有關系，分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種，形容詞性物主代詞作定語，名詞性物主代詞作主語、賓語和表語。形容詞

9、性物主代詞后要跟名詞。名詞性物主代詞可以單獨使用，其作用相當于一個形容詞加上一個名詞。物主代詞有人稱和數的區別。例：This is my dictionaryYours (=Your dictionary)is on the desk 一Is this your classroom? NoIts theirs(=their classroom)3反身代詞 表示動詞所表達的動作反回到施動者本身，一般是由第一、二人稱的形容詞性物主代詞或第三人稱代詞的賓格加上self (復數selves) 構成，起強調作用，反身代詞可作動詞賓語、介詞賓語、同位語等。例如：Please help yourself t

10、o some fish(作動詞賓語) He thinks more of himself than“others(作介詞賓語) I myself did it（作同位語） I spoke to the manager himself（作同位語）注：反身代詞常接在動詞enjoy, hurt, help等詞后。4指示代詞 指示代詞是將所指事物與同類中的其他事物區分開來的一種代詞。表示：“這個”、“那個”、“這些”、“那些”等指示概念。指示代詞在句中相當于名詞、形容詞的作用，可作主語、賓語、定語、表語等。例如：This(That) is what I want to say(作主語) We shou

11、ld always keep this(these) in mind（作賓語） For these(those) reasons，I was late（作定語） The reason is this（作表語）5不定代詞 不定代詞用來代替或修飾任何不定數量和不定范圍的人和事物。不定代詞可代替名詞或形容詞，在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語。下面舉例說明： some和any some(一些)、any(一些、任何)修飾可數名詞和不可數名詞。some用在肯定句中，any多用于疑問句和否定句中。例如：There are some books in the desk There are not any boo

12、ks in the desk Have you any money?注意：some可用于表示邀請、請求的疑問句或用于說話者希望得到肯定回答的疑問句中，any有時也用于肯定句，表示“任何的”“任何一個”“任何一些”等。例如：Would you like some tea? （希望對方肯定回答） Yes, thank you. Could I ask you some questions? （希望對方肯定回答） Of course, you can. You can ask me any questions.（任何問題） little、a little、few、a few little、a lit

13、tle修飾不可數名詞，few、a few修旆可數名詞；a little、a few表示肯定的概念，即：盡管少但“有”；few、little表示否定的概念，表示“沒有”。例如：There is a little water in the river. You can walk across it. There is little water in the river. You have to swim across it. He has few friends, so he often feels lonely. I have a few friends in AmericaI often wr

14、ite to them. each、every、everybody、everyone、everything。 each相當于名詞和形容詞，用作定語或單獨使用作主語、賓語、定語、同位語等。every不可單獨使用，它必須放在名詞等前，只能作定語。each與every的區別： 1)each側重于單個，every側重于全體 、整體。 2)each用于二者或二者以上，every用于三者或三者以上。everybody與everyone相同，意思是“每人、人人”。everything意思是“一切”“每件事”。例如：Two boys came into the classroomEach wore a red

15、 coat. Every student has a new book Everybody knows this thing(dont they?) Everything goes well(doesnt it?) (把上面兩個句子改為反意疑問句，注意用什么代詞代替everybody, everything) both、either、neither both、either、neither都與“兩個”有關。 both “(兩者)都-”全”，指兩個人或事物，可作主語、賓語、定語。 例如：Both books are good There are a lot of trees on both sid

16、es of the road. either (兩個中間的)任何一個，這個或那個”，可作主、賓、定語。 例如：There are two books. You may take either of them Would you like a cup of tea or coffee? Either is OK. neither “(兩者之間) 一個也不-”，neither是either的否定形式，可作主語、賓語、定語。 例如：Neither of them knows Japanese Either Li or Wang knows English none、no、nobody、no one、

17、nothing none、no、nobody、no one、nothing都與“無”有關。 none用于指人或物，可與of短語連用，用作單數或復數，而且常用于習語中。 nothing“沒有東西；沒有什么 (=not anything)”，若作主語，謂語動詞用單數形式。例如：Is there nothing in the box? No. Its empty 一How many elephants did you see there? None What did you see in the zoo yesterday? Nothing.注意：以上兩句中的答句None, Nothing不可相互替

18、代。 no表示“沒有(任何的)-”，等于not any- 或 not a(an)-。例如： He has no money（= He has not any money.） We have no lessons on Sundays. (= We have not any lessons on Sundays.) She has no brother. (= She has not a brother.) nobody或no one后不可接of短語來表示“某些人當中”；a11 a11作形容詞且與名詞連用時，名詞前需加the或ones，即：all the(ones) + 名詞。例如：I will

19、 teach English all my life All the people are here 當all代替可數名詞作句子主語時，謂語動詞用復數；當all代替不可數名詞作句子主語時，謂語動詞用單數。例：All are hereLets begin our meeting. (all代替所有參加會議的人) All is well that ends well.（all代替所有事情） other、the other、others 、the others、another the other指兩者中的另外一個。 例：He has two pens，one is blue，the other is

20、 yellow other + 復數名詞 = others相同，泛指其他的人或物。 例：Some students are carrying water，others(other students) are watering the trees the other + 復數名詞 = the others ，特指一定范圍內的其他人或物。 例：There are fifty students in Miss Gaos class, twenty students are boys, the others are girls the other + 數詞，指剩余的數目。 例：He bought th

21、ree pencils，one is for me，the other two are for him another + 單數名詞或another + 數詞+復數名詞。表示在原來基礎上再來一個或一些。例：I dont like the color of this bag. May I have a look at another one May I have another three books?6疑問代詞 疑問代詞有who，whom，whose，which，what等。who和what who問姓名，what問職業。例：Who is he? He is Smith Whats your

22、father? He is a workerwhat和which which表示在一定數目(或范圍)之內的選擇，某某范圍內的“哪一個”“哪一些”；what則沒有這種限制。例：What do you usually have for lunch? 你通常午餐吃什么？ Which do you prefer，apple or pear? 蘋果和梨，你喜歡哪一個？ Which of you comes from Beijing? 你們當中哪一個來自北京？whom和whose whom作賓語，whose作定語。例：With whom is she talking now? Whose book is

23、on the desk?典型錯句分析1. Is there any one in the classroom? None.解析 None No one 。none是對 all, 即三個以上的否暄，后面常接帶 of的短語。而 no one代表單數名詞，意為“沒有一個人”，不能與 of連用。2. The bird builds its nest in the tree.解析its its。 its是 it is或 it has的省略形式，而its則是物主代詞“它的”，意義不同，不能混淆。 3. I like none of the two novels.none neither。對兩者both否定

24、應為neither。4. Do you think the TV sets made in Shanghai are better than ones made in Beijing are?解析ones those 。one, ones和 that, those 皆可代替前面的名詞，避免重復但one, ones要求有代詞或形容詞之類的前置定語；that , those則要求有介詞短語、分詞短語或從句一類的后置定語。例：What kind of ice-cream would you like? A big pink one. The days in summer are longer tha

25、n those in winter.典型錯句解析1. Is there any one in the classroom? None.解析None No one。None是對all，即三個以上的否定，后面通常接帶of的短語。而no one代表單數名詞，意為“沒有一個人”，不能與of連用。2. The bird builds its nest in the tree.解析 its its是it is或it has的省略形式，而its則是物主代詞“它的”，意義不同，不能混淆。3. I like none of the two novels.解析 none neither.對兩者both否定應為ne

26、ither。代詞練習A)人稱代詞( )1. Is this picture _ ? A. my B. her C. yours D. our( )2. Some of _ are Young Pioneers. A. they B. their C. them D. themselves( )3. A friend of _ came here yesterday. A. my B. his C. her D. your( )4. I saw _ in the street yesterday afternoon. A. he B. his C. him D. himself( )5. Ill

27、 go to see _ tomorrow morning. A. she B. hers C. her D. herself( )6. Mary decided to do the work _. A. she B. hers C. herself D. himself( )7. Nobody taught him drawing. He learned it - . A. him self B. herself C. his D. himself( )8. This is his ruler. Thats _. A. I B. me C. my D. mine( )9. Whose pen

28、cil-box is this ? Its _. A. he B. his C. him D. hes( )10. My dictionary is here. Where is _? A. you B. your C. yours D. yours( )11. She told _ a friend of _ would go to America. A. him; her B. his; hers C. him; hers D. he; shes( )12. _ pencil-box is beautiful. But _ is more beautiful than _. A. Toms

29、; my; he B. Toms; mine; his C. Toms; mine; him D. Toms; my; his( )13. Most of _ want to do the work _. A. us; ourselves B. us; ours C. we; ourselvesD. ours; ourselves( )14. Whose exercise-books are these? They are _. A. their B. theirs C. them D. theirs( )15. Did the children enjoy _ last Sunday? A.

30、 them B. themselves C. himself D. themselves( )16. Dont tell me the answer. Ill work out the problem _ . A. by me B. myself C. my self D. me( )17. Help _to some meat, please. A. you B. your C. yourself D. yours( )18. Lei Feng was always ready to help others. He never thought of _ . A. him B. his C.

31、himself D. he( )19. Their room is on the first floor and _ is on the second. A. our B. ours C. us D. ourselves( )20. A friend of _ will give _ a talk next Monday. A. him; our B. his; we C. his; us D. he; ours( )21. That is _ violin. A. Tom B. Toms C. Toms D. Toms( )22. The hospital is a bit far from

32、 here. Its about _. A. forty minutess walk B. forty minutes walk C. forty minutes walk D. forty minutes walk( )23. This dictionary is not. Its _. A. I B. me C. mine D. myB）不定代詞( )1. I have two pens. One is red, _ is blue. A. the other B. others C. other D. another( )2. There _ wrong with my bike. A.

33、 are something B. are anything C. is anything D. is something( )3. Mike and Joan are good at maths. A. neither B. both C. each D. no one( )4. There are two maps on the wall. One is a map of America, _ is a map of the world. A. others B. other C. the other D. another( )5. Im not busy. Havent _ to do.

34、 A. something B. everything C. nothing D. anything( )6. His parents are _ doctors. A. each B. all C. both D. no one( )7. Of the three foreign friends, one is from London, _ two are from New York. A. other B. the other C. others D. the others( )8. Are these two books interesting? Yes, _ of them are i

35、nteresting. A. both B. all C. either D. neither( )9. Mary wanted to have a work with Tom. She had _ to tell him. A. important something B. nothing important C. anything important D. something important( )10. There _ wrong with the machine. A. arent something B. arent anything C. isnt something D. is

36、nt anything( )11. My parents are I are _ interested in music. A. both B. all C. neither D. no( )12. Look at those students. Some are cleaning the window, _ are sweeping the floor. A. the other B. other C. others D. the others( )13. She has an apple in one hand and a knife in _ . A. other B. the othe

37、r C. another D. others( )14. You may keep the book for two weeks, but you mustnt lend it to _. A. other B. others C. the other D. the others( )15. I study Chinese, English and some _ subjects. A. other B. the other C. others D. the others( )16. Do they often talk to each _ in English? A. others B. t

38、he other C. other D. the others( )17. World you like _ milk? A. some B. any C. little D. a few( )18. _ beasts nor birds would have the bat as their friend. A. Either B. Neither C. Not D. Both( )19. Im hungry. Please give me _ to eat. A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing( )20. Mary sings

39、 better than _ of the other girls in her class. She sings best. A. some B. any C. most D. one( )21. This story is more interesting than _ two. A. other B. others C. the other D. the others( )22. All the students had gone out. There was _ in the classroom. A. somebody B. anybody C. nobody D. everybod

40、y( )23. Since _ is here, lets begin our meeting. A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody( )24. _ has taken my pencil by mistake. I cant find it. A. Somebody B. Everybody C. Nobody D. Anyone( )25. Did they find _ in the park? No, they found _ there. A. anybody; nobody B. somebody; everybody C.

41、anybody; somebodyD. everybody; anybody( )26. Tom and Mary are _ good at French. A. each B. both C. no one D. all( )27. She made _ mistakes in her exercises A. any B. another C. no D. one( )28. There are fifty students in their class. _ of them are league members. A. Both B. Either C. All D. No one(

42、)29. We must learn from _ other. A. every B. on C. each D. all( )30. The students have _ on Sundays. A. no any classes B. no class C. no classes D. no any class( )31. There isnt _ on the playground. A. anyone B. everyone C. nobody D. any people( )32. If you need a ruler. Ill lend you _. A. some B. o

43、ne C. another D. the one( )33. I have two friends. One is from Australia, _ is from Japan. A. other B. the other C. another D. othersC）不定代詞little, a little, few, a few( )1. The film is not interesting. _ people like it. A. Little B. A little C. Few D. A few( )2. That teacher was too busy to work in

44、his office. He had _ time to do the work. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )3. The artist has learned Russian for four months and he can write _ Russian now. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )4. Dont hurry! You still have _ time. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few( )5. There is _ ink

45、in the bottle. I have to buy some. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few( )6. Tom made quite _ mistakes in the test. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )7. Can you speak English? Yes, but only _. Ive studied it for only _ months. A. a little; few B. little; a few C. a little; a few D. few; a lit

46、tle( )8. Would you like some meat? Yes, just _. A. a few B. few C. a little D. little( )9. Be quick! There is _ time left. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few( )10. The question is so difficult that _ students can answer it. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )11. You did quite well in the test. You made _ mistakes. A. few B. a few C. little D. a litt