1、汽車工程專業英語,李俊玲 羅永革版（原文與翻譯,todays average car contains more than 15000 separate,individual parts that must work together.these parts can be grouped into four major categories:body,engine,chassis and electrical system,現在的汽車一般都由 15000 多個分散、獨立且相互配合的零部件組成。這些零部件只要分為,四類：車身、發動機、底盤和電氣設備,an automobile body is a

2、 sheet metal shell with windows,a hood and a trunk deck built into it.it provides a protective covering for the engine,passengers and cargo.the body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable.the body styling provides an attractive,colorful modern appearance for the vehicle,轎車車身是一個鈑金件殼體，它上面

3、有車窗、車門、發動機罩和行李艙門等部件，它給發動 機、乘客和行李提供防護。車身設計是為了確保乘客乘坐的安全和舒適。車身造型設計使得 汽車有一個華美、現代、吸引人的外觀,a sedan has an enclosed body with a maximum of 4 doors to allow access to the passenger compartment.the design also allows for storage of luggage or other goods.a sedan can also be referred to as a saloon and traditi

4、onally has a fixed roof.there are soft-top versions of the same body design except forhaving 2 doors,and there are commonly referred to as convertibles. 轎車車身為封閉式，轎車最多有 4 個車門，乘員通過車門進出。另外車身的設計還應考慮行,李和貨物的存放。傳統的轎車都是硬頂車身?；铐敵擞密嚕ǔㄅ褴嚕┑能図斒擒涰敚嚿碓O 計與普通轎車類似，但只有兩個車門,the utility or pick-up carries goods.usually i

5、t has stronger chassis components and suspension than a sedan to support greater gross vehicle mass,皮卡一般用來運載貨物。為能承載更大的總質量，皮卡的底盤部件和懸架比轎車更結實,light vehicle vans can be based on common sedan designs or redesigns so that maximum cargo space is available,輕型貨車一般是基于普通轎車設計的，或是重新設計使可用載貨空間最大化,the bodies of com

6、mercial vehicles that transport goods are designed for that specific purpose.tankers transport fluids,tippers carry earth or bulk grains,flatbeds and vans are used for general goods transport,用于運輸貨物的商用車車身必須滿足具體要求，例如運輸液體的油罐車、運輸泥土或散裝谷 物的自卸車、運輸一般貨物的平板車或貨車,buses and coaches are usually 4-wheel rigid veh

7、ices,but a large number of wheels and axles can be used. sometimes articulated buses are used to increase capacity.buses and coaches can be single-deck or double-deck.buses are commonly used in cities as commuter transports while coaches are more luxurious used forlong distances,客車和長途汽車一般是有 4 個車輪的整體

8、式車輛，也能配備更多的車輪和車橋。為了增加客,車的載客量往往使用由鉸鏈連接的客車。公共汽車和長途汽車有單層和雙層兩種。公共汽車 一般用城市內公共交通，而長途汽車一般用于長距離的旅行,1.2 Engine,The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this,obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of,engine: gasoline,

9、also,called,a,spark-ignition,engine,and,diesel (also,called,a,compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. 發動機作為動力

10、設備，常見的類型是內燃機，其原理是通過發動機缸內的液體燃料燃燒而產 生能量。發動機可分為兩類：汽油機（點燃式）和柴油機（壓燃式），都屬于熱力發動機。 燃料燃燒產生熱量使缸內氣體氣壓上升，從而產生能量，驅動與動力傳動系相連接的軸旋轉。 The way engine cylinders are arranged is called engine configuration. In-line engines have the cylinders in a line. This design creates a simply cast engine block. In vehicle applicat

11、ions, the number of cylinders is normally from 2 up to 6. Usually, the cylinders are vertical. As the number of the cylinders increase, the length of the block and crankshaft can become a problem. One way to avoid this is with a V configuration. This design makes the engines block and crankshaft sho

12、rter and more rigid. 發動機的布置即發動機氣缸的排列方式。 發動機缸體按直線排列的即直列式，這種布置使 得發動機缸體結構簡單。汽車發動機一般為 26 缸，通常氣缸是垂直放置的，但氣缸數量的 增加會導致缸體和曲軸的長度過大，解決問題的措施之一就是采用 V 型布置，這種布置方 式可以使發動機缸體和曲軸長度尺寸更短，從而大大增加剛度。 An engine located at the front can be mounted longitudinally and can drive either the front or the rear wheels. Rear engine

13、vehicles have the engine mounted behind the rear wheels. The engine can be transverse or longitudinal and usually drives the rear wheels only. 前置發動機可以縱向布置，能夠驅動前輪或后輪。后置發動機布置在后輪后側，發動機即可 縱向布置又可橫向布置，一般只能驅動后輪。 1.3 chassis 底盤 the chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating parts o

14、f a vehicle.the chassis includes the power train,steering,suspension,and braking systems. 底盤由汽車的主要操作系統組裝而成。包括傳動系、行駛系、轉向系和制動系四部分。 1）Powertrain system conveys the drive to the wheels.傳動系-將驅動力傳遞到車輪。 2）Steering system controls the direction of movement.轉向系-控制汽車的行駛方向。 3）Suspension and wheels absorbs the

15、road shocks.懸掛系-吸收路面震動 4）Brake slows down the vehicle.制動系-使汽車減速緩行。 1.3.1 power train system 動力傳動系統 The power train transfers turning effort from the engine to the driving wheels.a power train ca n include a clutch manual transmission or a torque converter for automatic transmission, a dr ive shaft,

16、final drive and differential gears and driving axles. Alternatively,a transaxle may be use d. A transaxle is a self-contained unit with a transmission, final drive gears and differential locate d in one casing. 傳動系把發動機輸出的扭矩傳遞給驅動輪。傳動系包括離合器（對應機械變速器）或液力變 矩器（對應液力自動變速器）、變速器、驅動軸、主減速器、差速器和驅動橋。另外有些傳 動系采用由變速

17、器、主減速器和差速器組成的一體式的變速驅動橋。（或者采用一個獨立的 變速驅動橋，即變速器在同一個箱體內。） A vehicle with a manual transmission uses a clutch to engage and disengage the engine from the power train. Engine torque is transmitted through the clutch to the transmission or transaxle.the transmission contains sets of gears that increase or

18、decrease the torque before it is transmitted,to the rest of the power train.the lower the gear ratio selected,the higher the torque transmissioned.a vehicle starting from rest needs a lot of torque,but once it is moving,it can maintain speed with only a relatively small amount of torque.a higher gea

19、r ratio can then be selected,and engine speed is reduced,對于采用機械變速器的汽車，其發動機扭矩由離合器傳遞給變速器或變速驅動橋，并通過離 合器來控制發動機和傳動系的嚙合或分離。變速器包含了不同傳動比的齒輪副，能夠增加或 減小扭矩。選擇的齒輪速比越小，傳遞的扭矩最大。汽車起步時需要較大的扭矩，一旦起動 后，僅需要較小的扭矩就可維持速度，此時應該換用較高的檔位，以降低發動機轉速,a conventional vehicle with the engine at the front and driving wheels at the rear

20、 uses a drive shaft,called a propeller shaft,to transmit torque from transmission to the final drive,傳統的汽車采用前置發動機、后輪驅動，因此需要傳動軸把動力從變速器傳遞給主減速器,the final drive provides a final gear reduction to multiply the torque before applying to the driving axles.on front engine rear wheel drive vehicles,the final

21、 drive changes the direction of drive by 90 degrees. inside the final drive,a differential gear set divides the torque to the axles and allows for the difference in speed of each wheel When cornering.axles shafts transmit the torque to the driving wheels.in a rear-wheel drive vehicle,the axles can b

22、e solid or contain joints to allow for movement of suspension.for a front-wheel drive vehicle,the drive shaft has universal joints to allow for suspension and steering movement,主減速器的作用就是在把動力傳遞給驅動輪之前，降低轉速并增加扭矩。對于前置后驅的汽,車，主減速器還將驅動的旋轉方向改變了 90 度。主減速器內的差速器齒輪副，把動力分給,兩個驅動軸，并允許兩邊車輪在轉向時具有不同的轉速。動力最終由驅動軸傳遞給車輪。

23、后 輪驅動汽車的驅動橋應能滿足懸架的運動，可以是剛性的或包含運動副。為滿足懸架和轉向 的要求，前輪驅動汽車驅動軸上需安裝萬向節,an automatic transmission or transaxle performs similar functions to a manual transmission or transaxle except that gear selection is controlled either hydraulically or electronically.the automatic transmission uses a torque converter,w

24、hich acts as a hydraulic coupling to transfer the drive,自動變速器或自動變速驅動橋的功能和機械式基本類似，區別在于檔位的選擇是液力或電力 控制的。液力自動變速器采用液力變矩（耦合）器作為連接器以傳遞動力,1.3.2 steering system 轉向系統,The directional motion of vehicle is controlled by a steering system. A basic steering system has 3 main parts: a steering box connected to the

25、 steering wheel, the linkage connecting the steering box to the wheel assembly at the front wheels and front suspension parts to let the wheel assemblies pivot. When the driver turns the steering wheel, a shaft from the steering column turns the steering gear. The steering gear moves tie-rods that c

26、onnect to the front wheels. The tie-rods move the front wheels to turn the vehicle right or left,轉向系控制汽車行駛方向，一般由三部分組成：與轉向盤相連的轉向器、連接車輪和轉向器 的傳動結構、允許車輪轉動的前懸架部件。當駕駛員轉動方向盤時，轉向柱內的軸帶動轉向 器運動，然后通過轉向傳動機構來轉動車輪，從而使得汽車向左或向右行駛,1.3.3 suspension system 懸架系統,The purpose of the complete suspension system is to isolat

27、e the vehicle body from road shocks and vibrations, which will otherwise be transferred to the passengers and load. It must also keep the tires in contact with the road regardless of road surface. A basic suspension system consists of springs, axles, shock absorbers, arms, rods and ball joints,整個懸架系

28、統的作用是隔離來自路面的沖擊和振動對車身的影響，防止傳遞給乘員和貨物。 另外不論路面如何，懸架系統都應該保持輪胎和路面接觸。懸架系統的基本組成包括彈性元 件、車橋、減震器、桿系（臂、桿）和球副組成的導向機構,the spring is the flexible component of the sussuspension.basic types are:leaf spring,coil spring and torsion bars.modern passenger vehicles and can have coil springs at the front and leaf springs

29、 at the rear.heavy commercial vehicles usually use leaf springs or air suspension,彈簧是懸架的彈性元件，常見的彈簧類型有：鋼板彈簧、螺旋彈簧和扭桿彈簧?，F代汽車大 多采用小的螺旋彈簧，輕型商用車常采用的螺旋彈簧比一般乘用車的大得多，或者前懸架采 用螺旋彈簧，后懸架采用鋼板彈簧。重型商用車則通常采用鋼板彈簧或空氣彈簧,wheels must be strong enough to support the vehicle and withstand the forces caused by normal operat

30、ion.at the same time,they must be as light as possible to help keep unsprung weight to a minimum,車輪必須能支撐整車重量，并能承受正常工況下的載荷。同時車輪必須盡可能地輕，有助于 最小化簧下質量,wheels can be made from pressed-steeling two sections,and also be made from cast aluminium alloy.alloy wheels are popular because of their appearance and

31、because they are lighter than similar steel wheels.aluminium is a better conductor of heat,so alloy wheels can dissipate heat from brakees and tires more effectively than steel ones,車輪可采用雙面鋼化板壓制而成，也可采用鑄造的鋁合金材料。除了外觀漂亮之外，鋁合金 比鋼更輕，因此鋁合金車輪應用較廣。另外鋁合金導熱性更好，因此相比鋼制車輪，制動器 和車輪產生的熱量更容易被鋁合金車輪散發,the tire provide

32、s a cushion between the vehicle and the road to reduce the transmission of road shocks.it also provides friction to allow the vehicle to perform its normal operations.modern tires are manufactured from a range of materials.the rubber is mainly synthetic.two types of tire construction are common:cros

33、s-ply and radial.most passenger cars now use radial tires,and radials are replacing cross-ply tires on 4-wheel drives and heavy vehicles,輪胎在汽車和路面之間起緩沖作用，能減小路面沖擊。同時輪胎也提供了車輪正常行駛所需 的摩擦力。輪胎是由多種材料加工而成，橡膠多是人工合成的。最常見的輪胎類型是子午線 輪胎和斜交輪胎?，F在大部分乘用車都采用子午線輪胎，在四輪驅動和商用車上，子午線輪 胎也正在取代斜交胎,tube tires require an inner tu

34、be to seal air inside the tire.tubeless tires are eliminating the inner tube by making the complete wheel and tire assembly airtight.a special airtight valve assembly is needed.this can be tight fit into the rim or can be held with a nut and sealing washers,有內胎的輪胎用內胎來密封內部氣體。無內胎的輪胎則要求車輪和輪胎具有很好的密封性， 這

35、就需要專用的密封件，可以緊固在輪緣上，也可用螺釘和密封圈來固定,1.3.4 Braking system 制動系統,Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. on light vehicles,b

36、oth of these systems are hydraulically operated.the brake pedal operates a master cylinder. hydraulic lines and houses connect the master cylinder to brake cylinders at the wheels.most modern light vehicles have either disc brakes on the front wheels and drum brakes on the rear or disc brakes on all

37、 4 wheels.disc brakes require greater forces to operate them.a brake booster assist the driver by increasing the force applied to the master cylinder when the brake is operated,鼓式制動器的制動鼓和輪轂連接，制動蹄張開壓緊制動鼓內側從而產生制動。在盤式制動器 上，連著輪轂的制動盤被緊緊夾在兩個制動塊之間。輕型汽車上都采用液壓制動系統，制動 踏板控制制動主缸，通過液壓管路與車輪上的制動輪缸相連?，F在輕型汽車上的制動器，前

38、輪采用盤式，后輪采用鼓式，或全部采用盤式。相比鼓式制動器，盤式制動器需要更大的作 用力。在制動時采用增壓器輔助駕駛員提高施加在主缸上的制動力,air operated braking systems are used on heavy pressed air operating on large diameter diaphragms provides the large forces to the brake assembly that are needed.an air compressor pumps air to storage tanks.driver controlled valv

39、es then direct the compressed air to different wheel units to operate the friction brakes.on articulated vehicles,any delay in applying the trailer brake should be minimize.this is achieved by using a relay valve and a separate reservoir on the trailer.this arrangement also applies the brakes if the

40、 trailer disconnected from the prime mover,重型商用車多采用氣壓制動系統，壓縮氣體作用在直徑較大的膜片上時能為制動總成提供較 大的制動力。氣壓制動系統靠空氣壓縮機把氣體吸入儲氣罐。駕駛員控制閥門開啟，使壓縮 氣體進入車輪制動氣室進行制動。在鉸接車輛的拖車上采用繼動閥和單獨的儲氣罐，以減小 拖車制動系統的時間延遲，這種布置方式還可以在拖車失去動力時制動拖車,all vehicles must be fitted with at least 2 independent systems.they were once called the service br

41、ake and the emergency brake.now they are usually referred to as the foot brake and the park brake.most light vehicles use a foot brake that operates through a hydraulic system on all wheels and a hand operated brake that acts mechanically on the rear wheels only.one common use of the hand brake syst

42、em is to hold the vehicle when it is parked.the system are designed to be independent So that if one fails,the otheris still available,所有汽車必須安裝至少兩套獨立的制動系統，即行車制動系統與緊急制動系統，一般被稱之 為腳制動和停車制動。大部分輕型汽車的腳制動通過液壓系統作用在四個車輪上，而其手制 動則是機械式的，且僅作用在后輪。手制動的一個普通用途就是停車時對汽車進行制動。設 計兩套獨立的制動系統的目的就是當一套失效時，另一套仍可工作,1.4.1 Electr

43、ical system 電器系統,The electrical system supplies electricity for the starter, ignition, lights and heater. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit,電器系統為起動機、點火系、照明和加熱設備提供電流，電流的大小由充電電路來維持,The charging system provides electrical energy for all of the electrical components on the vehicl

44、e.the main parts of the charging system include:the battery,the alternator,the voltage regulator which is usually integral to the alternator,a charging warning or indicator light and wiring that complete the circuits.the battery provides electrical components of the vehicle.it also charges the batte

45、r to replace the energy used to start the engine.the voltage regulator prevents overcharging,充電系統為汽車上所有的電器系統提供電能。充電系統主要組成部分有：蓄電池、交流發電 機、穩壓器（多集成在發電機中），充電指示燈和組成電路的電線。汽車起動時由蓄電池提 供能量，一旦發動機開始工作，交流電機為電氣設備供電，同時還對蓄電池進行充電，以補 償起動所消耗的電能。穩壓器則防止過載,1.4.2 Starting 啟動系統,The staring system consists of the battery,ca

46、bles,starter motor,flywheel ring gear and the ignition switch.during starting,two actions occur.the pinion of the starter motor engages with the flywheel ring gear and the starter motor then operates to crank the engine.the starter motor is,an electrical motormounted on the engine block and operated

47、 from the battery,起動系統包括電池、電纜、啟動電機、飛輪齒圈和點火開工。起動需要兩個動作，啟動電機 齒輪和飛輪齒圈嚙合，從而帶動發動機轉動。起動電機安裝在發動機殼體上，靠電池工作,1.4.3 Ignition 點火系統,A basic ignition system consists of the battery,low-tension cables,the ignition coil,distributor,coil high-tension cable,spark pluk cables and spark plugs.the ignition system provid

48、es high intense sparks to spark plugs to ignite the fuel charges in the combustion chambers.the sparks must be supplied at the right time and they must have sufficient energy over a range of conditions to ignite the charges.the energy comes from the battery and alternator,and voltage is increased by

49、 the ignition coil.the system has two circuits.the primary or low-tension circuit initiates the spark.the secondary or high-tension circuit produces the high voltage and distributes it to spark plugs,點火系統包括電池、低壓電纜、點火線圈、分電器、高壓電纜、火花塞連線和火花塞。點火 系統在火花塞處產生高壓火花，點燃發動機燃燒室內的燃油混合物。點火系統必須在恰當的 時刻提供火花，并且能量滿足各種工況的

50、要求。電池和交流發電機為點火系統供電，點火線 圈提高電壓。點火系統由兩級電路組成，初級電路（低壓電路）初始化火花，次級電路（高 壓電路）產生高壓電，并分到各個火花塞,2.1 principle of operation 工作原理 2.1.1 energy and power 能源和動力,Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called co

51、mbustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine,能源用于產生動力。燃料以控制的速率燃燒，燃料中的化學能轉換為熱能。這個過程叫做燃 燒。如果發動機燃燒發生在動力室內，這種發動機叫做內燃機。如果燃燒發生在氣缸外，這 樣的發動機叫做

52、外燃發動機,Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases within the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the com

53、bustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power,汽車使用的發動機是內燃發動機。在燃燒室內釋放的熱能提高了室內燃燒氣體的溫度。氣體 溫度的增肌使氣體的壓力增加。在燃燒室內產生的壓力作用于活塞的頂部，產生機械力，這 個力轉換成有用的機械動力,2.1.2 Engine Terms,Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a

54、crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through h alf a turn. The power stroke“uses up”the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt ga s and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the d uty of the valves；an inlet valve allows the new mi

55、xture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas afterthe gas has done its job. Engine terms are,活塞通過連桿和曲軸連接，使得氣體帶動曲軸旋轉半圈。作功沖程耗盡了所以的氣體，這樣 就必須采取相應的措施排出廢氣以及向氣缸內充入新鮮的可燃混合氣：氣體的運動由氣門來 控制。進氣閥允許新的混合氣體在適當的時間進入，排氣閥在作功完成后，可以放出燃燒后 的氣體。引擎術語,TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the cr

56、ank and piston when the piston is farther away from t,he crankshaft,上止點：活塞處于離曲軸最遠處時，曲柄和活塞所處的位置,BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the,crankshaft,下止點：活塞處于離曲軸最近處時，曲柄和活塞所處的位置,Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the c

57、rankshaft. 行程：上止點 和下止點間的距離;行程由曲軸控制,Bore : the internal diameterof the cylinder,缸徑：氣缸的內徑,Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC. 有效容積：上止點和下止點間的容積 Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinders.e.g. a four-cylinder engine having a capacity of two liters(2000cm3) has a cylinder

58、swept volume of 500cm3. 發動機排量：所有氣缸的有效容積之和.例如一四缸發動機有能力兩升（2000cm3）有一個氣 缸排量 500cm3。 Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. 燃燒室容積：活塞處于上止點時，活塞上方的體積 Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)(clearance vol) 壓縮比：（有效容積+燃燒室容積）/燃燒室容積 Two-stroke : a power stroke ever

59、y revolution of the crank. 兩沖程： 曲柄旋轉一圈作功一次。 Four-stroke: a powerstroke every other revolution of the crank. 四沖程：曲柄旋轉兩圈作功一次。 2.1.3 The Four-strokeSpark-ignition Engine Cycle The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition , which converts the energy con

60、tained in the fuel to kinetic energy. The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. 火花點火式發動機是由外部提供點火的內燃機，從而將含在燃料內的能量轉化成動能。發動 機的一個工作循環分布在活塞的四個行程中，一個完整的工作循環曲軸需要轉動兩圈。 The downward-moving piston increases the volume in