附 錄 A 外文文獻原文 The connecting rod is one of the five big engine, engine is important safety pieces. The quality of the connecting rod directly influence engine performance and security. The connecting rod from the structure is not complex, but the connecting rod belongs to the typical irregular parts and high accuracy, connecting rod processing technology is more complex. This article through to the connecting rod processing technology introduction, and targeted support for connecting rod broken of new technology and new materials for specific process analysis, to realize the development of the advanced nature of the connecting rod processing. The connecting rod is to transfer the power of the important moving parts, it small head with the pistons for reciprocating motion, the major part of the crankshaft rotary motion, as with the rod body in size head movement under the synthesis of swing. In addition to withstand cyclical change, as well as gas impact bear the larger the inertial force. This requires connecting rod fatigue resistance, impact resistance, and have the enough strength, stiffness and good toughness. Because the structure of the engine is different, connecting rod structure vary slightly. But its basically piston sales by KongDuan (small head end), crankshaft pin KongDuan (big head end) and rod body of three parts. The crankshaft pin KongDuan for separate structure, body and cover bolted connection. The size of the connecting rod head height of the different structure, according to a contour and high two kinds, ranging in V type engine, in order to enable the compact structure, the connecting rod often use the structure of high range. The modern high-performance engines to the requirements of the connecting rod is light weight, high strength, good stiffness, the inertial force is small, as far as possible the reinforced technology and so on. Development trend is short connecting rod structure. Engine moving parts of the weight loss, and help to reduce the energy consumption and noise； Can improve engine emissions. On short of connecting rod demand because the engine is headed in small size and large power the direction of development. The connecting rod mechanical processing of the main technical requirements herein, small head connecting rod IT7 cylindricity 0.01 mm, surface roughness Ra1.6 um The big end hole IT5 IT6, surface roughness Ra0.8 um The connecting rod size head hole center distance + 0.03 0.05 mm The connecting rod size head hole parallel degree 0.02 0.06/100 mm The big end at both ends of the big hole facing verticality 0.06 0.1/100 mm, thickness tolerance (0.05 0.08 mm), and the surface roughness Ra0.8 um. The connecting rod weight tolerance + 3 + 8 g The connecting rod in the work under the multiplex alternating load, require a high intensity, the blank of the high strength carbon steel and mostly in carbon steel alloy die forging and into. In recent years, because of the connecting rod processing using support of new technology and broken powder metallurgical technology, the development of high carbon steel, malleable iron and powder metallurgy material also is widely used. In addition, some with new form and microstructure of materials, such as composite materials, aluminum alloy material fiber reinforcement can be used. Try to reduce blank surplus, improve the precision and reduce blank cutting force and the improvement of the machining efficiency. Every car number, production requirements of the machine tool, beat short machining efficiency and high precision. Due to poor, connecting rod itself rigid in positioning and clamping point when the choice, avoid need special attention in locating produce larger error and not stable in clamping deformation and the influence of the machining accuracy. Should follow the principle of unified standards, trying to avoid the benchmark replacement, to reduce the positioning error. Because of the connecting rod weight in a special requirements, so assembly shall be properly arrange weighing, to weight, weight working group. To demand higher surface processing, according to rough, half of pure, finishing in stages and in rough finish machining can arrange between secondary surface (such as size TouYou hole, bearings lock) processing, mouth slot to make the work have full time distortion, in order to eliminate stress, ensure the precision of the processing. The connecting rod main processing process analysis： 1.Both ends of the plane processing The connecting rod surface is connecting rod surface processing and other the positioning standards and connecting rod in some automatic line of automatic conveyer base surface. The plane, and between the two end at both ends and the crankshaft pin hole with each other between the accuracy requirement of the position. The first working procedure linkage processing is processing both ends plane. In size head hole before finishing, often also to two plane this precision. The connecting rod end processing general use of the grinding process. The connecting rod blank, of the two forging face pressure, fine size precision can reach + 0.15 0.20 mm +. The purpose is to improve the pure pressure blank precision, reduce surplus, make it no longer after turning, milling rough machining can direct grinding. Grinding way has two kinds: 1).In more than vertical shaft grinding wheel grinding surface grinder bosses on, this is a kind of the most commonly used in the machine tool, the way round the decorated grinding the adjacent at both ends, the connecting rod to end a fixture and small head external circular and big head a profile positioning, grinding, the face of a flip sides placed in another clamping fixture, grinding another end, through two times the installation, and the rotation with two laps, the a flip, finish grinding machine, both sides in a table can install DuoGe fixtures, the loading and discharging the auxiliary time and processing time overlap, so this is a highly efficient processing method. Size of the connecting rod, high class multi-purpose biaxial vertical shaft bosses or more surface grinder, head to the size range of link, used the high vertical five axis frustum surface grinding. 2). Adopts horizontal double grinding wheel to the grinding machine, the grinding and vertical shaft grinding wheel grinding machine more similar, in a large grinding wheel on the drum diameter wheel, equipped with DuoGe fixture, blank in the fixture, both sides to the location of the grinding wheel and the horizontal-axis installed in the two end face grinding workpiece fixture, this kind of means efficiency is very high also, also has the assistant time and the characteristics of the processing time overlap. Since the two end at the same time was grinding, no longer need to turn over face second installation. 2.Body and cover points in the plane of the surface and other processing The connecting rod in addition to two end other than a plane, including body and cover points and positioning of the face with side, and overall size head of blank connecting rod body cut and cover when cut half surface, mostly in successive broaching machine and cut. Successive pull with the following features: 1). A and pull cutting. In a large transmission chain, in turn on several clamp, installed with pull cutting through the area, the cut, cut each pull. These fixture type can, and therefore can be different will generally need two sets on broaching machine in the cutting process, complete, through the workpiece was installed in different kinds of jig method in a machine, combination on implementation. 2). In pull no empty cut tool for cutting process loss, and cutting tools motionless, fixture through the pull off the automatic cutting area, with the chain, the lower the expected return on the bed. 3).Mobile time and auxiliary time overlap. Successive pull cutting has the very high productivity, usually per hour for 200-300 pieces, some can reach 700 pieces or more. In addition, it also can pull, processing precision cutting surface stability, dimension tolerance can reach 0.05 mm, the tool life long. The body also can use this method cut cover. Continuous pull cutting method in it is the most widely used in processing connecting rod. 3. Bolt hole processing The connecting rod bolt hole are generally positioning part and tighten part, positioning for light, tighten hole part of screw holes, therefore, the bolt hole size and location accuracy is higher. As the light of the positioning on the drilling hole, after reaming holes will be. In order to improve the precision and the bolt hole gun drill and gun hinge processing. In large-scale automation production in recent years the established automatic system, combination machine tools automatic line with more and more, and as the whole processing part of the system, a combination of automatic line into, or to become a a long automatic line the combination parts. The combination machine tools automatic line more facilitate a multi-faceted processing, favorable to improve productivity. 4.Size head hole processing The connecting rod size head hole is the main processing parts, connecting the precision and finish requirements are very high, the accuracy of the scope is: Size head tolerance:-0.01 0.01 mm. Size head hole distance tolerance: + 0.02 + 0.05 mm. Size head hole taper and ellipse: 0.002 0.005 mm. Size head hole axis parallel degree: 0.03/100 mm. Size head hole axis distortion degree: 0.05 mm. The connecting rod size head hole processing can be divided into three stages: rough machining, half machining, finishing. The first stage in the body cover before assembly, behind the two stages in the body cover assembly, the early stage after general in the connecting rod two end processing and then began. The connecting rod small head hole because of the process as a benchmark, followed by positioning in the early stage should be processing to more precise size, and the big hole are not processing very fine. 5.The connecting rod body, cover assembly In the body, to control the assembly cover bolts of compaction force, in order to control the deformation and body cover after processing, the connecting rod DuoCi remove, all can keep the precision of the main processing surface stability. Therefore, in all the potential manufacturing/remanufacturing are used for stable wrench. Along with the processing process automation degree of body cover, the body the cover assembly and semi-automatic machine is very common, some assembly machine have been incorporated into automatic line. 6.Weighing and to heavy In order to make the engine in the process of operation, stable each cylinder connecting rod in reciprocating motion inertia in roughly the same size head of connecting rod, the total weight of weight and has strict requirements. General engine connecting rod size head weight tolerance for + 1.5 g, a total weight of + 3 g. Therefore, we must carry on the weighing, classification, remove excess weight, so as to meet the requirements of weight tolerance. The connecting rod to heavy process, weighing, general arrangement in the whole processing operations, mostly arranged in the back of the head size hole before finishing last in all processing procedure are again when the weight. Semi-automatic and fully automatic weighing device the common characteristics are weighing out of the weight, will become and proportional to the number of telecommunications, telecommunications, will go to the weight of the control of the milling head into give. 附 錄 B 外文文獻譯文 連桿是發(fā)動機五大件之一，是發(fā)動機重要的安全件。連桿的質(zhì)量直接影響發(fā)動機的使用性能和安全。連桿從結(jié)構(gòu)上看并不復(fù)雜，但連桿屬于典型的不規(guī)則件且連桿精度要求高，加工工藝比較復(fù)雜。本文通過對連桿加工工藝的介紹，并有針對性的對連桿撐斷新工藝和新材料進行具體工藝分析，以了解其在連桿加工發(fā)展中的先進性。 連 桿是傳遞動力的重要運動部件，它的小頭隨活塞作往復(fù)運動，大頭隨曲軸作回轉(zhuǎn)運動，桿身在大小頭運動的合成下作擺動。除承受周期性變化的氣體沖擊外，還要承受較大的慣性力。這就要求連桿耐疲勞、抗沖擊，并具有足夠的強度、剛度及較好的韌性。 由于發(fā)動機的結(jié)構(gòu)不同，連桿結(jié)構(gòu)略有差異。但其基本上由活塞銷孔端（小頭端），曲軸銷孔端（大頭端）及桿身三部分組成。曲軸銷孔端為分開式結(jié)構(gòu)，體和蓋用螺栓連接。連桿大小頭端高度根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的不同，有等高和不等高兩種，在 V 型發(fā)動機中，為了使結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，連桿經(jīng)常采用不等高的結(jié)構(gòu)。 現(xiàn)代的高性能發(fā)動機 對連桿的要求是重量輕、強度高、剛度好、慣性力小，盡量采用強化工藝等。發(fā)展趨勢是采用短連桿結(jié)構(gòu)。發(fā)動機運動部件重量的減輕，有助于降低能耗和噪聲；可以改善發(fā)動機的排放。對短連桿的需求是因為發(fā)動機正朝著體積小和功率大的方向發(fā)展。 連桿機械加工的主要技術(shù)要求連桿小頭底孔 IT7， 圓柱度 0.01mm， 表面粗糙度 Ra1.6 um。 連桿大頭孔 IT5IT6， 表面粗糙度 Ra0.8 um。 連桿大小頭孔中心距 0.030.05 mm。 連桿大小頭孔平行度 0.020.06/100 mm。 連桿大頭兩端面對大頭孔的垂直度 0.060.1/100 mm， 厚度公差 0.050.08 mm，表面粗糙度 Ra0.8 um。 連桿重量公差 38 克。 連桿在工作中承受多向的交變載荷，要求有很高的強度，毛坯大都采用高強度碳鋼和中碳合金鋼模鍛而成。近年來，由于在連桿加工中采用撐斷新工藝和粉末冶金技術(shù)的發(fā)展，高碳鋼、可鍛鑄鐵和粉末冶金材料也被廣泛應(yīng)用。另外，一些具有新型組成或微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的材料，如復(fù)合材料、鋁纖維增強合金材料等也有應(yīng)用。 盡量減少毛坯余量，提高毛坯精度，從而降低切削力和提高加工效率。 每車數(shù)量多，生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍短，要求機床的加 工效率和精度高。 由于連桿本身剛性差，在定位和夾緊點選擇時需要特別注意，避免在定位時產(chǎn)生較大的誤差和不穩(wěn)定，在夾緊時產(chǎn)生變形而影響加工精度。 應(yīng)遵循基準統(tǒng)一原則，盡量避免基準的更換，以減少定位誤差。 由于連桿重量在裝配時有特殊要求，所以要妥善安排稱重、去重、重量分組等工序。 要求較高的表面加工，按照粗、半精、精加工分階段進行，在粗精加工之間可安排次要表面（如大小頭油孔、軸瓦鎖口槽）的加工，使工件有充分的變形時間，以消除內(nèi)應(yīng)力，保證加工的精度。 連桿主要加工工藝分析： 1 兩端平面的加工 連桿平面是連 桿其它表面加工時的定位基準和連桿在一些自動線中的自動輸送的基面。其兩端平面之間和兩端面與曲軸銷孔間有著相互位置精度的要求。連桿加工的首道工序就是加工兩端平面。在大小頭孔精加工前，往往還要對此兩平面進行精加工。 連桿端面加工一般采用磨削工藝。在連桿毛坯鍛造時，對這兩端面進行精壓，尺寸精度可達 0.15 0.20mm。 精壓的目的就是提高毛坯精度，減少余量，使其不再經(jīng)過車、銑粗加工就可直接磨削。磨削的方式有兩種： 1). 在立軸多砂輪圓臺平面磨床上磨削，這是最常用的一種方式，在機床的圓形工作臺上，相鄰布置著 磨削兩端面的夾具，連桿以一端面及小頭外圓以及大頭一側(cè)面定位，磨削一端面后，工件翻面放置在另一個夾具上，磨削另一端面，工件通過兩次安裝，并隨工作臺旋轉(zhuǎn)兩圈，經(jīng)一次翻轉(zhuǎn)，完成兩面磨削，在機床的一個工作臺上可裝多個夾具，且裝卸等輔助時間與加工時間重合，因此這是一種高效的加工方法。一般大小頭等高的連桿，多用立式雙軸或多軸圓臺平面磨床，對大小頭不等高的連桿，則采用立式五軸圓臺平面磨床加工。大小頭不等高的連桿現(xiàn)在大多采用在孔精加工前采用面車的方式加工或在最終清洗采用臥式雙端面磨。 2). 采用臥式雙砂輪對置磨床磨削， 這種磨削與立軸多砂輪磨床磨削類似，在一大直徑鼓輪的轉(zhuǎn)盤上，裝有多個夾具，毛坯在夾具中定位，兩邊對置的臥軸砂輪同時對裝于夾具中的工件兩端面磨削，這種方式效率也很高，也具有輔助時間與加工時間重合的特點。由于兩個端面同時被磨削，不再需要翻面二次安裝。 2 體蓋分合面及其它平面的加工 連桿除了兩端面以外的其它平面，包括體蓋分合面及作定位用的大小頭側(cè)面，以及整體連桿毛坯的體蓋切開和切開后的半圓面，大多在連續(xù)式拉床上拉削。 連續(xù)式拉削具有下列的特點： 1)多件同時拉削。在一條大型的傳動鏈上，依次裝若干個夾具，夾具 帶著被拉削工件通過拉削區(qū)域的各段，進行拉削。這些夾具類型可以不同，因而可以將一般需在兩臺拉床上完成的拉削工序，通過將工件裝于不同種類的夾具上的方法，組合在一臺機床上實現(xiàn)。 2)在拉削中沒有刀具空程損失，因拉削時刀具不動，夾具通過拉削區(qū)，自動卸下工件后，隨鏈條經(jīng)床身下部返回上料端。 3)機動時間與輔助時間重合。連續(xù)式拉削具有很高的生產(chǎn)率，通常每小時為200 300 件，有的可達 700 件以上。此外還可以多面拉削，加工精度穩(wěn)定，尺寸公差可達 0.05mm， 刀具壽命長。體蓋切開也可用這種方法。連續(xù)拉削法在連桿加工中 用得最廣泛。 3 螺栓孔的加工 連桿螺栓孔一般分為定位部分和緊固部分，定位部分為光孔，緊固部分為螺孔，因此，螺栓孔的尺寸和位置精度要求都比較高。