閱讀理解全真試題（1996—2010年）

Unitl（1996年真題）

Passage1

Tight-lippedeldersusedtosayJTt'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”

Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttheright

things.

Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachof

usiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohave

friendstodinner,weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuch

planningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.

Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.In

makingablueprintfbrajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,

youcanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.

Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,

experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandard

applicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-be

employerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimto

employyouandyour"wares”andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnected

manner.

Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething

tangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyour

could-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandears

open,anduseyourownjudgement.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemployment

youwishfbr,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.

51.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”？

(A)You*!!certainlygetwhatyouwant.

(B)It'snousedreaming.

(C)Youshouldbedissatifiedwithwhatyouhave.

(D)It'sessentialtosetagoalfbryourself.

52.Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas.

(A)anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationfbrajob

(B)anindicationofhowtosecureagoodjob

(C)aguidelinefbrjobdescription

(D)aprinciplefbrjobevaluation

53.Accordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause

(A)thatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployer

(B)thatistherequirementoftheemployer

(C)itenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservices

(D)itforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimself

54.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething

(A)definitetooffer(B)imaginarytoprovide

(C)practicaltosupply(D)desirabletopresent

Passage2

WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannow

watchtheCorporation'snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.AndofcourseinBritainlistenersand

viewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocal

radiostation.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,

religion,parliamentarycoverage,children'sprogrammesandfilmsfbranannuallicencefeeof￡83per

household.

Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years-yettheBBCsfutureisnowindoubt.

TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganisation,atleastforthetimebeing,

butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.

ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC

includingordinarylistenersandviewers一tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,

andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBCsroyal

charterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganisationasitis,ortomakechanges.

DefendersoftheCorporation—ofwhomtherearemany-arefbndofquotingtheAmerican

slogan"Ifitain*tbroke,don*tfixit."TheBBC"ain'tbroke,*,theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnot

broken(asdistinctfromtheword'broke',meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?

YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.The

commercialTVchannels-ITVandChannel4-wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernmenfs

BroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcutting

costsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels一fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartly

byviewers*subscriptions-whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.

55.TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces.

(A)theproblemofnewscoverage(B)anuncertainprospect

(C)inquiriesbythegeneralpublic(D)shrinkageofaudience

56.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisnotmentionedasthekeyissue?

(A)ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.

(B)Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.

(C)Potentialsforfiirtherinternationalco-operations.

(D)Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganisation

57.TheBBC's"royalcharter*1(Line4,Paragraph3)standsfor.

(A)thefinancialsupportfromtheroyalfamily

(B)theprivilegesgrantedbytheQueen

(C)acontractwiththeQueen

(D)auniquerelationshipwiththeroyalfamily

58.TheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan.

(A)theemergenceofcommercialTVchannels

(B)theenforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernment

(C)theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobs

(D)thechallengeofnewsatellitechannels

Passage3

Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury"capital”and"labour**wereenlargingandperfectingtheir

rivalorganisationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywitha

bureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewageby

engagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiled

thefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwas

moreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-owned

business.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,

wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinessto

supplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.

Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.

Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersand

importanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealth

detachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromthe

responsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,

AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswere

thusenrichedbytheworld'smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthand

Eastbournespranguptohouselarge'Comfortable"classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwho

hadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattending

ashareholders*meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand"shareholding”

meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyoftheVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreat

civilisation.

The"shareholders**assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmen

employedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitaland

labourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemen

andtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichthe

employerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.

Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonal

relationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganisationofthetradeunions,at

leastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanies

whoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteach

othefsstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.

59.Ifstrueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat.

(A)theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations

(B)theyfailedforlackofindividualinitiative

(C)theylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderncompanies

(D)theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers

60.Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin.

(A)theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement

(B)theownershipofcapitalbymanagers

(C)theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses

(D)theparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness

61.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat.

(A)theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers

(B)theoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers

(C)thelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly

(D)thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole

62.Theauthorismostcriticalof.

(A)familyfirmowners(B)landowners(C)managers(D)shareholders

Passage4

WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica一breakthroughssuch

asthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?

Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry*sexcellentelementaryschools;a

laborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabove

alltheAmericangeniusfbrnonverbal,MspatialHthinkingaboutthingstechnological.

Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,

especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomein

arithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.

AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducational

advantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,"Withamindprepared

bythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman."

Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe"premium"system,whichprecededourpatent

systemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,

cashprizesandotherincentives.

IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandat

theindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthus

torenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.

Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilyto

thatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhas

pointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbal

descriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess…Thedesignerandthe

inventor…areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist."

Thisnonverbal"spatial”thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononce

wrote,HThemechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthe

lettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangement

transmitsanewidea."

Whenalltheseshapingforces——schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatial

thinking——interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmerican

characteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendly

butcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.

63.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepart

dueto?

(A)elementaryschools(B)enthusiasticworkers

(C)theattractivepremiumsystem(D)aspecialwayofthinking

64.ItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanmechanics.

(A)benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledge

(B)shedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagement

(C)wasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhometraining

(D)owedalottothetechnologicaldevelopment

65.Atechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartistbecause.

(A)theyarebothwinnersofawards

(B)theyarebothexpertsinspatialthinking

(C)theybothabandonverbaldescription

(D)theybothusevariousinstruments

66.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe.

(A)InventiveMind(B)EffectiveSchooling

(C)WaysofThinking(D)OutpouringofInventions

Passage5

Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher'spipelines.A

fewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoften

unenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginand

evolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,and

constantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened."Scientific"creationism,whichisbeingpushedby

somefbr"equaltime*1intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbased

onreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleaders

havecometoregard“scientific”creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.

ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher'sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriate

places,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,he

takesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,

and,fbrthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmay

comeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmore

Christianbehavior.

Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fbrtheclarityandeffectivenessofhis

arguments.Thenonspecialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthat

supportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthe

dustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"Thisbookstandsfbrreasonitself.*1Andsoitdoes

—andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.

67.^Creationism0inthepassagerefersto.

(A)evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheuniverse

(B)anotionofthecreationofreligion

(C)thescientificexplanationoftheearthformation

(D)thedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheuniverse

68.Kitchefsbookisintendedto.

(A)recommendtheviewsoftheevolutionists

(B)exposethetruefeaturesofcreationists

(C)cursebitterlyathisopponents

(D)launchasurpriseattackoncreationists

69.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat.

(A)reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebate

(B)creationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning

(C)evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialists

(D)creationismissupportedbyscientificfindings

70.Thispassageappearstobeadigestof.

(A)abookreview(B)ascientificpaper

(C)amagazinefeature(D)anewspapereditorial

Unit2（1997年真題）

Passage1

Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16

hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityinthe

worldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedby

theconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,

halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentit

onviathegroup'son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:"Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,because

ofcoursethisisn,tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.Ifsworldhistory.n

Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleft

physiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathed

sighsofreliefothers,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,

bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia——

whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayed

theirpart-otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUS

andCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthe

dominoestostartfalling.

UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,andadultpatientcanrequestdeath—probablybyadeadly

injectionorpill一toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwo

doctors.Aftera"coolingoff"periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48

hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfrom

lungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehaunting

fearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition."Pmnotafraidofdyingfroma

spiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,becauseI'vewatchedpeopledieinthe

hospitalfightingfbroxygenandclawingattheirmasks,nhesays.

51.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat.

[A]theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountries

[B]physiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia

[C]changingtechnologyischieflyresponsiblefbrthehastypassageofthelaw

[D]ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw'spassage

52.Whentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeans

[A]observersaretakingawait-and-seeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasia

[B]similarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountries

[C]observersarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoes

[D]theeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastop

53.WhenLloydNicksondies,hewill.

[A]facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia

[B]experiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient

[C]haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering

[D]undergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendays

54.Theauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof.

[A]opposition[B]suspicion[C]approval[D]indifference

Passage2

AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpful

mostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaand

Canadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.

Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetit

isanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.

Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinan

otherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerally

liveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbrought

newsoftheoutsideworld.

Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,

ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnota

matterofchoicefbrthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedthe

harshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn'ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewho

would.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.

Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet,

theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercities

andtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.'*1wasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,

andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefbrdinner——amazing."Suchobservationsreportedbyvisitorsto

theUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.Thecasualfriendlinessofmany

Americansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butastheresultofahistorically

developedculturaltradition.

Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,and

conventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnot

necessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate”

culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusesthe

word"friend",theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthe

visitor'slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetween

courteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvalue

highlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.

55.Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld.

[A]rudetaxidriversarerarelyseenintheUS

[B]small-mindedofficialsdeserveaseriouscomment

[C]Canadiansarenotsofriendlyastheirneighbors

[D]mostAmericansarereadytoofferhelp

56.Itcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.

[A]cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocialinterrelationship

[B]courteousconventionandindividualinterestareinterrelated

[C]variousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriends

[D]socialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofculturalconventions

57.Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers.

[A]toimprovetheirhardlife

[B]inviewoftheirlong-distancetravel

[C]toaddsomeflavortotheirowndailylife

[D]outofacharitableimpulse

58.Thetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers.

[A]tendstobesuperficialandartificial

[B]isgenerallywellkeptupintheUnitedStates

[C]isalwaysunderstoodproperly

[D]hassomethingtodowiththebusytouristtrails

Passage3

Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.

Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetenndrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegal

chemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon'trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobacco

arealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansand

psychologists.Thephrase"substanceabuse"isoftenusedinsteadof"drugabuse**tomakeclearthat

substancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.

Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:an

aspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigarettefor

thenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecome

misuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningor

intenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionor

substancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthe

substancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawal

symptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.

Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehavior

areknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingto

whethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethe

centralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffecton

perception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducing,hallucinations.Theseare

thesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaningnmind-manifestingH)because

theyseemedtoradicallyalterone'sstateofconsciousness.

59."Substancesabuse"(Line4,Paragraph1)ispreferableto"drugabuse”inthat.

[A]substancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegallyused

[B]"drugabuse11isonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugtakers

[C]alcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroinandcocaine

[D]manysubstancesotherthanheroinorcocainecanalsobepoisonous

60.Theword"pervasive"(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean.

[A]widespread[B]overwhelming[C]piercing[D]fashionable

61.Physicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom.

[A]uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftime.

[B]exclu