2012年考研真題閱讀部分

Text1

Comeon-Everybody'sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthe

wordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthat

peerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroup

dynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.

Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsored

antismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownas

LoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.

Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:

theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology."Daretobedifferent,

pleasedon'tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethan

fittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.

Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailand

notenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit's

presentedhereisthatitdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLife

programproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.

There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealth

habits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:we

unconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.

Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuous

directions.It'sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetactic

neverreallyworks.Andthat'stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosing

ourownfriends.

21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas

[A]asupplementtothesocialcure

[B]astimulustogroupdynamics

[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress

[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors

22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould

[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers

[B]learnfromadvertisers/experience

[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers

[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements

23.Intheauthor/sview,Rosenberg/sbookfailsto

[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors

[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure

[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding

[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect

24.ParagraphSshowsthatourimitationofbehaviors

[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends

[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies

[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit

[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits

25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis

[A]harmful

[B]desirable

[C]profound

[D]questionable

Text2

Adealisadeal-except,apparently?whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustified

outrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.

Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'srulesinthe

federalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It'sastunningmove.

Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont/sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.As

aconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,

thestatewentastepfurther;requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant'slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature'sapproval.Then,too,the

companywentalong.

EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn'tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,

includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsabout

bothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergy/smanagement-especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.Enragedby

Entergy'sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.

Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederal

governmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstates

dohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower;legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthose

powersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.Buthad

Entergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.

ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowar

withthestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnited

States,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepit

openforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany'sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhat

promisesfromEntergyareworth.

26.Thephrase“renegingonw(Line3.para.l)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]condemning.

[B]reaffirming.

[C]dishonoring.

[D]securing.

27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto

[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.

[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.

[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.

[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.

28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits

[A]managerialpractices.

[B]technicalinnovativeness.

[C]financialgoals.

[D]businessvision

29.Intheauthor/sview,theVermontcasewilltest

[A]Entergy'scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.

[B]thematureofstates'patchworkregulations.

[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.

[D]thelimitsofstates'powerovernuclearissues.

30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat

[A]Entergy'sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.

[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.

[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.

[D]Vermont'sreputationmightbedamaged.

Text3

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswho

usethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousand

complicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterest

influencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,

errooandself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butit

takescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichthe

individualresearcher/sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity/sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestarting

point.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakes

controlofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsand

reviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,

thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthrough

thecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolved

transformsanindividual'sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatis

viewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalis

new-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantand

convincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequently

provokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenand

thinkingwhatnobodyhasthought/Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheir

views.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens“toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthe

commonsofthemind."Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother/sreasoningandeachother'sconceptionsofreason//

31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits

[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.

[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.

[C]logicalityandobjectivity.

[D]systematicnessandregularity.

32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires

[A]strictinspection.

[B]sharedefforts.

[C]individualwisdom.

[D]persistentinnovation.

33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit

[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.

[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.

[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.

[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.

34.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat

[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.

[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.

[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.

[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.

[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.

[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.

[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.

Text4

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa'sTeamsterswereintheirprimein

I960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica'spublic

sectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%of

private-sectoronesareunionized.

Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions'thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayof

consequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica'spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,

theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain'sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeen

associatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.

Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthat

muchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers7unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflabor

groupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandwork

practices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded"public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysand

especiallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.

Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaced

drawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers'unionshave

foughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer;politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsof

supportersagainstScottWalker;thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbut

isbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthe

presidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers7fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhigh

achieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat

[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.

[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.

[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.

[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.

37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?

[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.

[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.

[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.

[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.

38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris

[A]illegallysecured.

[B]indirectlyaugmented.

[C]excessivelyincreased.

[DJfairlyadjusted.

39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions

[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.

[B]canchangepeople/spoliticalattitudes.

[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.

[D]aredominantinthegovernment.

40.JohnDonahue'sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof

[A]disapproval.

[B]appreciation.

[C]tolerance.

[D]indifference.

答案：

21.【答案】D

【解析】文章首段包含了兩方面的內容，作者先簡單介紹Peerpressure,再引出TinaRosenberg在她的新書JointheClub中對于peerpressure的看法,這篇文

章是以?篇書評的形式出現。而題目“根據第一段，同伴壓力的出現常常是.，問的僅僅是同伴壓力，并無涉及到TinaRosenberg或者她的新書，因此答案則應主要

涉及文章對于peerpressure的介紹，而非Tina對于peerpressure的看法。首段第三句說"（同伴壓力）通常引起不好的事情，如酗酒，嗑藥，亂交”，故答案選D,說

明同伴壓力出現導致的結果，這里的答案使用了同義替換的方式。

22.【答案】B

【解析】根據題「關鍵詞"public-healthadvocates”可以定位到第三段最后一句話"Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapage

fromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure”,即應該向廣告南學習，這里主妻是對于短語“takeapagefrom"的理解，答案選B

23.【答案】A

【解流I根據題干“在作者看來，Rosenberg的書沒能所選答案是要找出作者看來這本書的缺點是什么。文章第四段第一句話說“但是，在…方面，Rosenberg

不太有說服力"，緊接著說"JointheClub中太多無關的細節，而對于使同伴壓力能產生如此大作用的社會和生物因素并未做足夠的探究"，這句話充分說明了在作者

心目中這本舊的不足在哪兒，故答案選A

24.【答案】C

【解析】這是道細1'j題。文章第五段首句告訴我們peergroups確實會對行為產生很大的影響，第二句具體說明影響的內容，即好的習慣和不好的習慣都會

通過社會交際在朋友圈中傳?遞，最后句則對這種影響進行了總結，“這是同伴壓力的細微表現，我們無意識地模仿日常所見到的行為“。而分析題干和選項，我們

發現該題是對"imitationofbehavior"進行歸納，回到原文，找到“我們無意識地模仿I」常所見到的行為"，答案即刻清晰，這里是對unconsciously一詞進行了釋義，

因此C選項正確。

25.【答案】D

【解析】這道題考查作者對于peerpressure所能帶來的影響的態度，作者通過最后?段第?句話首先向我們表明他對“專家和其他官方人員是否能成功選擇同

伴來引導他們的行為朝好的方向發展”的不肯定，接卜來以教師指導學生的例子為說明，得出結論“Thetacticneverreallyworks."(這個策略從來沒有真正起作用).通

過作者的這樣一番描述，可以看出，作者對于peerpressure是否能有效果是質疑的，故答案選D。

Text2

26.【答案】C

reneging的原形是renege,本議是"食言""否認"之意，為反向意義詞。而四個選項中AuPfliJcondemning意為"譴責""處刑"B中的reaffirming意為"重申""再肯

定，再斷言”,C中的dishonoring的意為"拒付，不兌付”,在意思和方向上都符合，D中securing意為"保證，使保險”的含義。本文主要在說Entergy這個公司不兌

現自己的諾言，所以應選C項。

27.【答案】D

木題答案定位在.文第三段每二句話，Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperate

past2012.Hasaconditionof”可以理解為"為了”，D項中的"purchase”?詞就應對文中"sale"的替換。

28.【答案】A

題k"根據第四段Entergy公司修了在它的…?上存在著問題"，題目中已清晰把答案范圍確定在第四段，通過閱讀第四段我們可以看到Entergy公司出現了一系

列的事故"astringofaccidents",而后面的這句"raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergy'smanagement”就走木題的答案所在了。其中

"managerial""management”仍戛同-單詞的變形。

29.【答案】D

首先從題「知道考查的是作者的觀點。“佛蒙特州事件”和willtest在文章中的定位是在第5段第5句話，"Vermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhow

farthosepowersextend"意思是"佛蒙特州事件符會檢驗是這些權利延伸多遠的先例「這句話是legalscholars的觀點。重點是理解certainly和but后面的意思。雖然

作者承認擔憂如果每個周各行其是的后果是合現的，但是But后面是個虛擬語氣，與事實相反。所以作者的真正態度是支持legalscholars的觀點，即佛蒙特州事件

是對州法規的權限的考驗。Howfarthosepowerextended叮D選項的thelimitsofstates'power與選項D“各州在核問題上的權限”是相匹配的，因此正確答案為

其他選項與“佛蒙特州事件”帶來的檢驗，文中并未直接提及。

30.【答案】A

最后?段主要講的是“Entergy公司的名譽已嚴重受創。該公司向聯邦申請：許可Pilgrim核電站獲得另外20年的開放權。但是作者認為，核管理委員會在審核

該公司的申請的時候，務必要考慮下該公司的信譽問題J'A選項"Entergy公司在其它地方的生意將會受到影響"由最后一段的第一句話"Entergy公司的名譽已嚴重受

創"就可以推斷出來;B”核管理委員會的權威將會被藐視“最后一段沒給出任何要藐視核管理委員會的暗含信息,因此B選項錯誤;—Entergy公司將會撤回關于Pilgrim

核電站的中請”，最后一段同樣沒給出類似的暗含信息;D"Vermont的名聲將會受到破壞"同樣，從最后一段，根本無法推斷出。因此，最佳答案是A。

Text3

31.【答案】A

這篇文章選自TheScientist,文章題目是TheEvolutionofCredibility。文章第一段第二句話提到"Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsan

ambiguousandcomplicatedroute.",即在每天的科學實踐中，發現所遵循的規律是模棱兩可和復雜的。A項uncertaintyandcomplexity是對文中ambiguousand

complicated的同義砌奐，所以為正確答案。

B項是利用文中最后一句話的干擾"Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound",這句話是說“有誤解和自我欺騙的可能"，從而導致了科

學發現的模棱兩可和復雜性;C項和D項是受文章第一句話的干擾，但是第一句同時提出只有“在理想中(intheidealizedversionof…)，科學發現才能夠很客觀。

32.【答案】B

第二段第二句中提到"Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptanceto...”,其中it指的是將科學發現獲得公眾可信度的過程。接下來的第四句話具體講判了這個生

程：“throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity'sanyone,anywhere,anytime.”,即要經歷從個人到集體的過程，需要每個人共同

的努力，故答案為B,

33.【答案】B

本段第三句話中提到"Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries",即"研究者需要在科學團體復雜的社會結構中

實現科學發現”，在這句話的后面有?個分號，分號后面的：個短句分別解釋了在科學團體中不同身份的人所做的不同工作，如新聞編輯者和評論家需要控制科學

發現公開的過程,而另外,些科學家需要同過新的發現來證明已有的發現等。除此之外，最后一句話"transformanindividual'sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity's

crediblediscovery”即將個人的發現轉換為集體可信的科學發現,故答案為B,即科學發現獲得公眾的可信度需要集體的努力和驗證。

答案A是利用本段首句設置的干擾，屬于主觀臆斷;答案C為干擾項目，以偏概全;答案D文中沒有提及。

34.【答案】D

第四段主要講到了科學發現獲得大眾可信度的過程中面臨的兩個矛盾。AlbertSzent-Gyorygi的觀點主要針對第二個矛盾，即創新本身經常會引起懷疑。同時他

認為科學發現需要"seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought”,郎看到每個人都已經看到的，并想到別人沒有想到的。這句話暗示了科學

發現的過程需要有評判性思維，即我們應該去探求事物。故答案為Do

答案A叮本段中講到的第一個矛盾有關;答案B的過渡推斷來自本段最后一句話，這句話的意思是，真正有創新的發現需要時間的驗證來得到公眾的認可。答

案C文中沒有提到，屬于主觀臆斷。

35.［答案］C

此詞寺察對全文主旨大意的準確歸納。從整個文章脈絡來看，文章第一段指出任何發現最終的目標是使之客觀化，然而此過程或多或少會受到不同的生活環境

的影響;第二段指出這個過程需要公眾共同的努力涕三段具體論述了不同的人在這個過程中需要完成的工作;第四段則提出了使科學發現獲得可信度的過程中所遇

到的兩個矛盾;最后一段用AnnetteBaier的?句話總結了這個過程。由此可知，C項統領全文，為正確答案。答案A項與原文不符;答案Text4

36.【答案］C

根據題干定位于第一段When...wereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.意思是1960年時，美國

政府部門只有1/10的人是工會成員，但是現在比例是36%。所以C選項正確：工會增加了政府部門成員。A選項：Teamster仍然擁有很多成員。文中只提到了比

例，并沒有講具體人數;B：吉米過去是個公仆.而文中第一句是一個虛擬語氣的句子，“如果他還活著的話，他今天M能代表一名公仆”，曲解文意;D：政府改善

了與社團的關系。文中并未提及.

37.【答案】D

該題很容易根據題干定位于第二段。第二段中有很明顯的first,second,third這些詞，屬于典型的列舉處，最容易出細節題。只需要將各選項與這三點仔細比對

即可。A公共部門組織在采取行動時很謹慎文中并示提及，是對“theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics”這句話設置的|二擾項，“左派”為激進派，不可能謹慎;而B

錯在教育不是需要的，而是公務員社團成員受教育程度普遍偏高，并非必需人工黨長期與公務員社團爭斗，該段倒數第二句指出工會與社團一江有聯系，最后?句

講到工會領導Miliband榮登寶座正是因為公務員社團的大力支持，因此與原文相悖;D選項為First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayof

consequences.這句話的同義改寫。意思是“他們可以息事寧人并不用遭受不好的用果”。

38.【答案】B

該題很容易定位于文章的第四段。題干是“國家部門人員的工資狀況是"。做這道題要把第四段整體理解。注意But后面的內容,尤其是keepingthepayincreases

modestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerouso大意是公共部門員I：的工資漲幅很小，但是節假日福利津貼很多。B選項的indirectly

augment意思是"間接地增加〃。和原文意思"公有部門人員的收入是來源于福利等間接收入，而非正常的工資收入〃符合。A通過非法得來文中只提到了國家部門人

員的工資比私人企業的要高，整段都未提及來源，故該選項屬于過度推理;C過度地增長文中并未提及增長的幅度，提到只是通過“暗廂操作”的方式，容易使考生產

生誤解;D很公正地調整與"backloaded"不符。

39.【答案】C

題干的意思是“舉威斯康辛社團為例，表明社團該題根據題干中的專有名詞Wisconsin定位于倒數第二段。由題干可知這是一個例證題，所以需要看

文章的第五段。第五段首句Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed。從第六段Wisconsin的例子可以看出，工會集合眾人反對共和黨領導人ScottWalker,正是為了反

對改革所以可以知道工會可能是公共部門改革的一個障礙，C為正確選項。A經常。當前政治體系對抗文中并未反映often這個程度。B能夠改變人們的政治態

度文中并示提及，D在政府中占統治地位文中第二句講到社團得到了成千上萬人的支持來對付強硬的共和黨州長，并不能推出該選項之意。

40.【答案】A

文中人物的觀點態度題。該題定位于最后一段，第一句話指出John認為西方公共服務中的文化準則適用于想維持原狀的人們而對于有比較高成就的人們就不

利了，很明顯持否定態度，最后再次指出不能造福于高成就人們的公共服務系統對于美國可能是一個更大的麻煩，也再次證實了作者的觀點是不支持的即A選項。

disapproval"反對",appreciation"欣賞",tolerance"寬容"，indifference"冷漠

2000年全國攻讀碩士學位研究生入學考試英語試題閱讀部分

Passage1

①Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.②WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsucha

glowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar;ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.@lts

scientistsweretheworldsbest;itsworkersthemostskilled.?(ll)AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhose

economiesthewarhaddestroyed.

?Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.②Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.③Bythe

mid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.?SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,had

shrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.@By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.?(Nowthereisnone:Zenithwasboughtby

SouthKorea,sLGElectronicsinJuly.)@(12)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America,smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.

⑧Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenext

casualty.

①Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.②Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.?Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthat

theirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.?Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica*sindustrialdecline.⑤Their

sometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.

?Howthingshavechanged!@ln1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.?(14)FewAmericansattributethis

solelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.?Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.⑤wAmericanindustryhaschangedits

structure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,"accordingtoRichardCavanaugh,executivedeanofHarvard*sKennedySchoolofGovernment.⑥“It

makesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity/*saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,

DC.?AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnited

St