專英重點一、Parapharyngeal咽旁Septicemia敗血病Sialolithiasis涎石病Periostitis骨膜炎Sialoductitis涎管炎Fracture骨折Comminution粉碎Hyperplasia增生Reparative修復性Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜RadiolucentX光透射Space間隙Infection感染Prosthesis義齒Oblique傾斜Scquestrum腐骨死骨Biopsy切片檢查法Sialogram涎管X線造影片Giant巨大Nonmalignant良性的Pyogenic化膿性Mole胎塊Devoid缺乏的Laceration扯破Hyperpyrexia高熱Self-reduce自行使脫臼復位句子翻譯Ifproperpreparationofsolution,syringes,needlesandtechnichasbeencarriedout,untowardincidentsshouldseldomoccurduringoraftertheinjectionofthelocalanesthetic.However,oneshouldbeinapositiontocopewithcomplicationsintherarecaseswhentheyarise.若藥液注射劑，針頭及技術準備妥當，在局麻注射過程中或之後都將很少出現，不過，醫生仍應做好應對罕見并發癥的準備。Postoperativepainwhichthepatientexperiencesafterthesecondandthirdpostoperativedayshouldbecarefullyexamined,sincethisisnotanormalpostoperativecourse.Itiscausedbydrysocketorsharpbonespine.患者于術後二三曰之後的疼痛，也許為非正常狀況，需尤其仔細檢查，其有也許由于干槽癥或是鋒利骨刺引起。Acutedento-alveolarabscess.Thisisanacutelocalizedsuppurationaboutatooth.Theinfectionmaystartinoneofthreeways:(a)periapical(b)pericemental(c)pericoronal急性牙槽膿腫，是一種牙齒急性局限性的化膿體現。這種感染也許由下列三種途徑引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。Salivaryglandsmaybeinvolvedbytumors,cyst,sialadenitisfrominfection,sialoductitiswithsubsequentstricturesoftheducts.涎腺可罹患腫瘤、囊腫、感染所致的涎腺導管炎，及其後遺的導管狹窄癥。Thelowerjawismoreexposedtoviolenceandconsequentlyismoreoftenfracturedthananyotherfacialbone.下頜骨愈加輕易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其他的面部骨都更常常發生骨折。Thecommondiseasesofthetemporo-mandibularjointaresubluxationdislocationandankylosis.Theinfectionofthisjointisrare.一般疾病會導致顳下頜關節半脫位或脫臼和關節僵直是很非常少見的。Nearlyallofthetumorsandcystswhichcanariseinanypartofthebodymaybefoundinoraroundthemouth,exceptthosewhicharepeculiartocertainorgans.幾乎所有腫瘤和囊腫會發生在身體的任何部位或嘴巴周圍，除非某些特殊的腫瘤才會發生在特定的器官。Theobjectinundertakingsuchreparativeproceduresistherestorationoffunctionortheimprovementofappearanceorboth.Includedwithinthegroupwhichmayrequirereconstructiveproceduresarecongenitalmalformations,traumaticinjuries,deformationsduetooperationforneoplasms,destructionoftissueincidenttodisease,orthetreatmentofdisease.被用來使用修復程序的對象是為了恢復功能或是增進美觀或是兩者兼具。包括了天生畸形、創傷性的傷害、腫瘤治療、清除病變的組織或是疾病的治療。Itincludesalsothoseoralorextraoraloperationswhichareindicatedfortherestorationoflostbone,teethortheinsertionofretentivedevicesfordentures.用來修復失骨和失牙或是義齒的固位裝置包括在口腔和口外的手術ThemaxillaryrightcentralandleftlateralincisorshadClass1mobility3;themaxillaryleftcentralincisorhadanoblique4fracturelinethroughthedistalportionofthecrown.上合右中切牙和左側切牙屬于1分類松動3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠遠中部分有一種斜行的骨折線Inthetreatmentofacuteosteomyelitisthegeneralruleistoinstituteantibiotictherapyandtosurgicallyestablishadequatedrainage.在治療急性骨髓炎時,全身療法可用滴注抗生素治療,外科措施為建立開放引流管道。Thelowerendoftheshortfragmentisgenerallydisplacedupwardandforwardbycontractionoftheelevatormuscles.Inaddition,Slightinwarddisplacementismorecommonthanexternaldisplacement.短部分的下部一般會由于提口肌群的收縮導致向上向前移位。此外,稍微向內的移位比向外移位常見二、anodyne鎮痛劑apiciectomy根尖切除術analgesic止痛的adenocarcinoma腺癌anastomosis吻合alveolalgia干槽癥appliance矯正器aggravate加重惡化advious迂回的apprehensive敏捷的緊張的ankylosis關節僵直appliance器具ameloblastoma成釉細胞瘤advanced晚期的bur園頭銼contraindication禁忌癥chisel鑿子cancellate松的cellulites蜂窩織炎condyle棵突comminution粉碎curettment刮除術coronoid冠狀喙狀crepitus捻發音cripple使殘廢circumferential圍繞周圍的chondrosarooma軟骨肉瘤dermatitis皮炎devitalization失活去生肌detritus腐質dammedup阻塞的dilation膨脹擴大deformity畸形deviation偏向diffuse彌散的discoloration再生dissection解剖分析demonstrable可論證的employ使用ethylchloride氯乙烷enhance增強epinephrine腎上腺素ecohymosis瘀斑extraction拔出erupt萌出elevator牙挺excision切除effusion滲出exostosis外生骨疣edentulous無牙的extravasation外滲液enucleation摘除術eradicate根除消滅flap辦片fracture骨折fibrosarcoma纖維肉瘤fixation固定fibroma纖維瘤ganglion神經節glenoid關節窩的hypodermic皮下hyperthyroidism甲抗hematoma血腫hematogenous血源性的hyoid舌骨的hypertrophy肥大hyperostosis骨肥厚hemangioma血管瘤instillation滴注inadvisable不妥當的infraorbital眶下的idiosyncrasy特異性質impacted阻生的infratemporal顳下的inward向內的isotope同位素jaundice黃疸lessen減少loop環圈lime石灰laceration扯破ligation結扎lymphangioma淋巴管瘤lipoma脂肪瘤lymphosarooma淋巴肉瘤lining櫬裏medication藥療法maxilla上頜骨myxofibroma粘液纖維瘤malposition錯位malposed異位的mallet槌mental頦的morbidity發病率masseter嚼肌melanomaco黑瘤muoperiosteal粘骨膜的muoperiosteum粘骨膜myxoma黏液瘤myeloma骨髓瘤metastasize轉移marsupialization造袋術neurasthenic神經衰弱的neuralgia神經痛neuroma神經瘤nedule小節結notch切跡nonmalignant非惡性的ointment軟膏opponent對抗肌odontoma牙瘤orthodontic正牙的osseous骨的osteomyelitis骨髓炎osteoma骨瘤osteoradionecrosis放射性骨壞死osteoid骨樣的osteoclastoma破骨細胞瘤ossify使骨硬化paralyze使麻痹癱瘓prolong延長pericementitis牙周膜炎psychically精神上地periostitis骨膜炎pyemia膿毒癥膿血癥preanesthetic前驅麻痹precipitate促使加速premadicate術前用藥pterygomandibular翼突下頜pterygoid翼狀的palpation觸診periosteum骨膜periosteal骨膜的perineurium神經束膜parapharyngeal咽旁的pathognomonic特殊病癥的pyogenic生膿的peripheral周圍的periodontoclasia牙周潰瘍pericoronal冠周的precox早發的periosteumpapilloma乳頭瘤paranasal鼻旁的retard延遲retrieval取回restricted受限制的retrozygomatic顴骨後的regeneration再生rhabdomyoma橫紋肌瘤rhabdomyosarcoma橫紋肌肉瘤sheath鞘succedaneous替代的spine刺脊柱symphysis聯合sinus竇sequestrum死骨supernumerary多出的salt鹽sepsis膿毒癥敗血癥subcutaneous皮下的sialadenitis涎腺炎sialoductitis涎管炎septicemia敗血癥sialolithiasis涎石形成sialography涎管X線造影技術swallow吞咽splint夾板 suprahyoid舌骨上的tuberosity結節粗隆trismus牙關緊閉traumatize受外傷traumatism創傷病traumatogenic創傷性的thrombophlebitis血栓性靜脈炎temporal顳的tendernoss觸痛toruspalatinus腭隆凸transitonal轉變的vicinity附近鄰近三、內科1、Inevaluatingtheclinicalfeaturesofgingivitis,itisnecessarytobesystematic.Attentionshouldbefocusedonsubtletissuealteration,becausethesemaybeofdiagnosticsignificance.Asystematicclinicalapproachrequiresanorderlyexaminationofthegingivalforcolor,contour,consistency,position,easeandseverityofbleeding,andpain.我們必須系統性的評估牙齦炎的臨床特點。必須注意些微的組織變化,由于對診斷來說是故意義的。一種系統性的臨床檢查途徑需照次序對牙齦顏色、外型、質地、位置、出血狀況和疼痛程度進行檢查。2、當患者出現牙齦炎時,最常見的體現為牙齦的水腫和增生Whenthepatientsuffersfromgingivitis,themostcommonsignsareedemaandproliferationofthegingiva.3、齦溝內上皮發生潰瘍是急性牙齦炎的經典特性之一Ulcerationofthesulcularepitheliumisoneofthetypicalsignsofacutegingivitis.外科L91、However,ifbrawnymassiveindurationwhichpitsonpressure,presentsinfivetosevendayswithanelevationoftemperatureinspiteofantibiotictreatment,andthereisnofluctuation,thenthatspaceshouldbesurgicallyexplored.然而，盡管通過五到七天的抗菌治療，體溫仍然高溫并且某部位質實、堅硬展現塊狀、捫診無波動感，就需要外科手術的探查了。2、Aftertheacutesymptomshavebeensubsided,thetoothoriginallycausingthetroubleshouldbeextractedinordertoavoidrecurrenceorthepersistenceofadischargingsinus.急性癥狀緩和後，病灶牙必須要移除以免再度復發或是持續性的竇炎。L101、Manysalivarystonesaresymptomless.Itisonlywhenpartialorcompleteobstructionoccursthatsymptomsdevelop.許多涎石是無自覺癥狀的，只有當發生部分或是完全阻塞的時候癥狀才會發展。2、Theobstructionisduetomechanicalblockagebecauseofthestones,orperiductalinfectioncausinginflammatoryedemawhichresultsintheocclusionofthelumenoftheduct.導致阻礙是由于石頭的機械性阻塞或是導管周圍的感染導致炎癥性水腫，而導致的管腔狹窄。修復L131、Replantation:replantationmeansthereinsertionofatoothinthesocketfromwhichithasbeenremovedpurposelyorbyaccident.Thereplantfititssocketperfectlyandshouldenjoyahighdegreeofsuccess.再植術：再植術是指將由于某種目的或意外脫落的牙齒重新植入其脫落的牙槽窩內。這種再植完全吻合自身的牙槽窩,且具有很高的成功率。2、Transplantation:transplantationmeanstheinsertionofanaturaltoothintothesocketofarecentlyextractedtooth.移植術：移植術是指將天然牙植入近來拔除牙齒的牙槽窩。3、Theautotransplant(atransplantfromoneplacetoanotherwithinthesamemouth)enjoysahighsuccessrateoftenwithindefinitesurvival,byvltueofprompttransferofthetoothtoitsnewsite.Autotransplantation’stoothisbestperformedwhentherootofthedonortoothisalmostcompletelyformedbutitsapicesarestillopen.Themostcommonlyuseddonortoothforautotransplantationtofirstandsecondmolarsiteisthirdmolar.Theallogenictoothprobablywasthefirsttransplantedhumanorgan.Teethhavebeentransplantedforcenturies.Thetoothinsertedmaybeanoldreservedonewhichhasbeenextractedforalongtime,oritmaybeafreshlyextractedtoothfromanotherindividual.自體移植物（同一種口腔內從一處到另一處的移植物）迅速轉移到新的定植部位有著較高的成功率,但常常不確定與否能存活。當供體牙的牙根基本發育完畢但根尖尚未封閉時作為自體移植牙效果最佳。最常移植到第一二磨牙區的自體移植牙是第三磨牙。外源性的牙也許是最早進行移植的人體器官。牙的移植已經有幾世紀的歷史。植入的牙可以使很早此前拔除後保留下來的牙,或者是剛從另一種個體拔除的牙。4、Implantationmeanstheinsertionofanartificialtoothintoanewsocket.Acceptablematerialsmaybedividedintofourmajorcategories,suchasmetals;polymers;ceramics;andcarbon.種植術是將人工牙植入一種新的牙槽窩(生物替代品)。能植入的材料可以分為四類,例如金屬(鈦和鈷鉻合金)、聚合物、陶瓷(氧化鋁)、以及碳。5、Bonegraftsarecommonlyusedtorestorethebonedefects.Bonegraftscanbecomposedofeithercompactorcancellousbone.Compactbonetransplantsmaybeusedintheformofsolidpiecesorintheformofchips.Cancellousboneiscommonlyusedintheformofchips.Thegraftsmaybetakenfromribsoriliaccrest.骨移植片常用來修復骨缺陷。骨移植片由密質骨或松質骨構成。密質骨可以整塊拿來移植也可以以碎片的形式來使用。松質骨一般是以碎片的形式來使用。骨移植片可以從肋骨或髂嵴上獲取L141、Thethirdvisitisconcernedwithobtainingverticaldimensionandcentricrelation.Thisrelationshipisfixedandtransferredtoanarticulator.Inaddition,eccentricrelationisobtained,andthecondylarguidancepathisestablished.Duringthisvisit,itisusuallypossibletoselectanteriorteeth.第三次就診的重點在于獲得垂直距離及正中關系。這種關系固定後轉移到合架上。此外,還要紀錄反常的關系及髁導斜度。再這次就診中可選擇出前牙。2、Intheidealabutmentaproportionaterelationshipexistsbetweenthelengthsofthecrownandtheroot.Wheretherootisexcessivelyshort,eithercongenitallyorduetoresorption,itcannotfurnishthenecessarysupporttothecrownorresistancetotheforcesofmasticationdevelopedduringthevariousmovementsofthemandible.Theadditionalforcesinherentinabridgewillcausesuchteethtofailasabutments.理想的基牙要具有成比例的冠根比。無論是由于先天性的還是再吸取導致的根長過短的牙齒,都無法對冠提供足夠的支持,也無法抵御頷骨多種運動所產生的咀嚼力。橋體所固有的附加應力也會導致此類牙作為橋基牙時修復失敗。L161、Atypicalremovable,extensionparticaldenturewillgenerallyhavethesecomponents:oneormorebases;oneormoremajorconnectors;severalminorconnectors;twoormoredirectretainers;oneormoreindirectretainers;avaryingnumberofresinorporcelainteethorresinteethwithcastocclusalsurfacestoreplacethosemissing.Wherethedirectretainerisoftheclasptype,itwillusuallyincludeanocclusalrest,areciprocalclasparmandaretentiveclasparm.一種經典的可摘義齒應包括如下部分：一種或多種基托；一種或多種大連接體；某些小連接體；兩個或多種直接固位體；一種或多種間接固位體；數目不等的樹脂牙、瓷牙或者有鑄造合面的樹脂牙來替代缺失牙。當采用卡環作為直接固位體時,他一般包括一種合支托,一種卡環對抗臂,一種卡環固位臂。2、Thebaseisamostimportantunitinthepartialdenturebecausethroughittheprincipalsupportistothegainedfromtheunderlyingridgestructure.基托是局部義齒中最重要的一種部分,由于基托得到的重要的支持來自其下方牙槽嵴。3、Sinceitpreventscervicalmovementoftheapplianceontheabutmenttheretentiveterminaloftheclaspiskeptinthedesiredpositiononthecervicallyinclinedinfrabulgesurface,andretentionismaintained.當卡環作為直接固位體使用時,作為它的一部分,必須有一種合支托。卡環的固位端被放置在頸部傾斜倒凹區斜面上,并保持其固位,而合支托可以制止裝置對基牙的頸向運動。4、Thethirdpartwhichmakesuptheclaspunitistheveryessentialcomponentforwhichtheclaspretainerreallywasdevised.Atleastonearmofeachclaspmustcreateresistancetoverticaldisplacement.Thisisaccomplishedbylocatingtheretentiveterminalcervicallytothetooth’sgteatesdiameter,commonlyreferredtoas“theheightofcontour”.構成卡環的第三個非常重要的部分是固位臂。每個卡環至少要有一種臂設計成抵御垂直向脫位。.它是通過把固位末端安頓在牙齒最大直徑上實現的,一般被稱為外形最高點。L171、Aphaseofdentureprosthesiswidelypracticedatthepresenttimeistheconcentrationoftheimmediatedentires.Thistypediffersfromthecompletedenturesdescribedinthepreviouschaptersprimarilyinthattheyareconstructedandreadytobeinsertedimmediatelyaftertheremovalofallremainingnaturalteethfromeitherthemaxillaryormandibulararch.即刻義齒是現今廣泛應用的一種義齒修復方式。如前幾章所述,這種形式與全口義齒最大的不一樣在于它是預先做好并在拔出上頜牙弓或下頜牙弓的所有天然余留牙後立即戴入。2、Forproblemcaseswhichariseafterremovalofalltheteeth,attemptsaresometimesmadebymeansofimplantsofvarioustypestoprovideadenturesupportwhichissuperiortothatprovidedbythemucoperiosteumalone.針對拔除所有牙齒後出現的問題,可以采用多種移植物來提供義齒的支持。這優于單純由粘骨膜來提供支持。3、Itshouldbeappreciated,however,thattheperiodontalmembraneofthenaturaltoothisideallysuitedtogivespportagainstocclsualstresses.然而,應當認識到天然牙的牙周膜是可以抵御咬合力的理想構造。4、Therootofanaturaltoothisthereforesuperiortoanyformofartificialimplant.Ifsuchsupportisavailable,itshouldnotbediscardedunlessoneissurethatthepatientwillbesatisfiedwithaconventionaltypeofcompletedenture,supportedentirelybythemucoperiostem.因此,天然牙的牙根也優于任何人工的種植體。假如可以獲得這種支持,就不該放棄。除非可以確定病人對于完全由粘骨膜支持的常規全口義齒是滿意的。5、Apartfromprovidingthepossibilityofincreasedsupportandretentionforadenture,thepresenceofsomemodifiedteethmayalsogivetothedenturewearertheadvantagesofalveolarridgepreservationandbetterintraoraldiscriminatoryability.除了為義齒提供增長支持和固位的也許性,某些預備後的牙的存在也可予以戴義齒者保留牙槽嵴的優勢和更好的口內辨別能力。6、Theappeartobelittledoubtthatifadentureisincontactwithorattachedtoroots,thepatienthasasignificantlyincreasedabilitytodiscriminatebetweenthesizeofobjectsplacedbetweentheteethandtosensedirectionandtocontroltheamountofforceappliedtothedentureanditssupportingtissues.Thisabilityisreducedmarkedlywhenthelasttoothorrootisremovedfromthedentalarch.毫無疑問地,假如義齒接觸或附著于牙根部,患者對于辨別放置于牙齒中的物體大小和感受方向,以及控制施加于義齒及其支持組織上的力的能力會顯著提高。當從牙弓中移除最終一顆牙或最終一種牙根時,這種能力會顯著減少。四、Xerostomia口干癥matrix基質Alveolalgia干槽癥contraindication禁忌癥Carbonhydrate碳水化合物perikymate采用柱橫紋Pellicle薄膜glycoprotein醣蛋白Supragingival齦上的subgingival齦下的Niches小生境sulcus溝Odontoblast成牙本質細胞fibroblast成纖維細胞Mesenchymal間質的ischaemia缺血Granulation肉芽hyperplastic增生Calculus牙石periodontitis牙周炎Probing探查Scaling刮治術Curettage刮治RAU復發性潰瘍性口炎(Recurrentulcerativestomatitis)Anodyne鎮痛劑hematoma血腫Preanesthetic前驅麻醉paralyze使麻痹Elevator牙挺apicoectomy根尖切除術Cellulitis蜂窩組織炎periodontoclasia牙周潰壞Pericoronal牙冠周ecchymosis皮下瘀血Subcutaneous皮下的L9—L10Sepsis膿毒癥敗血癥sialadenitis涎腺炎Septicemia敗血病sialoductitis涎管炎Pterygomandibular翼突下頜的sialolithiasis涎石形成Parapharyngeal咽旁的excision切除Infratemporal顳下的pyemia膿血癥Retrozygomatic顴骨後的nodule小結節Thrombophlebitis血栓性靜脈炎dammed-up阻塞的Periostitis骨膜炎dilation膨脹擴張Osteomyelitis骨髓炎hematogenous血原性的Fistula瘺管Osteoradionecrosis放射性骨壞死L91、However,ifbrawnymassiveindurationwhichpitsonpressure,presentsinfivetosevendayswithanelevationoftemperatureinspiteofantibiotictreatment,andthereisnofluctuation,thenthatspaceshouldbesurgicallyexplored.然而，盡管通過五到七天的抗菌治療，體溫仍然高溫并且某部位質實、堅硬展現塊狀、捫診無波動感，就需要外科手術的探查了。2、Aftertheacutesymptomshavebeensubsided,thetoothoriginallycausingthetroubleshouldbeextractedinordertoavoidrecurrenceorthepersistenceofadischargingsinus.急性癥狀緩和後，牙齒的原病灶必須要移除以免再度復發或是持續性的竇炎。L101、Manysalivarystonesaresymptomless.Itisonlywhenpartialorcompleteobstructionoccurthatsymptomsdevelop.許多涎石并不是癥狀，只有當部分或是所有涎石變成阻塞物時候癥狀才會發展。2、Theobstructionisduetomechanicalblockagebecauseofthestones,orperiductalinfectioncausinginflammatoryedemawhichresultsintheocclusionofthelumenoftheduct.阻礙物是由于石頭的機械性阻塞或是導管周圍的感染導致炎癥性水腫使的管腔狹窄。L13—L14Prosthesis義齒修復術impression印膜Undercut倒凹gingiva牙齦Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜alginate藻酸鹽Retentive固位的articulator咬牙合架Hypertrophy肥大biterim牙合堤Depressor降肌hydrocolloid水膠體Nasalis鼻肌mastication咀嚼Buccinatoris頰肌L15Genioglossus頦舌肌abutment基牙Mentalis頦肌bridge橋Frenum系帶contraindicate禁忌Frenectomy系帶切除術monocarious單齲的Reposition復位術polycarious多齲的Ankylotomy舌系帶切除術completeveneer全覆蓋Ankyloglossia舌系帶短縮calcify鈣化Alveolectomy牙槽緣切除術margin邊緣Exostosis外生骨疣casting鑄件Malignancy惡性腫瘤grind(ground)磨Autotransplant自體移植物malpose錯位Polymer聚合物malrelate錯牙合Silicon硅invest包埋Raphe縫mesiodistally近中遠側地Contour外形buccolingually頰舌地Creat脊rotation旋轉Alar翼etiology病因學Prognathia上頜前突esthetics美學Cancollous網狀骨L16Iliac查骨的connector連街體Torus隆凸porcelain瓷料Clasp卡環Resin樹脂leverage杠桿作用occlusalrest牙合支托L17Overlay覆蓋物implant移植物Hybrid混合的clench咬緊Threshold閾L131、Replantation:replantationmeansthereinsertionofatoothinthesocketfromwhichithasbeenremovedpurposelyorbyaccident.Thereplantfititssocketperfectlyandshouldenjoyahighdegreeofsuccess.再植是指牙因事故或曾經治療故意移除重新插入牙槽。此再植體高度符合此槽以及有較高的成功率。2、Transplantation:transplantationmeanstheinsertionofanaturaltoothintothesocketofarecentlyextractedtooth.移植為使用鄰近的無用牙植到所需的自然牙的位置上。自體移植(同一種體的口腔中從這處轉植到此外一處)活絡的生存力劇有高度的成功率，取決于牙移植的時機，自體移植牙的最佳時刻是供體牙根幾乎完全形成，但根尖孔尚未閉合。最常使用自體移植牙為第三磨牙來替代第一磨牙和第二磨牙。異體牙移植大概是人類器官移植的開端，牙移植已經有數世紀的歷史，被植入的也許是被此前拔出很久時間且寄存的牙或是才剛從其他個體拔出的新鮮牙。3、Implantationmeanstheinsertionofanartificialtoothintoanewsocket.Acceptablematerialsmaybedividedintofourmajorcategories,suchasmetals;polymers;ceramics;andcarbon.種植為植入人工牙到新的牙槽上。可使用的材料分為四類：金屬、聚合物、陶瓷和碳。L141、Thethirdvisitisconcernedwithobtainingverticaldimensionandcentricrelation.Thisrelationshipisfixedandtransferredtoanarticulator.Inaddition,eccentricrelationisobtained,andthecondylarguidancepathisestablished.Duringthisvisit,itisusuallypossibletoselectanteriorteeth.第三次的診斷重要是要獲得正中關系和垂直關系的尺寸。這關系要修正以及轉移到咬合架上。此外，非正中關系和髁導斜度也要確認。通過這次的療程，就可以選牙排列前牙了。L151、RootLengthofAbutment：Intheidealabutmentaproportionaterelationshipexistsbetweenthelengthsofthecrownandtheroot.Wheretherootisexcessivelyshort,eithercongenitallyorduetoresorption,itcannotfurnishthenecessarysupporttothecrownorresistancetotheforcesofmasticationdevelopedduringthevariousmovementsofthemandible.Theadditionalforcesinherentinabridgewillcausesuchteethtofailasabutments.理想的基牙要具有成比例的冠根比，當根的長度因天生關系或是再吸取使長度過短，是無法充足提供冠或固位體抵御下頜骨發展的不一樣咀嚼力道。外力對牙槽脊的影響會使基牙損壞。L161、Atypicalremovable,extensionparticaldenturewillgenerallyhavethesecomponents:oneormorebases;oneormoremajorconnectors;severalminorconnectors;twoormoredirectretainers;oneormoreindirectretainers;avaryingnumberofresinorporcelainteethorresinteethwithcastocclusalsurfacestoreplacethosemissing.Wherethedirectretainerisoftheclasptype,itwillusuallyincludeanocclusalrest,areciprocalclasparmandaretentiveclasparm.經典的局部可摘游離端義齒大體由如下部分構成：一種或多種基托；一種或多種大連接體；某些小連接體；兩個或多種直接固位體；一種或多種間接固位體；數目不一樣的樹脂牙或瓷牙，或者有鑄造合面的樹脂牙來替代缺失牙。以卡環作為直接固位體者，一般包括一種合支托，一種卡環對抗臂，一種卡環固位臂。2、TheBase：Thebaseisamostimportantunitinthepartialdenturebecausethroughittheprincipalsupportistothegainedfromtheunderlyingridgestructure.基托是局部義齒中最重要的一種構成單元，由于基托得到的重要的支持來自其下方牙槽脊。3、Sinceitpreventscervicalmovementoftheapplianceontheabutmenttheretentiveterminaloftheclaspiskeptinthedesiredpositiononthecervicallyinclinedinfrabulgesurface,andretentionismaintained.卡環的固位端被放置于頸部傾斜倒凹區的需要的位置，并保持其固位，而合支托可以防止基牙上的裝置的頸向移位元。4、TheRetentiveArm：Thethirdpartwhichmakesuptheclaspunitistheveryessentialcomponentforwhichtheclaspretainerreallywasdevised.Atleastonearmofeachclaspmustcreateresistancetoverticaldisplacement.Thisisaccomplishedbylocatingtheretentiveterminalcervicallytothetooth’sgteatesdiameter,commonlyreferredtoas“theheightofcontour”.固位臂：構成卡環的第三部分是拾分重要的部分，這也是為何要設計卡環固位體。卡環至少應有一種臂能產生對抗垂直方向位移的力。這通過把卡環固位端放置于牙齒直徑最大處的頸方來實現，該處一般指“外形高點線”。L171、Aphaseofdentureprosthesiswidelypracticedatthepresenttimeistheconcentrationoftheimmediatedentires.Thistypediffersfromthecompletedenturesdescribedinthepreviouschaptersprimarilyinthattheyareconstructedandreadytobeinsertedimmediatelyaftertheremovalofallremainingnaturalteethfromeitherthemaxillaryormandibulararch.預成義齒修復是目前義齒修復中較為廣泛使用的方式。這種方式，與之前的章節中所描述的全口修復體的區別在于，它們可以在從上頜或下頜牙弓中拔除所有的余留健康牙體之後，很快制作和戴入。L181、Forproblemcaseswhichariseafterremovalofalltheteeth,attemptsaresometimesmadebymeansofimplantsofvarioustypestoprovideadenturesupportwhichissuperiortothatprovidedbythemucoperiosteumalone.對于拔出所有牙齒所產生的問題，有時可嘗試借助不一樣類型的移植物，來提供義齒的支持，這種措施優于只使用粘骨膜進行支持。2、Itshouldbeappreciated,However,thattheperiodontalmembraneofthenaturaltoothisideallysuitedtogivespportagainstocclsualstresses.這種措施更應被選擇，不過，自然牙的牙周膜是理想的適合對抗咬合壓力予以支持的方式。3、Therootofanaturaltoothisthereforesuperiortoanyformofartificialimplant.Ifsuchsupportisavailable,itshouldnotbediscardedunlessoneissurethatthepatientwillbesatisfiedwithaconventionaltypeofcompletedenture,supportedentirelybythemucoperiostem.自然牙的牙根因此也優于任何形式的人造植入體。假如也許使用這種自然支持，則不應當放棄這種措施，除非醫生確定患者會對一副常規的完全由粘骨膜支持的全口義齒感到滿意。五、04卷子Parapharyngeal咽旁RadiolucentX光透射Scquestrum腐骨死骨Sialogram涎管X線造影片Septicemia敗血病Pyogenic化膿性Sialolithiasis涎石病Devoid缺乏的Periostitis骨膜炎Mole胎塊Sialoductitis涎管炎Nonmalignant良性的Fracture骨折Giant巨大Comminution粉碎Hyperpyrexia高熱Self-reduceHyperplasia增生Laceration扯破Reparative修復性Biopsy切片檢查法Prosthesis義齒Infection感染Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜Space間隙Oblique傾斜句子翻譯1、Ifproperpreparationofsolution,syringes,needlesandtechnichasbeencarriedout,untowardincidentsshouldseldomoccurduringoraftertheinjectionofthelocalanesthetic.However,oneshouldbeinapositiontocopewithcomplicationsintherarecaseswhentheyarise.若藥液注射劑，針頭及技術準備妥當，在局麻注射過程中或之後都將很少出現，不過，醫生仍應做好應對罕見并發癥的準備。2、Postoperativepainwhichthepatientexperiencesafterthesecondandthirdpostoperativedayshouldbecarefullyexamined,sincethisisnotanormalpostoperativecourse.Itiscausedbydrysocketorsharpbonespine.患者于術後二三曰之後的疼痛，也許為非正常狀況，需尤其仔細檢查，其有也許由于干槽癥或是鋒利骨刺引起。3、Acutedento-alveolarabscess.Thisisanacutelocalizedsuppurationaboutatooth.Theinfectionmaystartinoneofthreeways:(a)periapical(b)pericemental(c)pericoronal急性牙槽膿腫，是一種牙齒急性局限性的化膿體現。這種感染也許由下列三種途徑引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。4、Salivaryglandsmaybeinvolvedbytumors,cyst,sialadenitisfrominfection,sialoductitiswithsubsequentstricturesoftheducts.涎腺可罹患腫瘤、囊腫、感染所致的涎腺導管炎，及其後遺的導管狹窄癥。5、Thelowerjawismoreexposedtoviolenceandconsequentlyismoreoftenfracturedthananyotherfacialbone.下頜骨愈加輕易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其他的面部骨都更常常發生骨折。6、Thecommondiseasesofthetemporo-mandibularjointaresubluxationdislocationandankylosis.Theinfectionofthisjointisrare.一般疾病會導致顳下頜關節半脫位或脫臼和關節僵直是很非常少見的。7、Nearlyallofthetumorsandcystswhichcanariseinanypartofthebodymaybefoundinoraroundthemouth,exceptthosewhicharepeculiartocertainorgans.幾乎所有腫瘤和囊腫會發生在身體的任何部位或嘴巴周圍，除非某些特殊的腫瘤才會發生在特定的器官。8、Theobjectinundertakingsuchreparativeproceduresistherestorationoffunctionortheimprovementofappearanceorboth.Includedwithinthegroupwhichmayrequirereconstructiveproceduresarecongenitalmalformations,traumaticinjuries,deformationsduetooperationforneoplasms,destructionoftissueincidenttodisease,orthetreatmentofdisease.被用來使用修復程序的對象是為了恢復功能或是增進美觀或是兩者兼具。包括了天生畸形、創傷性的傷害、腫瘤治療、清除病變的組織或是疾病的治療。9、Itincludesalsothoseoralorextraoraloperationswhichareindicatedfortherestorationoflostbone,teethortheinsertionofretentivedevicesfordentures.用來修復失骨和失牙或是義齒的固位裝置包括在口腔和口外的手術10、ThemaxillaryrightcentralandleftlateralincisorshadClass1mobility3;themaxillaryleftcentralincisorhadanoblique4fracturelinethroughthedistalportionofthecrown.上合右中切牙和左側切牙屬于1分類松動3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠遠中部分有一種斜行的骨折線11、Inthetreatmentofacuteosteomyelitisthegeneralruleistoinstituteantibiotictherapyandtosurgicallyestablishadequatedrainage.在治療急性骨髓炎時,全身療法可用滴注抗生素治療,外科措施為建立開放引流管道。12、Thelowerendoftheshortfragmentisgenerallydisplacedupwardandforwardbycontractionoftheelevatormuscles.Inaddition,Slightinwarddisplacementismorecommonthanexternaldisplacement.短部分的下部一般會由于提口肌群的收縮導致向上向前移位。此外,稍微向內的移位比向外移位常見六、中翻英1、Conductionanesthesia(Blockanesthesia).Wheninjectedinthevicinityofanervetrunk,ananestheticsolutionpenetratesbywayoftheperineuriumintothecentralnervesubstance,inhibitingitsconductingfunction,andthusanesthetizingtheentireperipheralareassuppliedbythenerve.Conductionanesthesiaisthereforeancatheiaproducedbyeliminationoftheconductivityofthenervetrunk.Ininducinganesthesiainthismanner,itisdoubtfulwhethertheneedleoftenactuallypenetratesthenervesheath.Theinjectionismadeintheregionofthenerveandthesolutionthenisabsorbedthroughtheperineurium.阻滯麻醉(conductionanesthesia)。當注射神經干(trunk)的鄰近區域(vicinity)時，麻藥通過神經莢膜穿透進入中央神經胞質(centralnervesubstance)，制止(inhibit)其傳導功能，從而麻醉由此神經支配的整個外周(peripheral)區域。因此阻滯麻醉通過減少神經干傳導性而產生的麻醉效果。使用這種方式麻醉，不確定針頭與否實際上時常穿過神經鞘(sheath)。注射在神經分布的區域內進行，然後藥液通過神經鞘膜吸取。2、Animpactedthirdmolarmaypressagainstthecrownofthesecondmolarandcausedecayofthetooth,oritselfbecomestheseatofcariesaroundthepointofcontact.Itmayalso